斑节对虾亲虾催熟培育技术初探

斑节对虾亲虾催熟培育技术的高低直接影响亲虾产卵质量、幼体的发育以及育苗的成败。目前,斑节对虾全人工育苗还未有生产性突破,亲虾来源主要从东南亚高价进口,部分从海南收购。人工催熟方法主要采用加热摄子单侧切除眼柄方法,除去X器官,减少性腺抑制激素产生而加速卵黄的形成。亲虾的催熟培育是使切除眼柄后的亲虾在最适水     

切除单侧眼柄对不同体质量养殖斑节对虾卵巢发育及产卵的影响

在盐度31、水温28~29℃下,进行了4次卵巢诱导试验,研究了切除单侧眼柄对体质量56.4~105.4g的养殖斑节对虾卵巢发育和产卵的影响及卵巢发育、产卵与体质量之间的关系。结果显示,切除单侧眼柄诱导养殖斑节对虾卵巢发育成熟,成功率(y)与雌虾体质量(x)显著相关(P0.05),雌虾体质量越小,诱导成功率越低,回归方程为:y=133.92lnx-535.63(r2=0.9297)。养殖斑节对虾眼柄手术后,最快10d产卵,部分雌虾能重复产卵。产卵量(y)与雌虾体质量(x)显著正相关(P0.05),雌虾体质量越小,产卵量越小,回归方程为:y=122.22lnx-472.2(r2=0.9738)。雌虾累积死亡率、卵子直径和卵子孵化率与雌虾体质量无显著相关性(P0.05)。建议用体质量80g以上的养殖斑节对虾雌虾作为亲虾。     

诱导池养斑节对虾的性腺发育与产卵

室内条件下,采用切除、烫灼眼柄及蓝、绿色光源光照,可有效诱导池养斑节对虾的卵巢获得不同程度发育或成熟产卵,有效率分别为64.8％和15.5％,总有效率达80.3％。亲虾个体大小及水温与卵巢发育或产卵的关系密切。体重70克以上的亲虾卵巢易催熟,性腺发育成熟大多出现在水温较高的 5—9月份(平均水温 25.0—29.5℃),尤其产卵仅在这些月份发生。亲虾产卵量较少(每尾 3—11万个/次)。室内环境下亲虾无自然交配,卵子不能孵化,仅其中一次产卵中,进行了人工交配孵化出无节幼体。     

南美白对虾亲虾催熟培育技术探讨

南美白对虾亲虾的催熟培育是指在最适的环境条件下,对人工选育亲虾进行切除眼柄、强化营养以促进性腺发育,达到获得优质卵子的过程。亲虾培育技术的高低直接影响到亲虾产卵的质量以及对虾育苗的效果。一、材料与方法1.生产场地与设施 生产场地为对虾良种场的亲虾车间,亲虾培育池采用半埋式室内设计,每池面积40m2,深度1.0m;产卵孵化池每池面积25m2,深度1.4m。车间配备供电、供气、供热、供水等系统,并能调节光照的强弱。2.亲虾来源 亲虾是省级(湛江)对虾良种场通过引进良种SPF亲虾自育出的子一代F1,并对F1进行严格检测、追踪养殖,选…     

血清素对刺参繁育效果的影响

本实验研究了在刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)人工促熟期间,向刺参体内注射血清素对刺参繁育效果的影响。在实验条件下,设置20、50、100和200 μg/g亲参体重的4种血清素注射剂量,每种剂量又按每5、10、15和20 d注射1次。以注射生理盐水的刺参为对照组,不做处理的刺参作为空白组。实验结束时,对亲参进行阴干流水升温刺激,诱导亲参排放精卵,检测雌参的繁殖力指标和子代质量指标。结果显示,所有注射血清素的实验组雌参排放率均高于注射生理盐水的对照组和未处理的空白组,其中,按50 μg/g亲参体重的剂量每10 d注射1次,雌参排放率和平均产卵量最高,分别为(33.3±1.9)%和(637.0±111.1)万粒/头亲参,显著高于空白组和对照组。测定该组和空白组的子代质量指标,该组的卵子卵径、受精率、受精卵孵化率、9日龄幼体体长和幼体附着变态率分别为(165.0±3.5) μm、(93.0±1.5)%、(82.7±1.2)%、(856.0±24.8) μm和(24.0±1.9)%,与空白组之间无显著差异。研究表明,人工促熟期间向刺参体内注射血清素,可促进刺参性腺发育,提高繁育效果。     

东南亚渔业发展中心采用切除眼柄的方法诱导5月令斑节对虾产卵

东南亚渔业发展中心水产养殖部开展对饲养5月令的斑节对虾，采用切除眼柄的方法，进行性腺诱导产卵试验，取得进展。试验方法是：首先将天然对虾苗47尾，放养在咸淡水土池中饲养，共饲养五个月。对雌虾进行生物学测定，每尾平均头胸甲长为55．3毫米、体长189．6毫米、体重为104．4克。切除眼柄，其方法是在水下进行，夹住眼柄，     

南美白对虾养殖技术之三南美白对虾亲虾催熟培育技术

南美白对虾的催熟培育是指在最适的环境条件下对人工选育亲虾进行切除眼柄,强化营养以促进性腺发育,达到获得优质受精卵的过程.2004年,我们在省级(茂名)对虾良种场引进良种南美白对虾SPF亲虾,培育和选育出一批遗传性状优良、生长适合本地区养殖的南美白对虾子一代亲本,2005年初对800对子一代亲本进行强化催熟培育,成功培育出优质虾苗1.5亿尾,取得较好的经济效益.     

报刊要闻

<正> 斑节亲虾的越冬促熟 广东养殖斑节对虾的亲虾大部分靠进口,价格贵,且有亲虾带病毒,引起虾病流行。汕头水产所1991年冬以本地亲虾资源——鱼池斑节对虾,进行越冬促熟试验:1991年9月26日开始由近郊鱼池进虾,未见性腺发育;在水池加遮光面,除盖彩条布外,还加黑纱布一层。水温由23℃升至29℃,每天换水30—50％,并加强排污。投饲以蛤肉、蟹肉为主。试验结果:此次在水泥池,亲虾交配率相当高,可全部受精。在以往生产实践中,在催熟的室内弱光下,亲虾交配率很低,既要催熟、     

三亚产斑节对虾亲虾产卵量的测定

通过对三亚产斑节对虾亲虾产卵量的测定,结果表明：该市亲虾质量好,个体大。成熟雌性亲虾的体长大多在２１０￣２７０ｍｍ之间,体重在１５０￣２７０ｇ之间,交配率为９０％￣９５％,成熟度高,催熟效果好,重复产卵周期为４￣６天;成熟雌性亲虾的体长大多在１９５￣２３５ｍｍ之间,体重在１１０￣２００ｇ之间;亲虾体长和体重成正比例关系。雌性亲虾的产卵量与个体大小成正比,产卵量多在５０￣８０万粒之间。     

斑节对虾精(竹夹)的移植和人工授精

中国台湾省将天然的或人工养殖的雌斑节对虾切除一侧眼柄,诱导其卵巢成熟,然后将雄性斑节对虾的精(竹3夹)移植到蜕皮后尚处于柔软状态下的雌虾的纳精囊中。结果发现,当向雌虾纳精囊中移植两个精(竹夹)时,雌虾第一次产卵平均孵化率为82.35％,第二次产卵的平均孵化率为39.11％。当向雌虾的纳精囊中移植一个精(竹夹)时,两次产卵的平均孵化率分别为71.87％和13.17％。从这一事实可以看出产卵亲虾可多次产卵。另外对不移植精(竹夹)的雌虾在产卵前向水     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.