草鱼肾细胞中细胞色素P450 3A基因诱导表达及其酶活性分析

采用基因克隆技术获取草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)细胞色素P450 3A(CYP3A)cDNA序列长1 849 bp,包含完整开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)1 542 bp,1个终止密码和含polyA信号3'UTR； ORF编码514个氨基酸,含信号肽(29 aa),2个跨膜螺旋区(23 aa,23 aa),血红素结合域(21 aa)和6个底物识别位点(SRSl-6)；与其他脊椎动物CYP3A氨基酸序列相似度达60％ ～ 92％.用实时定量PCR和分光光度计法分别研究了草鱼肾细胞系(Ctenopharyngodon idellus kidney cell line CIK)中利福平(rifampicin,RIF)诱导CYP3A基因表达和红霉素-N-脱甲基酶(ERND)活性,采用红霉素脱甲基酶活性法测定CYP3A的活性.结果显示,诱导组CIK细胞中CYP3A mRNA表达量在8最高,而CYP3A酶活在10h最高；CYP3A mRNA和酶活性与对照组均具显著差异性（P<0.05）.CYP3A转录水平先于相应酶活变化表达,且转录水平表达显著高于酶活性,这很可能反映了RIF对CYP3A的诱导主要作用于转录水平而不直接作用于酶活,本研究旨为药物对CYP3A转录调控和活性调节提供科学依据,并为渔药代谢酶的研究提供理论依据.     

黄曲霉毒素B_1对南美白对虾肝胰腺抗氧化系统的影响

<正>一、黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)对细胞色素酶的影响AFB1代谢主要在动物的肝脏中进行,肝微粒体中的细胞色素酶P450(cytochrome P450 CYP450s)是动物体内参与多种药物及毒物代谢的主要酶类。细胞色素酶P3A4(cytochrome P3A4 CYP3A4)作为CYP450s的同工酶,主要参与肝脏中AFB1的代谢,AFB1普遍存在于饲料及原料中,对动物有着极大的危害,进入动物机体内的AFB1经CYP3A4代谢产物中的一部分与DNA、     

福寿螺细胞色素P450基因CYP3192A1的克隆与表达分析

文章分析了福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)细胞色素P450(CYPs)的结构、表达特征及四聚乙醛代谢与细胞色素P450表达水平的相关性。应用c DNA末端快速扩增技术(rapid amplification of c DNA ends,RACE)克隆获得福寿螺CYPs基因c DNA全长2 523 bp,命名为CYP3192A1,含1个开放阅读框(ORF),编码517个氨基酸,具有血红素结合区F**G***C*G、K螺旋(E**R)、I螺旋(AG*ET)、C螺旋(W***R)等高度保守序列及跨膜螺旋(12~34号氨基酸)。聚类分析显示福寿螺CYP3192A1是细胞色素P450新家族成员,与CYP3A亚家族序列同源性较高。荧光定量PCR(real time quantitative PCR,RT-q PCR)分析显示,福寿螺CYP3192A1基因表达量存在显著的性别及组织差异性(P0.05),表现为雌性表达量高于雄性,肠和鳃表达量最丰富,肝和胃次之,心和腹足中少量表达;四聚乙醛对福寿螺CYP3192A1表达的影响为"低浓度诱导,高浓度诱导期缩短并提前"。结果表明四聚乙醛处理能够显著诱导福寿螺CYP3192A1表达,与CYP3192A1表达量增加紧密相关,福寿螺CYP3192A1过表达可能在四聚乙醛代谢抗性中起重要作用。     

草鱼体外培养细胞中β-萘黄酮对CYP1A基因表达的诱导

为了建立以CYP1A cDNA为探针的水环境毒理学细胞模型,以β-萘黄酮(BNF)作为诱导剂,通过半定量PCR技术研究CYP1A在草鱼不同细胞系及其对应组织中的诱导表达情况。在半定量PCR反应参数研究中,对关键的退火温度和循环次数进行了优化,结果显示退火温度为57 ℃,循环次数为30次较为合适,该条件下Gauss迹量的CYP1A/ACT比值能更准确的反映CYP1A的表达水平。对照组和诱导组草鱼细胞中ACT和CYP1A cDNA扩增结果表明,细胞中CYP1A的基础表达量较低,而BNF诱导使GCL、CIK和CO细胞中CYP1A的表达水平得到显著的提高。GCL、CIK和CO细胞三者之间诱导后CYP1A的表达水平有显著差异(P<0.05),诱导表达量大小顺序为GCL>CIK>CO。草鱼细胞系的相应组织中ACT和CYP1A cDNA扩增以及电泳的结果与细胞中较为相似,组织中CYP1A诱导表达量大小顺序也与相应的细胞相同:肝>肾>卵巢。比较分析的结果表明,CYP1A在体内与体外的诱导表达水平具有一定的相关性。     

乙醇对CHSE-1细胞中细胞色素P450 2E1的诱导研究

以乙醇为细胞色素P450 2E1的诱导剂,在CHSE-1细胞中研究了该诱导剂与酶活性之间的时间效应关系和剂量效应关系。细胞传代后培养48 h,加入含有不同浓度乙醇的新鲜培养基,孵育诱导24 h,之后加入底物苯胺反应30 min。以苯胺的代谢产物4-氨基酚的生成量来反映CYP2E1活性。苯胺浓度为10～16 mmol/L时CYP2E1活性最大,可达(0.152±0.095)nmol.min-1.mg-1,该浓度范围的苯胺适合用于指示CYP2E1的活性。以Gentox模型对诱导的剂量效应进行拟合,得到一个先升高后降低的曲线,说明乙醇对CHSE-1细胞中CYP2E1有先诱导后抑制作用。拟合方程F(x)=(p0 kx)/(1 〔x/EC50〕nH)参数P0为0.140,nH为2.456,k为0.024,EC50为34.938。CYP2E1酶活性随着诱导时间的增加逐渐增强,24 h内酶活性随时间的增加而增强,可达(0.446±0.092)nmol/(min.mg),呈典型的酶诱导现象,建立了乙醇对CHSE-1中CYP2E1的诱导模型。     

黄芩苷与甘草酸对恩诺沙星在异育银鲫体内代谢的影响

将黄芩苷(baicalin,BL)和甘草酸(glycyrrhizin,GZ)口灌异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio),探讨其对恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin,ENR)在体内的代谢和肝微粒体细胞色素氧化酶CYP1A、CYP3A活性的影响。异育银鲫连续7 d分别口灌黄芩苷(100 mg/kg)和甘草酸(100 mg/kg),以口灌玉米油作为对照。末次给药24 h后每组随机取10尾腹腔注射恩诺沙星(10 mg/kg),采用单个动物连续采血,HPLC测定血浆恩诺沙星和其代谢产物环丙沙星(cipmfloxacin,CIP)浓度,分析药动学及其参数;同时每组选取6尾检测肝微粒体CYP1A和CYP3A活性。结果表明:(1)黄芩苷(BL)和甘草酸(GZ)对恩诺沙星的吸收有明显抑制作用,主要表现在恩诺沙星峰浓度(Cmax)降低,曲线下面积(AUC)减少;(2)口灌BL和GZ后,恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星的消除半衰期(t1/2z)明显小于对照组(P<0.05),而总体清除率(CLz/F)则增大,说明黄芩苷和甘草酸促进了恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的消除;(3)口灌BL和GZ后,BL组和GZ组的Cmax-CIP/Cmax-ENR比值分别为1.48%、2.22%,对照为0.95%;BL组和GZ组的AUC0-t-CIP/AUC0-t-ENR比值分别为2.16%、1.76%,对照组为1.7%。综合分析代谢产物环丙沙星峰浓度、Cmax-CIP/Cmax-ENR和AUC0-t-CIP/AUC0-t-ENR比值可以得出,黄芩苷和甘草酸对恩诺沙星N-脱乙基具有诱导作用;(4)与对照组相比较,BL组和GZ组的7-乙氧基异吩唑酮-O-脱乙基酶(EROD,CYP1A标志酶)和红霉素-N-脱甲基酶(ERND,CYP3A标志酶)活性显著升高(P<0.05),说明黄芩苷和甘草酸对CYP1A和CYP3A都有诱导作用。结合以上结果,认为黄芩苷和甘草酸加速了恩诺沙星的消除和其代谢产物CIP的生成,很可能与诱导CYP1A和CYP3A活性有关。     

黄芩苷对牙鲆肝CYP1A酶活性及基因表达的影响

本研究以中药黄芩苷为受试药物,研究其在不同剂量和作用时间下对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)肝CYP1A酶活性和基因表达的影响。采用体内实验,将黄芩苷按低(50mg/kg·d)、中(100mg/kg·d)、高(200mg/kg·d)3个剂量分别口灌牙鲆,连续给药,并分别于给药3d、6d、9d后取样,测定CYP1A酶活性。结果表明,较空白组而言,给药3d,黄芩苷各剂量组鱼肝中EROD酶(CYP1A标志酶)活性没有明显变化(P0.05);给药6d,高剂量组的EROD酶活性极显著增加(P0.01),中剂量组的则显著增加(P0.05);给药9d,高、中剂量组的EROD酶活性均极显著增加(P0.01),低剂量组的EROD酶活性显著增加(P0.05),且黄芩苷对该酶的诱导作用与剂量和药物作用时间均呈正相关。半定量RT-PCR结果表明,各药物剂量组的CYP1A基因表达水平都发生了上调,且这种表达上调的幅度同CYP1A酶的活性一样,随给药时间和剂量的增加而加强,提示黄芩苷作为诱导剂对CYP1A酶活性的作用机制可能与调控CYP1A的转录水平有关。     

氟甲喹对异育银鲫细胞色素CYP450主要药酶的影响

在分析了氟甲喹腹腔注射后对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)主要药酶活性影响的基础上,从蛋白表达和mRNA转录水平探究了氟甲喹对CYP1A(EROD)的诱导机制.以氟甲喹剂量35 mg/kg一次性腹腔注射异育银鲫24 h后,肝微粒体的7-乙氧基异吩唑酮-O-脱乙基酶(EROD)活性为54.33 pmol/(mg·min).显著高于对照组的34.00pmol/(mg·min)(P<0.01),而红霉索-N-脱甲基酶(ERND)[177.98 pmol/(mg·min)]、氨基比林-N-脱甲基酶(APD)[934.40 pmol/(mg·min)]及7-乙氧基香豆素-O-脱乙基酶(ECOD)[9.84 pmol/(mg·min)]与对照组[分别为140.90pmol/(mg·min)]、850.71 pmol/(mg·min)和8.93 pmol/(mg·min)]相比无显著性差异;除肾组织中ERND活性高于肝脏外,其他CYP亚型药酶活性(APD、EROD和ECOD)均以肝组织中最高.Western-blotting印迹表明,实验组肝脏中CYP1A蛋白含量明显高于对照组,与酶活(EROD)相符合;而肾、肠中没有检测到特异性条带.半定量RT-PCR结果显示,CYPiAmRNA在肝、肾和肠均有表达,但实验组与对照组并无明显差异.体外实验中,不同浓度的氟甲喹与微粒体共孵育,未见EROD活性与浓度、时间的依赖关系.综上推测,氟甲喹对鲫鱼肝CYP1A的诱导是在翻译后水平,可能是加强蛋白的稳定性.本研究旨在为氟甲喹在鱼类中的合理应用提供科学依据.     

草鱼肝微粒体的提取及CYP酶活性的测定

CYP酶代谢是药物生物转化的主要途径,其数量和活性大小直接影响药物在体内的活化与代谢。我们对草鱼肝微粒体CYP酶含量及其活性进行了初步研究,以差速离心法提取草鱼肝微粒体,以CO还原差示光谱法测得CYP酶及细胞色素b5含量分别为0.619±0.102 nmol/mg、0.264±0.042 nmol/mg。以7-乙氧异吩噁唑酮-O-脱乙基反应、苯胺-4-羟化反应、氨基比林-N-脱甲基反应作为CYP1A、CYP2E、CYP3A的探针反应,测得EROD酶活为0.043±0.004 nmol/mg/min,ANH酶活为0.028±0.002 nmol/mg/min,AMND酶活为0.207±0.035 nmol/mg/m in。结果表明草鱼肝微粒体中CYP酶发育完好,并且具有参与药物代谢的3种主要亚型活性,其含量与活性大小与其它实验动物相差较大。本实验的方法与结果为草鱼CYP酶的系统研究提供可靠手段,最终为指导水产合理用药提供理论依据。     

草鱼孕烷X受体与细胞色素P450 3A mRNA表达相关性初步研究

根据GenBank中斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)基因序列设计保守区域简并引物,通过PCR扩增获得草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)PXR cDNA核苷酸序列片段为509 bp,经推导获取169 aa序列。对草鱼与其它物种PXR氨基酸序列进行同源性比较,用以鉴定其在物种中的进化。应用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测草鱼9种组织PXR和细胞色素P450 3A(cytochrome P450 3A,CYP3A)基因mRNA相对含量,结果表明,其表达丰度依次为:前肠﹥肝脏﹥肾脏﹥鳃﹥肌肉﹥后肠﹥性腺﹥心脏﹥脾脏,CYP3A和PXR基因在草鱼组织中表达分布基本一致,在前肠、肝脏和肾脏高度表达,而在其它组织低度表达。为了进一步研究PXR和CYP3A基因表达相关性,通过细胞,特选用诱导剂利福平(rifampicin,RIF),最佳诱导浓度40μM,孵育1、2、4、6、8、10、12、24 h后,用qRT-PCR检测CYP3A-PXR基因动态表达过程。结果显示,诱导组CYP3A和PXR基因表达量均高于对照组,显示出显著诱导效应。     

Effects of fish CYP inducers on difloxacin <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-demethylation in kidney cell of Chinese idle (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenopharyngodon idellus</Emphasis>)

A drug–drug interaction occurs when the effect of one drug is altered by the presence of another drug which is generally associated with the induction of cytochrome P450s (CYPs) activity. Thus, unexpected treatment failures often happen resulting from inappropriate coadministration in fisheries. However, little information is available about CYP induction in fish. The reaction of difloxacin (DIF) biotransformation to sarafloxacin (SAR) belongs to N-demethylation catalyzed mainly by CYP(s). In order to supply useful information on CYP induction, the present study assessed the effects of fish-specific CYP inducers on DIF N-demethylation and enzyme kinetics in kidney cell of Chinese idle (CIK; grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)) by RP-HPLC. Results demonstrated that the amounts of SAR formation and enzymatic parameters Clint and Vmax were significantly increased due to β-naphthoflavone (BNF) pretreatment. Therefore, we suggest that CYP1A may be involved in DIF N-demethylation in CIK. This study provides instructive information to ensure treatment success via avoiding CYP induction in fisheries.     

Piscine cytochromes P450 (CYP) and their response to antimicrobial drugs

Most research on the P450 (CYP) system in teleosts has been done on environmental factors that influence their induction. Less is known about CYP metabolism of aquaculture antibiotics. This article outlines the impact of aquaculture antimicrobials on the piscine CYP system, with particular regard to interactions with tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, sulphonamides, berberine and chloramphenicol, as paradigms for current, potential and discontinued piscine antimicrobial drugs. It gives an overview of literature reports and advances in the field of biological significance of the CYP in fish. Emphasis has been placed on highlighting the most significant isoforms for biotransformation of drugs, and their drug response mechanisms. The challenge is to elucidate the differences in responses of CYP enzymes in different species to antimicrobial treatment as they may have relevance for the use of antimicrobials in aquaculture, especially as drug interactions with the fish CYP may alter their distribution, metabolism and elimination. They can impact the metabolism of other drugs metabolized by the same system with an effect on the physiology of fish administered these antimicrobials. Also, they can affect the persistence of residues and the length of the withdrawal period. For food animals such as farmed fish, this knowledge is a fundamental biomedical goal.     

CYP1A1 immunolocalization in the olfactory organ of rainbow trout and its possible induction by β-naphthoflavone: analysis in adults and embryos around hatching

Cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) isoform, which is known as being of major toxicological significance, has been well-studied in the mammalian olfactory mucosa. Only few studies have dealt with this biotransformation system in the fish olfactory organ which is particularly vulnerable to waterborne xenobiotics since sensory neurons are in direct contact with the aquatic environment. The present immunocytochemical study describes the cellular and subcellular distributions of CYP1A1 in the olfactory organ of rainbow trout in both adults and embryos around hatching. The enzyme inducibility in response to a 4-day exposure to waterborne -naphthoflavone (0.1 mg l^–1), a model inducer of CYP1A1, was also examined. In untreated adult fish, CYP1A1 was almost exclusively expressed in the nonsensory epithelium which covers the edges and the tip of the lamellae. Both goblet and ciliated nonsensory cells appeared immunoreactive. In -naphthoflavone-treated fish, in addition to a strong labeling in the nonsensory epithelium, ciliated nonsensory cells in the olfactory epithelium appeared well-labeled. Four days before hatching, only a few cells were weakly stained in the placodal epithelium of some embryos. By 7 days post-hatching, the enzyme expression was increased in the olfactory pit and it was restricted to ciliated nonsensory cells. No evident CYP1A1 induction was detected in either embryos or alevins. Results suggest the presence of a two-line CYP1A1 biotransformation system in the adult fish olfactory organ: a basal level of enzyme expression insured by the nonsensory epithelium and an additional line in which the sensory epithelium is activated in response to CYP1A1 inducers. This system might take place during development in parallel with the onset of the nonsensory epithelium.     

Cytochrome P450 2AA molecular clone,expression pattern,and different regulation by fish oil and lard oil in diets of grass carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenopharyngodon idella</Emphasis>)

Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP enzymes) catalyze important metabolic reactions of exogenous and endogenous substrates, including fatty acid. In this study, we cloned the complete CDS of the cytochrome P450 2AA (CYP2AA) gene from the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) for the first time. CYP2AA consisted of 1500 bp, which encoded a predicted protein of 499 amino acids. The identities of CYP2AA between C. idella and zebrafish were 86%. It consists of the conserved heme-binding motif FXXGXXXCXG. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that CYP2AA mRNA in C. idella was highly expressed in liver and adipose tissue. The effects of fish oil and lard oil in diets on expression of CYP2AA mRNA in vivo were also investigated. The fish oil (FO) group exhibited significantly higher CYP2AA expression in adipose tissue than the lard oil (LO) group (P?<?0.01), whereas the mRNA expression of CYP2AA was not notably different in liver. It suggested that the high abundance of CYP2AA mRNA expression in adipose tissue could be induced by fish oil. Our findings provided molecular characterization and expression profile of CYP2AA, and enhanced our understanding of CYP2AA in fish lipid metabolism.     

A novel cytochrome P450 1D1 gene in Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus): partial cDNA cloning and expression following benzo-a-pyrene exposure

To understand the detoxification and bioactivation mechanisms for organic contaminants, it is essential to identify the cytochrome P450 (CYP) complement. Therefore, this study aimed to clone a partial cDNA sequence of the novel CYP1D1 gene from the fish Oreochromis niloticus and examine whether intraperitoneal injection of benzo-a-pyrene (BaP), a potent AHR agonist, is capable of inducing CYP1D1 mRNA expression in different tilapia fish tissues. The cloned nucleotide sequence consisted of 713 bp representing a portion of the tilapia CYP1D1 cDNA ORF, encoding 237 amino acids. Amino acid sequence comparison of O. niloticus CYP1D1 with the sequences of CYP1D1 from other species showed that this gene shared the highest identity of 81% with Fundulus heteroclitus CYP1D1. Furthermore, analysis of the percent identities shared by the deduced amino acid sequence of O. niloticus CYP1D1 with the sequences of CYP1 from other species revealed that the highest identities were shared with fish CYP1As. Real-time PCR results revealed that the highest expression level of CYP1D1 mRNA was found in muscles, followed by gills, liver, and intestine, while there was no detectable expression recorded in bile acid. These results indicate that tilapia CYP1D1 plays an important role in the metabolism of xenobiotics, expanding our knowledge regarding the diversity of CYP1 genes in this important model fish species.

     

Immunochemical relationships of cytochrome P4503A-like proteins in teleost fish

Multiple P450 proteins have been purified from several teleost species, including rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), scup (Stenotomus chrysops) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Identity, relationships and/or functions have been established in these fish species for the cytochrome P4501 As. Information about the structure, function, regulation and relationships of other piscine cytochrome P450 (CYP) proteins is sparse. In the present study we have focused on constitutively expressed CYP forms, P450con and LMC5 isolated from rainbow trout, P450A from scup, and P450b from Atlantic cod, and we consider evidence for the relationship of these proteins to mammalian members of the CYP3A subfamily. Reciprocal western blot analysis shows that P450con and LMC5, isolated from rainbow trout in two different laboratories, are closely related and ostensibly identical proteins. These trout proteins show specific reciprocal cross-reactivity with scup P450A, and polyclonal antibodies (PAb) to the trout and scup proteins both recognize cod P450b, indicating that rainbow trout P450con/LMC5, scup P450A and cod P450b are immunochemically-related proteins. In analyses of liver microsomes of trout, scup and cod, PAb to trout P450con/LMC5 and scup P450A recognize only bands that are identical in migration to the CYP proteins purified from these species, and which were used as immunogens. These CYP proteins purified from fish are each immunochemically-related to mammalian CYP3A proteins, showing recognition by PAb to human CYP3A4 and to rat CYP3A1. PAb to the mammalian CYP3As also recognize the same bands in liver microsomes from these fish species as seen by PAb to the fish proteins. These results strongly suggest that these fish proteins are members of theCYP3 gene family and probably theCYP3A subfamily. Although sequence analysis is required before their designation in the CYP3A subfamily can be confirmed and specified, we refer to these as CYP3A-like. Immunoblot analyses of hepatic microsomes from other fish species with PAb to scup P450A and trout P450con show that multiple CYP3A-like proteins are expressed in liver of several species, including killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) and winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus). Important questions still remain to be addressed concerning CYP3A structure, multiplicity, physiological function, regulation and metabolism of endogenous as well as exogenous substrates in fish.Part of this study was presented at the 10th International Symposium on Microsomes and Drug Oxidations. Toronto, Canada, July 18–21, 1994.     

Distribution and induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 in the rainbow trout brain

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 participates in the activation as well as detoxification of environmental pollutants such as aromatic hydrocarbons. This CYP form is also efficiently induced by aromatic hydrocarbons. The presence of CYP 1A1 in the brain might thus be of physiological and toxicological importance. In the present investigation on rainbow trout, the distribution of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, a cytochrome CYP 1A1 catalyzed reaction, was measured in whole tissue homogenates from brain parts. In control fish, a relatively high activity was found in the rainbow trout olfactory bulb compared to the other brain parts. Although an EROD induction (3 to 7-fold) by β-naphthoflavone (BNF) was recorded in all brain parts from the rainbow trout, the highest induced activity was measured in the olfactory bulbs. To ascertain the distribution of EROD activity in cells, whole brain tissue was subfractionated by differential centrifugation. The fractionation scheme separated mitochondria (P2 fraction) and microsomes (P3 fraction) as determined by marker enzymes and electron microscopy. In control rainbow trout, a low EROD activity could be measured in the P2 fraction. BNF induced the EROD activity in both P2 and P3 fractions. Western blotting showed the induction by BNF of a protein band in the P2 and P3 fractions with a molecular mass around 58,000 when highly specific anti-cod CYP 1A1 antibodies were used. ELISA measurements confirmed the induction of CYP 1A1 protein in the rainbow trout brain subcellular fractions.