峡江鱼道过鱼效果初步评价

鱼道是解决拦河筑坝阻隔鱼类洄游的重要手段之一。为了满足兴建峡江水利枢纽工程后洄游鱼类上溯的要求,保护赣江水生生态环境的完整性,减缓工程对鱼类种群遗传交流的影响,针对峡江水利枢纽实际情况制定了鱼道过鱼方式。鱼道采用垂直竖缝式结构设计,由上游鱼道(出口段)、坝体过鱼孔口、下游主、副鱼道(进口段)、集鱼系统及连接段组成,设计主要过鱼季节为4—7月,流速0.7～1.2 m/s。采用仪器监测与人工观察相结合的方式对峡江鱼道过鱼效果进行了初步监测。监测结果显示:2017年监测到过鱼总数67.8万尾,其中上行占41.67%;期间共监测到22种鱼类,共计4目、7科、18属,以小型鱼类为主,如贝氏■(Hemiculter bleekeri)、三角鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)、银鲴(Xenocypris argentea)、银鮈(Squalidus argentatus);不同季节过鱼数量不同,其中以二季度最多,占总数49.17%,过鱼数量以7月最多;过鱼数量昼夜差别大,以上午10:00至下午16:00是过鱼数量最多;与国内其他鱼道相比,峡江鱼道过鱼数量较多,过鱼效果显著。     

长洲水利枢纽鱼道功能的初步研究

鱼道是解决水坝阻隔鱼类上溯的重要途径之一,过鱼效果的监测是其科学运行的重要环节。２011年和2012年４－６月对试运行阶段的长洲水利枢纽鱼道进行了监测采样;共计采集到鱼类３０种,主要优势种类为银飘鱼（Pseudolaubuca sinensis）、餐（Hemiculter leucisclus）、瓦氏黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus fulvidraco）、赤眼鳟（Spualiobarbus curriculus）、鲮（Cirrhinus molitorella）、日本鳗鲡（Anguill japonica）,青鱼（Mylopharyngodon piceus）、草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）、鲢（Hypophthalmichthys）、鳙（Aristichthys mobilis）也有出现;体长6０～870ｍｍ的个体可以通过鱼道上溯;鱼道中鲢体重达1.５ｋｇ,鲤（Cyprinus carpio）、鲶（Schilbe intermedius）体重达到2.８ｋｇ,采集到最大规格的种类为鳡（Elopichthys bambusa）,体长达870ｍｍ,体重7061ｇ。监测数据表明,长洲水利枢纽鱼道具有较好的过鱼功能,但监测中未采集到西江重要的洄游性鱼类广东鲂（Megalobrama hoffmanni）。从不同批次监测到的鱼类种类组成及规格上分析,鱼道运行效果明显受水文变化的影响,其运行及效果监测需要充分考虑水文状况及西江鱼类的生态习性。     

连江西牛鱼道运行效果的初步研究

鱼道建设被认为是有效缓解水坝阻隔鱼类洄游的重要方法之一,而鱼道效果监测是评价其功能的重要环节。连江西牛鱼道是广东省第一座建立在水坝主体上的过鱼通道,为了解其运行效果,采用张网法和截堵法,２０１２年３－８月共６次对西牛鱼道的过鱼效果进行监测。研究表明,西牛鱼道共监测到鱼类３目、８科、３０属、３８种,以银鮈（Squalidus argentatus）、乐山小鳔鮈（Microphysogobio kiatingensis）、子陵吻鰕虎（Rhinogobit giurinus）等小型鱼类为优势类群。进入鱼道的鱼类呈现昼夜差异,上午集鱼效果要显著优于其他时间段;不同季节集鱼的种类和数量呈现较大差别,３－８月集鱼数量逐渐减少,集鱼种类数以５月最多。与国内外其他鱼道的过鱼效果比较,西牛鱼道能较好地发挥其功能。     

流溪河水厂坝丹尼尔式鱼道运行效果初探

为检验流溪河水厂坝建立的丹尼尔式鱼道试点工程效果,在2015-2016年鱼道主要过鱼时段4-10月,利用张网法逐日监测。结果显示,鱼道取样共采集鱼类906尾,隶属于3目、8科、32属、34种,体长范围5～74cm,优势种为尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia niloticus)(数量比51.10%)、歺又鱼(Hemiculter leucisculus)(16.23%)、唇鱼骨(Hemibarbus labeo)(8.17%)、银鮈(Squalidus argentatus)(6.73%)、东方墨头鱼(Garra orientalis)(1.55%),以定居型鱼类为主,未见河口洄游性鱼类。水温与上游水位是影响鱼类种类时间分布的主要环境因素。聚类分析表明,6月过鱼群体的种类和数量独成一类,与其他月份鱼类群体最不相似。虽然Shannon多样性指数在5月和6月分别为2.068和1.719,但总体偏低(1.451±0.535),而Margalef丰富度指数差别较小,表明不同鱼类对鱼道入口的感应存在种间差异,推测是由工程全段翻滚闸门下泄水流导致鱼道入口不易发现所致。研究表明,丹尼尔式鱼道试点工程效果较好,为该河段的绝大部分鱼类提供了上溯通道,对流溪河构建整体过鱼设施体系起到了良好的示范作用,有助于流溪河生态系统的健康与恢复。     

关于葛洲坝工程不必附建过鱼设施的意见

葛洲坝水利枢纽是在长江干流上兴建的第一个大坝工程。这个坝在湖北省宜昌市附近江面上拦断了滚滚江水,那里的部分鱼类将不能象原来那样上下游动。这一情况是否影响长江的整个鱼类资源?哪些鱼类可能受到影响?影响程度怎样?是否要给某种鱼类设置鱼道，即“过鱼设施”?有鱼道是否就能过鱼?除了鱼道外，还有没有其他保护鱼类资源的措施和方法?这一系列问题，引起了人们的极大关注。     

卡尔加林水利枢纽区段闪光鲟洄游行为的研究

<正> 捷列克河上的卡尔加林水利枢纽位于达吉斯坦境内。卡尔加林枢纽于1956年建成梯式鱼道,八十年代拟改建鱼道,主要过鱼鲟科鱼类和鲑鳟鱼类。1986年和在4月和7月对该枢纽坝区河段闪光鲟的洄游行为作了生物遥测研究,为枢纽设计建造新的过鱼设施提供科学资料。遥测观察的区段是大坝上、下河段各2公里。用作标记的发射装置直径1.5厘米,长     

一种鱼道进口诱鱼结构装置的试验研究

常规鱼道的研究和设计大多侧重于其内部结构和水流条件等方面,对鱼道进口位置布置及结构优化的研究相对较少,往往存在鱼类发现并进入鱼道较为困难的情况。通过建立鱼道进口设计的生态水力学指标,提出了某项目集诱鱼进口所需要满足的流速范围为0.47～1.30 m/s,将鱼类游泳能力与鱼道进口流态指标相结合,用标准三维κ-ε模型数值模拟的方式,对以往鱼道进口位置的选择原则进行了验证,提出了一种可控流量、流速的新型诱鱼补水装置,对鱼道进口结构进行优化。该诱鱼补水装置利用局部水流落差,上游发电下泄水流进行诱鱼补水,避免采用自库区压力管道引水而产生的消能问题,降低了鱼道运行的成本;同时降低机组满发或发电流量较高时河段内的流速,可达到灵活调控诱鱼水流进而诱导鱼类进入鱼道完成洄游的效果,最终完成鱼道进口的优化,提高过鱼效果。     

浅议我国鱼道运行管理存在的问题及对策-以洣水洋塘鱼道为例

鱼道作为能够有效联通闸、坝上下游水流,为鱼类提供上溯、下行通道的有效途径,一直以来被作为水利水电工程建设鱼类保护的重要措施采用,但由于认识、经费、运行管理等多方面因素,其过鱼效果及发挥的作用难以被肯定。本文在综述国内外鱼道运行管理体制现状基础上,以洣水洋塘鱼道为例,分析总结了该鱼道兴衰历程,提出我国鱼道运行管理应提升对过鱼设施建设必要性的认知度、捋顺管理机制体制、建立生态补偿机制的对策与建议,力求能够为鱼道这项鱼类保护措施的建设与发展提供支持。     

老龙口水利枢纽工程中鱼道的设计研究

对吉林省珲春市老龙口水利枢纽工程中配套的过鱼设施——鱼道进行了研究、论证与设计。同时对老龙口水利枢纽工程及珲春河的主要洄游鱼类作了介绍;总结分析了国内外鱼道的发展现状和趋势;对比分析了几种常用鱼道的优缺点,对垂直竖缝式鱼道进行了设计计算,确定了有关参数,并就鱼道各部分的设计进行了说明。     

我国过鱼设施现状分析及鱼道适宜性管理的关键问题

水电开发对于洄游性鱼类产生的负面影响最为直接,阻碍了其繁殖、索饵以及越冬等生命行为。在调查的25个水电项目中,有17个采取了鱼类保护措施,其中采取增殖放流措施的占82.4%,仅有1个项目修建了鱼道。介绍了“莱茵河-2000计划”和哥伦比亚河鱼道建设及运行效果。鱼道不单纯是洄游性鱼类的通道,更是实现大坝上下游物质与能量循环的生态廊道。国内开展鱼道适应性管理的关键问题是：建立鱼道长效运行与保障机制,对鱼道过鱼进行长效监测以及研究鱼道过鱼效果评价方法。     

A quantitative assessment of fish passage efficiency

In an attempt to restore the connectivity of fragmented river habitats, a variety of passage facilities have been installed at river barriers. Despite the cost of building these structures, there has been no quantitative evaluation of their overall success at restoring fish passage. We reviewed articles from 1960 to 2011, extracted data from 65 papers on fish passage efficiency, size and species of fish, and fishway characteristics to determine the best predictors of fishway efficiency. Because data were scarce for fishes other than salmonids (order Salmoniformes), we combined data for all non‐salmonids for our analysis. On average, downstream passage efficiency was 68.5%, slightly higher than upstream passage efficiency of 41.7%, and neither differed across the geographical regions of study. Salmonids were more successful than non‐salmonids in passing upstream (61.7 vs. 21.1%) and downstream (74.6 vs. 39.6%) through fish passage facilities. Passage efficiency differed significantly between types of fishways; pool and weir, pool and slot and natural fishways had the highest efficiencies, whereas Denil and fish locks/elevators had the lowest. Upstream passage efficiency decreased significantly with fishway slope, but increased with fishway length, and water velocity. An information‐theoretic analysis indicated that the best predictors of fish passage efficiency were order of fish (i.e. salmonids > non‐salmonids), type of fishway and length of fishway. Overall, the low efficiency of passage facilities indicated that most need to be improved to sufficiently mitigate habitat fragmentation for the complete fish community across a range of environmental conditions.     

Lock gates improve passage of small-bodied fish and crustaceans in a low gradient vertical-slot fishway

Abstract  A modified 'lock' mode of operation was trialled within a low-slope (3.1%) vertical-slot fishway to improve passage of small-bodied (<60 mm long) native fishes in the Murray River, Australia. Significantly greater numbers of three small-bodied native fish and two crustacean species ascended the fishway during lock operation than during standard operation. Up to 9700 small-bodied fish and crustaceans exited during the lock operation in a single 2-h replicate. A deficiency of the temporary lock conditions was that large-bodied fish and their young-of-the-year (>50 mm long) did not ascend during the study. Considerable experimental work is required at other sites and at higher fishway slopes before widespread retro-fitting of lock gates. Nevertheless, these results highlight new options for potentially improving the ecological performance of existing pool-type fishways and new facilities.     

Non‐salmonids in a salmonid fishway: what do 50 years of data tell us about past and future fish passage?

Abstract  Salmonid fishways have been used in many countries for non-salmonid fishes, including Australia, but generally with poor results. Trapping the entrance and exit of a 1:9 gradient salmonid fishway on the Murray River confirmed very poor passage of native fish, with <1% of the most abundant species ascending. Fifty years of fish passage monitoring showed the numbers of three native species declining by 95–100% and non-native fish becoming dominant. Fishways are now being designed for native fish and being quantitatively assessed, but daily flow management also needs to be addressed. The ecological model for passage of potamodromous fishes has changed from passing adults of a few species to one that incorporates the whole fish community, specifically: immature fish of large-bodied species that dominate numbers migrating upstream; a diverse range of movement strategies; and small-bodied species, crustaceans and low numbers of less-mobile species.     

Optimising Denil fishways for passage of small and large fishes

Abstract  An 8-m long experimental fishway was trialled at three different slopes [8.3% (1:12), 14.3% (1:7) and 20% (1:5)] to examine the potential of the single-plane Denil fishway for the passage of small- and large-bodied native fishes in Australia. Fish between 45 and 630 mm ascended the fishway. The lowest slope enabled the full size range of bony herring Nematalosa erebi (Günther), from 45 to 350 mm fork length, to ascend the fishway successfully as well as a higher numerical proportion; 88% at the 8.3% slope compared with 31% at the 20% slope (fish numbers per trial = 33–3936). These results dispel the notion that Denil fishways are inherently poor for small fishes. Manipulating the design parameters of slope, length, width and possibly depth-over-breadth ratio enables Denil fishways to pass a wide size range of fish, which may greatly extend their present application and enable them to make a greater contribution to the rehabilitation of diverse fish communities.     

Denil fishway utilization patterns and passage of several warmwater species relative to seasonal, thermal and hydraulic dynamics

Abstract – Two different Denil fishways on the Grand River, Ontario, were used as check-points to evaluate the upstream movement of fishes past a low-head weir and to examine the proportions and inferred swimming performance of non-salmonid warmwater fishes that used each fishway type. Traps installed at fishway exits were used to collect fish during 24-hour sampling periods, over 40–51 days each year, from 1995 to 1997. Passage rates, size selectivity, water temperature, water velocity and turbidity for the periods of maximum passage for each year were examined. General species composition from trap samples shifted from catostomids to cyprinids to ictalurids to percids and centrarchids, with some overlap, as water temperatures increased from 8 °C to 25 °C in the spring and early summer. Water depths, and therefore water velocities in each fishway, were independent of river discharge due to variable accumulations of debris on upstream trash-racks. Relationships between the water velocity and the swimming and position-holding abilities of several species emerged. Turbidity was directly related to river discharge and precipitation events, and many species demonstrated maximum fishway use during periods of increased turbidity. This study 1) provided evidence of strongly directional upstream movements among several species that were previously considered non-migratory and 2) describes physical and hydraulic conditions during fishway use for 29 non-salmonid fish species.     

Upstream passage of fish through a vertical-slot fishway in an Australian subtropical river

The effectiveness of a vertical-slot fishway on the Burnett River barrage for facilitating migration of fish was assessed. In 100 samples taken at the top and bottom of the fishway, over 52 000 fish representing 34 species were collected at a maximum rate of 4500 fish per day. In contrast, less than 2000 fish ascended the original pool-and-weir fishway in 128, 24 h samples at the top between 1984 and 1987. Juvenile size classes dominated the abundance of many species in the present study and fish between 24 and 930 mm in length ascended the vertical-slot fishway. However, passage of small fish was restricted and for new fishways on tidal barriers a further reduction in head loss between pools is recommended. Importantly, the width of the vertical-slots was too small for effective upstream passage of large Queensland lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (Krefft). The greatest diversity of fish species was found during low river flows. The findings suggest that vertical-slot fishways with wide pools and low turbulence pass a diverse range of fish fauna present in subtropical coastal rivers.     

Fish‐Net: Probabilistic models for fishway planning,design and monitoring to support environmentally sustainable hydropower

The construction of fishways for upstream and downstream connectivity is the preferred mitigation measure for hydropower dams and other riverine barriers. Yet empirical evidence for effective design criteria for many species is missing. We therefore assembled a group of international fishway designers and combined their knowledge with available empirical data using a formal expert elicitation protocol and Bayesian networks. The expert elicitation method we use minimizes biases typically associated with such approaches. Demonstrating our application with a case‐study on the temperate Southern Hemisphere, we use the resulting probabilistic models to predict the following, given alternative design parameters: (i) the effectiveness of technical fishways for upstream movement of migratory fish; (ii) habitat quality in nature‐like bypasses for resident fish; and (iii) rates of mortality during downstream passage of all fish through turbines and spillways. The Fish Passage Network (Fish‐Net) predicts that fishways for native species could be near 0% or near 100% efficient depending on their design, suggesting great scope for adequate mitigation. Sensitivity analyses revealed the most important parameters as follows: (i) design of attraction and entrance features of technical fishways for upstream migration; (ii) habitat preferences of resident fish in nature‐like bypasses; and (iii) susceptibility of fish to barotrauma and blade strike during turbine passage. Numerical modelling predicted that mortality rates of small‐bodied fish (50–100 mm TL) due to blade strike may be higher for Kaplan than Francis turbines. Our findings can be used to support environmentally sustainable decisions in the planning, design and monitoring stages of hydropower development.     

Use of a vertical-slot fishway by galaxiids in Western Australia

Abstract –  The Goodga River Fishway is the first vertical-slot fishway in Western Australia and was opened in April 2003 with the aim of increasing the habitat available to two galaxiids; the trout minnow ( Galaxias truttaceus ), a highly restricted freshwater fish species in Western Australia, and the widespread common jollytail ( Galaxias maculatus ). The fishway was designed to function during low flows to coincide with the upstream spawning migration of G. truttaceus . Prior to the opening of the fishway, no fish were found above the Goodga River gauging station (weir), which is approximately 2 km upstream of the river's entrance to Moates Lake. Fish migrations were monitored in each season between April 2003 and February 2005. Galaxias truttaceus utilised the fishway in all sampling periods. Adult fish migrated up the fishway prior to spawning, while large numbers of new recruits (small juveniles) negotiated the fishway during November 2003 and 2004. More G. truttaceus and G. maculatus were captured on the fishway during daylight hours compared with the night; however, larger G. truttaceus were more commonly captured at night whereas G. maculatus on the fishway were larger during the day. The fact that fishway utilisation by G. maculatus was consistent during all samples and new recruits migrated during periods of low flow demonstrates the importance of understanding the migration patterns of the target species when designing fishways.     

异侧布置竖缝式鱼道紊流结构试验研究

鱼道是辅助鱼类克服障碍物,实现产卵洄游、索饵洄游和越冬洄游的通道。全球目前已建鱼道中,鱼类能够溯游通过的鱼道尚不足50%,大多数鱼道的水力设计仅考虑平均流速,忽略了鱼道内的紊流结构,探究鱼道的水力特性尤其是紊流结构,对改进其设计具有重要的指导意义。通过在大比尺水槽模型中试验研究异侧布置竖缝式鱼道的紊流结构,利用声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)实测竖缝式水池内每一点的三维瞬时流速,剖析流场的三维时均流速分布、流动特征、旋涡特性、纵向和横向紊动强度分布、不同水平面的雷诺应力分布等,考虑了两种典型流量(Q1=20.62 L/s,Q2=30.75 L/s)和3个特征水平面(h/3,h/2和2h/3),提出了三维流速分布的半理论半经验公式、流场矢量图及各点的旋度,并与自由壁面射流进行比较。结果表明,异侧布置竖缝式鱼道前半池内纵向流速具有壁面射流的特征,后半池由于受下游隔板的阻挡则偏离壁面射流规律;水池内存在顺时针方向的水平旋涡,其旋度随流量的增大而增强;前半池壁面射流区的紊动强度存在峰值区,后半池的紊动强度峰值区由水槽左侧移至右侧;壁面射流区的雷诺应力变幅较大,而在旋涡区则较小,有利于洄游鱼类在鱼道上溯和歇息。