草鱼鱼鳞胶原蛋白的提取及其部分生物学性能

以草鱼鱼鳞为原料, 分别提取鱼鳞中的酸溶性胶原蛋白(ASC)和酶溶性胶原蛋白(PSC), 着重开展了其包括热稳定性、体外酶降解性以及胶原海绵材料特性在内的相关研究, 并与哺乳动物来源的猪皮胶原(PC)相比较。实验结果表明, 制备所得的3种胶原蛋白均为典型的Ⅰ型胶原并具有完整的三螺旋结构; PC的热变性温度(41.6 ℃)明显高于ASC(34.8 ℃)和PSC(35.2 ℃); 3种胶原蛋白的体外酶降解性能受水解酶的种类、胶原蛋白提取方法、胶原蛋白来源、胶原蛋白受热历史以及蛋白的自组装程度影响。胶原蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶对淡水鱼胶原均具有不同程度的降解能力, 但胶原蛋白酶的降解能力最强; 相同条件下, 3种胶原蛋白体外酶降解率依次为ASC>PSC>PC; 经热变性处理后胶原蛋白的体外酶降解率明显提高而经体外自组装处理后其体外酶降解率均出现不同程度的降低; 3种胶原样品冻干后得到的胶原海绵材料具有不同的机械性能和组织结构, ASC和PSC海绵是一种多孔但拉伸承受力较弱的海绵材料, 而PC则与之相反。     

水产胶原蛋白的功效及其发展趋势

<正>2011年中国鱼类总产量3304万吨,其中鱼皮、鱼骨等加工废弃物达40%,鱼皮、鱼骨和鱼鳞中富含胶原蛋白,其中鱼皮胶原蛋白含量达80%、鱼鳞胶原蛋白含量超过20%,鱼鳞胶、鱼皮胶可起到龟板胶、阿胶等同样滋阴止血的功效。胶原蛋白是脊椎动物体内含量最丰富的蛋白质,由3条左手螺旋链相互缠绕成的右手螺旋结构,是细     

种青养殖模式提升草鱼肌肉中胶原蛋白的相关研究

草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)是中国重要的淡水养殖鱼类。近年来,随着养殖产量的提升,草鱼肌肉品质越来越受到人们的重视。不同的养殖模式对于草鱼的肌肉品质有着重要影响,本实验开展了种青养殖模式下草鱼肌肉胶原蛋白的相关研究,并与饲料养殖模式下的草鱼进行比较分析。本实验分别对两种养殖模式下的草鱼肌肉进行了组织学和肌膜微观结构观察、胶原蛋白含量测定和胶原蛋白相关基因的表达分析。组织学观察结果表明,与饲料养殖模式相比,种青养殖模式下草鱼的肌纤维直径和面积较小,肌膜较粗,肌膜中的胶原纤维更多且排列更加紧密有序。根据羟脯氨酸的测定结果显示,种青养殖模式下草鱼肌肉的胶原蛋白含量高于饲料养殖模式。胶原蛋白相关基因的表达分析结果表明,与饲料养殖模式对比,种青养殖模式下草鱼I型胶原蛋白相关合成基因col1α1、col1α2以及调控通路TGF-β1/smad中基因smad4的表达水平均显著升高。本实验结果表明,种青养鱼模式可使草鱼肌肉中的肌膜组织增粗,同时肌膜组织中胶原纤维增多且排列紧密,提升草鱼肌肉中胶原蛋白含量及胶原相关基因的表达水平。     

鱼鳞综合加工流水线在上海青浦投产

最近，鱼鳞综合加工流水线在上海青浦投产，每月可加工40-50t的鱼鳞废弃物，生产出胶原蛋白、明胶、动物饲料等一系列高附加值产品。据报道，1t鱼鳞产生经济效益近2．5万元。第一步工艺首先将鱼鳞分离成蛋白质和钙，蛋白质要提取胶原蛋白，加工成胶原蛋白多肽产品或明胶。胶原蛋白多肽呈粉末状，可用作化妆品原料，对皮肤、头发有保护作用，也可作食品添加剂。1t鱼鳞可提取25％的胶原蛋白多肽产品或明胶，销售额超过2万元。     

中华鳖裙边胶原蛋白的提取及其特征

胶原蛋白是生物体内一种重要的蛋白质,也是结缔组织的主要蛋白成分。与陆生动物(如猪、牛等)比较,水生动物胶原蛋白具有优良的理化性质和生理活性功能,已引起人们的广泛关注。中华鳖是我国传统的名贵水产品,其裙边胶原蛋白含量丰富,具有极高的药用价值和营养价值。采用胃蛋白酶酶解法在酸性条件下提取中华鳖裙边胶原蛋白,研究酶添加量、底物浓度、提取时间对提取效果的影响,确定了制备裙边胶原蛋白的最适条件为：酶添加量4 mg/mL,底物浓度4%,提取时间14 h。粗提胶原蛋白通过盐析、透析等纯化步骤,再经SDS-PAGE电泳、热变性温度测定、紫外及傅立叶变换红外扫描等技术方法分析了胶原蛋白的生化特征,结果显示提取到的裙边胶原蛋白具有较高的纯度,含有两条α链和1条β链,属于典型的I型胶原蛋白。研究表明：中华鳖裙边胶原蛋白可以作为猪皮、牛皮胶原蛋白的有效替代品,这为今后进一步综合开发利用鳖类裙边胶原多肽提供了科学的理论依据。     

交联方法对草鱼皮胶原蛋白海绵生物学性能的影响

为探讨不同交联方法对草鱼皮胶原蛋白海绵材料性能的影响,实验以草鱼鱼皮为原料,提取、纯化胶原蛋白并制备胶原海绵材料.在此基础上,分别用紫外交联、热交联、戊二醛交联以及EDC/NHS交联方法处理胶原海绵,通过测定材料的交联度、热变性温度、拉伸强度和体外抗酶降解性能,比较了不同方法的交联效果.结果发现,提取所得的草鱼皮胶原蛋白为典型的Ⅰ型胶原;经不同方法交联处理后,海绵材料交联度依次为戊二醛(72.0％) ＞EDC/NHS(32.5％)＞热交联(29.9％)＞紫外交联(15.6％);与对照胶原材料相比,戊二醛处理后,胶原材料的热变性峰值温度(67.4℃)、最大拉伸强度(125.6 kPa)和体外抗酶降解性能均有显著提升(P＜0.05);EDC/NHS处理后,胶原材料的热变性焓显著提升(6.86 J/g),同时材料的拉伸强度(98.6 kPa)和体外抗酶降解性能也得到适度增加(P＜0.05).紫外交联和热交联对草鱼皮胶原材料性能的改善作用比较有限,并可能导致胶原分子的部分变性.红外光谱的分析结果表明,戊二醛处理可导致草鱼皮胶原三螺旋分子内产生新的共价键交联从而使材料性能改善,而EDC/NHS处理主要导致胶原分子间产生新的氢键交联并可提高胶原材料的稳定性.研究表明,戊二醛和EDC/NHS交联能有效提高胶原海绵材料的性能,而热交联和紫外交联对材料性能的改善作用非常有限.     

鱼鳞胶原蛋白酶法生产的质量控制体系

为保证鱼鳞胶原蛋白产品的质量安全,文章阐述了酶法生产鱼鳞胶原蛋白的工艺流程,并制定了原料内控标准、关键工序生产控制标准和产品的企业标准,建立了鱼鳞胶原蛋白产品从原料验收到成品包装的全过程质量控制体系。实践表明,该质量体系实施的结果即鱼鳞胶原蛋白成品的指标均符合企业标准的要求。     

仿刺参胶原蛋白的提取及理化性质

对仿刺参（Stichopus japonicus）胶原蛋白的提取及理化性质进行了研究。结果表明，低温提取可得到胃蛋白酶促溶且去除端肽(telopeptide)的酸溶性胶原蛋白（PSC）。紫外-可见扫描测得PSC的最大吸收峰位于220 nm；氨基酸分析发现，在1 000个总氨基酸残基中，甘氨酸为329个，羟脯氨酸为66个，羟脯氨酸与脯氨酸之比为0.69，酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸及组氨酸的含量较低，可能不含胱氨酸，这些特性均符合Ⅰ型胶原的特征。差示量热扫描法（DSC）测定仿刺参PSC的热稳定性温度（T^s）为57 ℃，低于牛皮Ⅰ型胶原5 ℃；苯酚-硫酸及次甲基蓝法测得PSC的总糖及粘多糖含量分别为0.61％及0.48％；经DEAE52纯化后，可得到除去粘多糖的蛋白纯品。SDS-PAGE显示，本研究所提取的仿刺参PSC不含杂蛋白，主要成分为胶原β及α链，含少量γ链；其中α链类似于脊椎动物Ⅰ型胶原α¹链，PSC分子组成为（α¹）3。     

信息集萃

鱼鳞综合加工流水线在沪投产日前,鱼鳞综合加工流水线在上海青浦投产,每月可加工40~50吨的鱼鳞废弃物,生产出胶原蛋白、明胶、动物饲料等一系列高附加值产品。1吨鱼鳞产生的经济效益接近2.5万元。首先将鱼鳞分离为蛋白质和钙。蛋白质可提取出胶原蛋白,加工成胶原蛋白多肽产品或     

草鱼皮胶原的提取及性能的初步研究

测定了草鱼皮的部分基本化学组成成分,比较了用酶法提取草鱼皮胶原的提取工艺,并对所提草鱼皮胶原的氨基酸组成、分子量分布、变性温度等进行了分析测定。结果表明:用酶法提取草鱼皮胶原是可行的,但应加强皮的预处理;草鱼皮胶原氨基酸组成中,亚氨基酸(脯氨酸和羟脯氨酸)含量低于猪皮胶原中亚氨基酸含量;差式扫描量热计测定草鱼皮胶原变性温度约为20℃;电泳结果显示所提胶原大部分保持了其天然的三股螺旋结构,但可能有部分胶原发生了变性。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.