南海北部陆坡金鼻眶灯鱼秋季摄食节律

中层鱼是深海食物网的重要组成部分,其摄食节律的研究对探讨以中层鱼为核心的能量流动与物质循环具有重要意义。本研究利用2014年10月南海北部陆坡海域拖网调查数据,对中层鱼优势种金鼻眶灯鱼(Diaphus chrysorhynchus)秋季的摄食节律进行了研究。结果表明:(1)金鼻眶灯鱼取样体长范围为28~110 mm,集中于50~59 mm体长组,各时间段摄食等级与体长间均不存在正相关;(2)金鼻眶灯鱼在18:00左右上浮摄食,次日05:30左右达到摄食高峰,为连续摄食,5个取样时间段平均摄食等级范围为1.50~2.57,呈增长趋势;(3)差异性分析表明,金鼻眶灯鱼傍晚与夜间或清晨间摄食等级差异性显著,表现在18:30~19:30时间段与01:00~02:00、04:45~05:50或06:30~07:30三个时间段间(P=0.041;P=0.000;P=0.007),另03:30~04:30与04:45~05:50时间段间摄食等级也存在极显著差异(P=0.005);(4)金鼻眶灯鱼各时间段摄食等级频率呈波浪形变化,4级频率在06:30~07:30时间段达到最高峰;0级频率在黄昏18:30~19:30时最高,01:00~02:00降为0,03:30~04:30上升到黄昏时的一半,此后连续下降。总体而言,金鼻眶灯鱼傍晚至次日清晨连续摄食,连续排遗,摄食集中于清晨。综上所述,金鼻眶灯鱼是一种昼夜垂直迁移、夜间连续摄食与排遗的浮游动物食性鱼类,其在南海陆坡水域能量流与物质流中起着承上启下的作用。     

南海中北部尾明角灯鱼渔业生物学特性的初步研究

根据2014年和2015年在南海中北部海域中层拖网采集的尾明角灯鱼(Ceratoscopelus warmingii)样本,对其体长和体质量组成、性比、性腺成熟度和摄食等级等生物学特性进行了初步分析。结果显示,尾明角灯鱼的体长为32~76 mm,优势体长组为45~60 mm,占总数的86.9%,平均体长为(51.47±6.60)mm;体质量为0.3~4.3 g,优势体质量组为1.0~2.5 g,占总数的91.1%,平均体质量为(1.6±0.61)g;雌雄个体大小不存在显著差异(ANOVA,P0.05);生长参数b为2.581,表明尾明角灯鱼为异速生长;雌雄性比为1.39∶1,在不同月份、不同体长组中差异较大,10月和1月雌性比例远高于雄性;不同月份均有性成熟个体,性腺成熟度以Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期为主,性腺成熟比例最高为1月;初次性成熟体长为51.4 mm;摄食等级0~4级所占比例分别为10.8%、46%、33.9%、8.1%和1.3%。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼成熟群体两性差异初步调查

本试验主要对长江重庆段和嘉陵江北碚段性成熟的瓦氏黄颡鱼雌雄个体的数量性状进行了统计分析。结果发现，嘉陵江的雌雄瓦氏黄颡鱼间在体重、体长、全长、体重／体长、体重／全长、体长／体高、全长／体高等指标均有极显著差异，长江的雌雄瓦氏黄颡鱼间体长／体高和全长／体高差异显著。同性别不同水域间的瓦氏黄颡鱼体高、体长／体高和全长／体高均差异显著，而体重、体长和全长均却无显著性差异。     

西南大西洋拉氏南美南极鱼生物学特性的初步研究

根据2009年12月-2010年1月在西南大西洋阿根廷外海测定的271尾拉氏南美南极鱼生物学数据,对拉氏南美南极鱼的全长(TL)和体长(SL)组成、全长和体重(BW)关系、性比、性腺成熟度等基本生物学特性进行了分析。结果表明,(1)体长组成:全长范围为145～302mm,优势全长组为200～260mm;体长范围为135～265mm,优势体长为160～220mm。雌、雄个体全长(F=1.930,P=0.167>0.05)和体长(F=1.965,P=0.163>0.05)分布均无显著性差异。全长与体长关系为TL=0.8755SL+0.0076(R2=0.9846)(2)全长与体重关系:拉氏南美南极鱼全长与体重关系为BW=1.0845×10-6TL3.3968(R2=0.9818),雌雄拉氏南美南极鱼叉长与体重之间的关系不存在显著性差异(ANCOVA,F=1.755,P>0.05)。(3)拉氏南美南极鱼平均雌雄性比为1∶0.17。(4)12月至1月,西南大西洋拉氏南美南极鱼性成熟度基本上以Ⅱ为主,而Ⅲ～Ⅵ个体则非常少。各全长组拉氏南美南极鱼性成熟度存在显著性差异(χ2=569.59,P<0.05)。(5)首次性成熟...     

闽东北外海渔场银方头鱼渔业生物学初步研究

闽东北外海底层流刺网作业渔获的银头鱼群体由1～6龄11个世代构成,以2、3和4龄占优势;体长优势组为210～270mm,体重优势组为200～400g,体长与体重的关系W=2.1120×10~(-5)×L~(2.9964)r=0.9970。初次性成熟年龄为2～3龄,最小性成熟个体体长为190mm,在4～8月均有产卵活动;按von Bertalanffy方程拟合生长参数:L_(∝)=436.21mm,W_(∝)=1715.05g,k=0.2357,t_0=-0.9542,体重生长拐点年龄为3.702龄。     

马鞍列岛海域皮氏叫姑鱼渔业生物学初步研究

基于2009年1月—2010年2月渔业资源调查数据,研究了马鞍列岛海域皮氏叫姑鱼的体长组成、体长与体质量关系、性比、繁殖习性和摄食等渔业生物学。结果表明:1)马鞍列岛海域皮氏叫姑鱼群体体长范围30～264 mm,优势体长组为80～100和130～180 mm;2)皮氏叫姑鱼幼鱼和雄性个体的生长呈负异速生长的特性,而雌性个体呈正异速生长的特性;3)雌雄比为1.68∶1(χ2=35.636,P<0.001),雌雄比随月份和体长变化,除8月和9月及体长110～150和160～180 mm外,雌雄个体数差异明显;4)皮氏叫姑鱼的繁殖期从6月持续到9月,其雌性和雄性个体首次性成熟体长分别为124.8和136.4 mm;5)皮氏叫姑鱼的饵料生物随月份和个体生长发生转变,幼鱼主要摄食端足类,而成鱼在繁殖前期主要摄食鱼类和虾类,繁殖期间主要摄食端足类。与其他海域相比,马鞍列岛海域皮氏叫姑鱼群体具有较大的体长范围和优势体长组体长。为持续利用皮氏叫姑鱼资源,建议加强繁殖群体和幼鱼群体的保护。     

南海北部近海蓝圆鲹渔业生物学特征研究

为加深对南海北部蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)种群的结构特征认识,根据2014—2017年南海北部底拖网调查中蓝圆鲹的生物学数据,对该区域内蓝圆鲹群体的体长与体质量、性腺成熟度、摄食等级等生物学特征的组成与季节变化进行初步研究。结果显示,南海北部蓝圆鲹体长范围78～248 mm,平均体长146 mm,优势体长121～150 mm;体质量范围7.9～290.0 g,平均体质量52.0 g,优势体质量21.0～60.0 g;雌雄个体体长间存在显著性差异(P0.05)。体长与体质量的关系为W=8×10~(-6)L~(3.131 2),生长参数b=3.131 2,接近等速生长。雌雄性比1.5∶1。性腺成熟度以Ⅱ期为主,各月份均有性成熟的个体,冬、春季节性成熟个体都超过50%,为主要繁殖季节。雌性初次性成熟体长为170.9 mm。摄食等级以2级为主,随着体长的增加,摄食水平有升高的趋势。跟历史资料比较发现,南海北部蓝圆鲹性早熟、种群结构小型化的特征没有改变。     

乌江思南泉水鱼的年龄与生长研究

2011-2012年在乌江思南江段采集454尾(雌性298尾,雄性109尾,性别不辨47尾)泉水鱼(Pseudogyrincheilus procheilus),以鳞片作为材料对年龄进行鉴定,利用软件FISAT-II处理体长与年龄数据,对其生长方程、生长拐点等生物学特征进行了研究。结果表明,泉水鱼鳞片为圆鳞,年轮主要表现为普通切割型与普通疏密型;年龄组成为1~4龄,其中以2~3龄为主;1~4龄,体长增长率为47.4%,雌性体长增长率达50.4%,雄性体长增长率为35.0%,体重增长率为438.5%,雌性体重增长率为485.1%,雄性体重增长率为275.9%;体重(W)与体长(L)呈幂指数关系:W=2×10-6L3.4784(R2=0.8824),雌鱼为:W=3×10-6L3.4002(R2=0.8505),雄鱼为:W=2×10-5L3.019(R2=0.8112);体长(L)和鳞径(S)呈幂函数相关:L=92.597S0.5458;Von Bertalanfy生长方程的各参数为:渐进体长L∞=278.10 mm,生长系数k=0.22,t0=-1.80;雌鱼各参数为:L∞=355.01 mm,k=0.14,t0=-2.38;雄鱼各参数为:L∞=224.04 mm,k=0.32,t0=-1.72,雄鱼达到渐进体长的速度比雌鱼要快得多;体长生长速度和加速度不具拐点,生长速度随年龄增加而递减,生长加速度始终为负值,随年龄增加而增大;体重生长速度和加速度都具有拐点,拐点年龄ti=3.87,拐点体长Li=198.22 mm,拐点体重Wi=195.59 g。结合泉水鱼生长拐点年龄和性成熟年龄,为保护乌江思南泉水鱼资源,建议以180 mm为最小捕捞个体的体长。     

南海北部陆坡海域中层渔业生物群落结构特征

根据2015年7—8月(夏季)和2015年12月—2016年1月(冬季)对南海北部陆坡海域(111°00′E~120°00′E,18°00′N~22°00′N)的中层拖网调查,对该海域的夏季和冬季的渔业资源种类组成、优势种和生物多样性特征进行了初步研究。结果表明,南海北部陆坡海域夏、冬季共出现渔业生物273种,其中鱼类205种,甲壳类50种,头足类18种。相对性重要指数(IRI)分析表明,尾明角灯鱼(Ceratoseopelus warmingii)和典型刺虾(Oplphorus typus)为该海域的优势种类(IRI≥500);主要种为条带眶灯鱼(Diaphus brachycephalus)、菲氏眶灯鱼(D.Phillipis)、短距眶灯鱼(D.mollis)、马来眶灯鱼(D.malayanus)、长鳍虹灯鱼(Bolinichthys longipes)和天纽珍灯鱼(Lampanyctus tenuiformis)(100≤IRI500)。夏季和冬季的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)平均值分别为4.34和5.26,Margalef丰富度指数(D)平均值分别为3.41和4.03,Peilou均匀度指数(J′)平均值分别为0.70和0.79,冬季各多样性特征指数均大于夏季。多样性特征指数与水深呈显著正相关,与水温呈负相关,说明该海域群落多样性分布存在一定的环境梯度特征。     

阿克苏河塔里木裂腹鱼生物学初步研究

采用常规生物学方法,对阿克苏河塔里木裂腹鱼的形态特征、体长与体重关系、肥满度、食性、繁殖等个体生物学特征进行了观测研究.结果表明,塔里木裂腹鱼体长与体重的相关表达式为:W=0.020L2.8886(r=0.992);杂食性,喜食水生昆虫.在体长30m以内,随着体长的增加,肥满度逐渐降低.V期时绝对怀卵量平均为3 784粒,相对怀卵量平均为23粒/g.成熟卵卵径为1.51～1.83 mm.种群性比(♀:♂)为1.0:1.4;繁殖群体性比(♀:♂)为1.0:1.5.雄性最小性成熟个体体长77mm、体重7.0 g;雌性最小性成熟个体体长133 mm、体重36.0g.每年4～5月,当水温达到12℃时.开始溯河繁殖.     

Antifreeze proteins in the urine of marine fish

Several species of marine teleosts have evolved blood plasma antifreeze polypeptides which enable them to survive in ice-laden seawater. Four distinct antifreeze protein classes differing in carbohydrate content, amino acid composition, protein sequence and secondary structure are currently known. Although all of these antifreezes are relatively small (2.6–33 kd) it was generally thought that they were excluded from the urine by a variety of glomerular mechanisms. In the present study antifreeze polypeptides were found in the bladder urine of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus), ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Since the plasma of each of these fish contains a different antifreeze class it would appear that all four classes of antifreeze can enter the urine. The major antifreeze components in the urine of winter flounder were found to be identical to the major plasma components in terms of high performance liquid chromatography retention times and amino acid composition. It is concluded that plasma antifreeze peptides need not be chemically modified before they can enter the urine.     

Characteristics of the marine environment and algal blooms in Gamak Bay

This study was conducted to gain insight into the characteristics of algal blooms in relation to the marine environment of Gamak Bay. From the first known occurrence of algal blooms in 1984 until 2006, 23 causal species have been identified, the most common ones being Prorocentrum sp., Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Chaetoceros sp., Skeletonema costatum, and Heterosigma akashiwo. A principal component analysis indicated that blooms of these species develop under different conditions in terms of water temperature, salinity, precipitation, and insolation. Field data showed Cochlodinium polykrikoides to be favored by high temperatures and to be euryhaline, whereas Skeletonema costatum appeared to be eurythermal and euryhaline. Prorocentrum sp. and Chaetoceros sp. appeared to be stenothermal and stenohaline. Finally, Heterosigma akashiwo appeared at the lowest temperature and highest salinity of the five species and was classified here as stenothermal and stenohaline.     

东太平洋公海茎柔鱼种群遗传结构初步研究

根据2009年7月到10月我国大型鱿钓渔船在东太平洋(81.9°～94.9°W,8.9°N～11.3°S)秘鲁和哥斯达黎加外海作业期间采集的样本,利用线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因的724 bp部分序列,分析了采自秘鲁7个采样点和哥斯达黎加3个采样点的155个个体的序列多样性与种群遗传结构.结果显示,724 bp片段中发现了16个变异位点,155个个体出现43个单倍型.序列多样性分析结果揭示,155个个体的平均单倍型多样性指数为0.873,核苷酸多样性指数为0.003 69.群体间共享6个单倍型,秘鲁外海茎柔鱼群体享有最多特有单倍型(20个).分子方差分析揭示,82.70％的遗传变异性出现在种群内；群体间的FST分析揭示部分秘鲁群体与哥斯达黎加群体,部分秘鲁群体间存在着显著的遗传分化；而哥斯达黎加群体内部不存在显著的遗传分化.     

Bioaugmentation in the growth and water quality of livebearing ornamental fishes

Bacillus subtilis isolated from the intestine of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) was incorporated into the rearing water of Poecilia reticulata (Peters), Poecilia sphenops (Valenciennes), Xiphophorus helleri (Heckel) and Xiphophorus maculatus (Gunther) at four different concentrations (5 × 10⁸ cells ml⁻¹, 5 × 10⁷ cells ml⁻¹, 5 × 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹ and 5 × 10⁵ cells ml⁻¹) and its effect on fish growth performance and survival, water quality parameters and bacterial population of water were assessed. The results showed that the addition of bacterial cells in the rearing water resulted in greater survival and a faster growth rate and, hence, greater length and weight increments of the livebearers. The use of a bioaugmentor in the rearing water of the livebearing fishes resulted in significantly lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of dissolved organic matter and total ammonium nitrogen. The counts of motile aeromonads and total coliforms recorded in the water of bioaugmented tanks were also lower than that in the control tank. Bioaugmentation between 10⁶ and 10⁸ cells ml⁻¹ in the rearing water is sufficient in establishing a bioaugmentor and the use of a higher concentration of bacterial cells did not always lead to significantly better results.     

青岛斋堂岛附近海域薛氏海龙繁殖生物学

根据2015年3-5月在青岛斋堂岛附近海域使用张网采集的1250尾薛氏海龙(Syngnathus schlegeli)样本,分析了该水域薛氏海龙的性比、副性征、性腺指数、性腺成熟度与卵径、育儿袋中胚胎等繁殖生物学特征。结果表明,青岛斋堂岛附近海域薛氏海龙春季繁殖种群雌雄比例分别为63.28%和36.24%,未成年个体占0.48%,雌雄比为1.75:1,明显偏离1:1的性别比例;繁殖群体中雄性个体的性腺指数始终保持在较低水平,为0.01%~4.85%,雌性个体相对较高,为0.05%~128.99%,二者差异极显著(P0.01);组织学观察发现,性腺在3—5月份迅速发育成熟,雄性排精后精巢腔中仍剩余较多精细胞,表明雄性个体为多次排精;雌性Ⅲ~Ⅳ期卵巢中均分布有不同时相的卵子,且卵径分布呈现两个峰值,表明雌性个体为分批产卵;根据雌性个体V期卵巢中成熟卵子的卵粒数与雄性个体育儿袋中的平均怀卵数基本相同,育儿袋中胚胎的发育阶段也基本一致,推测其交配模式可能为一雄一雌制,抑或是雄性在同一天内与多个雌性交配的一雄多雌制。斋堂岛附近海域薛氏海龙的交配模式还有待室内行为观察并结合微卫星标记等手段进一步确认。     

二氧化锗对共培养萱藻丝状体和硅藻生长的影响

为抑制萱藻丝状体保存和扩增过程中出现的小伪菱形藻与碎片菱形藻的生长,本实验应用实验生态学方法,分别建立了丝状体与小伪菱形藻、丝状体与碎片菱形藻、丝状体与小伪菱形藻和碎片菱形藻的共培养体系,研究了1.00～4.00μg/mL二氧化锗(GeO_2)对共培养条件下丝状体生长发育及附生硅藻生长的影响。结果显示:(1)处理萱藻丝状体和硅藻共培养体系的适宜GeO_2浓度为1.00～2.50μg/mL,各实验组14 d的硅藻抑制率均高于67.33%±5.18%,且丝状体生长发育良好,2.00μg/mL为最适浓度,此浓度下丝状体日均增长率最高,在各培养体系中均大于11.00%,且诱导后孢子囊枝比例和孢子囊直径分别为57.47%±5.31%和(24.55±1.01)μm,与对照组差异不显著;(2) 3.50和4.00μg/mL GeO_2虽对硅藻抑制效果更佳,但同时也会抑制丝状体生长和后期孢子囊的形成与发育,其中4.00μg/mL GeO_2可导致丝状体死亡;(3)碎片菱形藻较小伪菱形藻对GeO_2更敏感。实验14 d,各浓度GeO_2对碎片菱形藻的抑制率为(82.10%±2.40%)～(96.35%±0.79%),均高于同浓度GeO_2对小伪菱形藻的抑制率;同时在丝状体与小伪菱形藻和碎片菱形藻的共培养体系中,碎片菱形藻占硅藻比例随GeO_2浓度升高而相应下降。     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Use of Microbacterium sp. and Exiguobacterium mexicanum to improve the survival and development of Artemia under xenic conditions

The effect of Microbacterium sp. strain 8L and Exiguobacterium mexicanum strain 8N was evaluated in the diet of Artemia under xenic conditions. Viable cultures of bacteria were provided to xenic cultures of Artemia in combination with Sacharomyces cerevisiae, cornflour or Spirulina, and the effect on the survival and growth was recorded. The use of these bacterial strains improves significantly the survival of Artemia independently of the used food (P < 0.05), and variable results were observed in the growth.     

Use of ongrownArtemia in nursery culturing of the tiger shrimp

Juvenile and adultArtemia produced in a semi flow-through culture system were used as food for postlarval shrimp. The growth performance of shrimp reared on such ongrownArtemia live prey is identical to the growth obtained when feeding newly hatchedArtemia. However, a significantly better stress resistance is obtained when the postlarvae are exposed to a low salinity in a stress test. Besides nutritional and energetic advantages, the use ofArtemia biomass for feeding postlarval shrimp also results in improved economics as expenses for cysts and weaning diets can be reduced.     

基于线粒体COⅠ和Cytb基因序列的北太平洋柔鱼种群遗传结构研究

为准确掌握柔鱼的种群遗传结构,拟通过线粒体DNA的COI和Cytb基因序列分析方法对柔鱼不同产卵季节群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行研究。经PCR扩增与测序分别获得600 bp COI与481 bp Cytb基因序列。基于COI基因序列分析得到的单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数及平均核苷酸差异数分别为24、(0.729 ±0.033)、(0.005 70 ± 0.003 25)和3.421。基于Cytb基因序列分析得到的单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数及平均核苷酸差异数分别为28、(0.852 ± 0.016)、(0.006 45 ± 0.003 73)和3.101。分析认为, 北太平洋柔鱼2个产卵季节群体均具有较高的单倍型多样性指数和较低的核苷酸多样性指数。单倍型邻接树、两两群体间的F_st值以及AMOVA分析结果均表明, 北太平洋柔鱼2个产卵季节群体间的遗传差异不显著, 不存在显著的群体遗传结构。初步认为, 该海域因缺乏地理上的障碍, 加之北太平洋海流的作用以及柔鱼个体较强的游泳能力, 使得群体之间具有较强的基因流。