大竹蛏生产性人工繁育试验

2007年对大竹蛏进行了生产性人工繁育试验。对亲本不同批次催产效果、不同规格亲本产卵差异、孵化密度进行了比较,研究了D形幼虫发育与温度的关系以及幼虫发育各阶段生长规律等,结果显示,大竹蛏属分批成熟、分批产卵的潜居性贝类,不同批次个体平均产卵量(36~118)×104cell,个体总产卵量294×104cell。壳长8~10 cm的亲贝产卵量大,催产效果好。受精卵适宜的孵化密度为5~10 cell/mL。在水温21~24.5℃条件下,D形幼虫经8~5 d生长,发育变态为附着稚贝。D形幼虫壳长日生长33.33±4.22μm,1 mm前的稚贝壳长日生长108.33±22.57μm,1~10 mm的稚贝平均旬生长量2.12 mm,10.4~30.6 mm的苗种平均旬生长量为2.02 mm。当水温下降到15℃后,大竹蛏苗种生长滞缓。2007年培育出壳长11.52±0.27 mm的稚贝2 165×104cfu,平均成活率12.1%。     

缢蛏人工育苗及中间暂养技术

利用对虾育苗设施进行缢蛏人工催产、浮游幼虫培育、稚贝培育和室外中间暂养。1997年出池稚贝平均密度76.26×104颗／m2（壳长501~920μm），最高密度111．15×104颗／m2（壳长501－811μm）。土塘中间暂养成活率91．25％（至亮长0．25cm左右），滩涂中间暂养成活率85．62％（至壳长0．2cm左右）。     

美洲鲥鱼苗种高密度培育试验

在体积为3 m3的2口玻璃钢池中,放养规格为20 mm美洲鲥鱼苗,经134 d的培育,育成鱼种规格平均全长为136.9 mm,平均体重为23.6 g,成活率79.05%.     

达氏鳇外周血细胞的形态学研究

利用光镜和透射电镜技术研究达氏鳇(Kalugaa,Huso dauricus)外周血细胞的显微和超微结构、分类和计数。结果表明,在外周血细胞中可区分出红细胞、单核细胞、大淋巴细胞、小淋巴细胞、粒细胞和血栓细胞。红细胞卵圆形,大小为(11.22±0.56)μm×(7.92±1.01)μm;细胞质内可见到线粒体;单核细胞为圆形,大小为(10.55±1.61)μm×(9.38±2.04)μm;胞质内空泡较多,有的直接与细胞外相通;大淋巴细胞有指状胞凸,大小为(8.09±1.14)μm×(7.22±1.65)μm;小淋巴细胞有伪足样胞凸,大小为(7.22±1.35)μm×(6.31±1.24)μm;血栓细胞圆形,大小为(4.82±0.68)μm×(4.03±0.81)μm;核质比较大,未发现任何细胞器。嗜中性粒细胞的大小为(11.84±1.38)μm×(10.34±1.31)μm,含有多种形态的细胞核及着色和大小不同的颗粒。嗜酸性粒细胞的大小为(11.26±1.35)μm×(10.16±1.29)μm,嗜酸性颗粒数量较多、个体较大。红细胞密度为82.16×104/mm3~106.90×104/mm3,白细胞密度为1.91×104/mm3~4.55×104/mm3。大淋巴细胞、小淋巴细胞、粒细胞和单核细胞所占百分比分别为:0.12%~8.78%、26.35%~107.43%、3.22%~29.42%、0.69%~23.99%;各类血细胞从大到小依次为:粒细胞、单核细胞、红细胞、大淋巴细胞、小淋巴细胞和血栓细胞。     

日本海神蛤人工繁殖及早期生长发育

为探究日本海神蛤规模化人工苗种繁育的可行性,在国内首次开展了日本海神蛤人工繁殖及早期生长发育研究,结果显示,日本海神蛤繁殖盛期为5月和10月,单次产卵量为300~500万粒/枚,卵径为75~85μm。春季人工将水温升至18.6~19℃, 15~18日龄幼虫生长缓慢,壳长生长率仅为1~3μm/d。其他各日龄幼虫壳长生长率为9~15μm/d。日本海神蛤变态后,再经过30~40 d培育,平均壳长可达（4.94±0.93）mm,稚贝壳长生长率为50~167 μm/d,平均苗种产量为2 695粒/m3。秋季水温17.4~13.2℃条件下,日本海神蛤幼虫相对春季生长发育较慢,经过148 d的培育,稚贝平均壳长可达（2.88±0.47）mm,平均苗种产量为6 666粒/m3,再经室外池塘中间育成后,可培育平均壳长（13.22±2.39）mm幼贝。比较发现在我国北方秋季可培育出适于底播养殖的大规格苗种,且培育成本较低。本研究为我国日本海神蛤苗种繁育、高效养殖及资源修复提供了科学依据。     

泥鳅池塘集约化养殖技术的研究

利用不同面积、水深的池塘,采用不同的放养密度、不同规格的苗种进行高密度养殖试验。结果表明:泥鳅养殖池塘以长条形为佳,面积2亩~3亩,水深保持在0.4m~0.5m,池底铺设腐殖泥土10 cm,养殖效果较好;泥鳅苗种规格为70尾/kg~80尾/kg,放养量1000kg/亩~1200kg/亩,单产较高,效益最好;放养苗种规格越大,养殖成活率越高;随着放养密度增大,成活率逐渐降低;试验条件下,放养规格为70尾/kg的泥鳅苗,单产最高。     

滩涂与土池进行菲律宾蛤仔稚贝中间育成的效果比较

2001年、2002年8～11月分别比较滩涂与土池暂养的菲律宾蛤仔稚贝密度、总平均日生长速度、损耗率。两年的试验结果分别为:24万枚/m2、0.042 mm/d、95.8％;26万枚/m2、0.093mm/d、20.2％。综合分析结果表明:稚贝土池中间育成比滩涂育成效果更好。     

网箱培育花鱼种试验

网箱规格5 m×5 m×2.5 m,放养规格3~4 cm的花鱼骨夏花鱼种,放养密度1 200~1 800尾/m2,投喂粗蛋白质量分数38%~42%的人工配合饲料,经5个月养殖,花鱼骨冬片总体平均规格14.8g/尾,平均成活率92.3%,平均单产13.6 kg/m2,平均饲料系数1.31,单位平均净收入为535.4元/m2。     

刺参室内水泥池中间育成技术

放流和养殖大规格参菌可提高其成活率，而且放养规格越大，生长越快，生存能力越强，越能适应环境。为获得大规格参苗，很多地方采取海上中间育成，但参苗的生长情况和成活率易受海上环境条件的影响，而且需要大量同笼等设施，成本较高。近几年来，山东省荣成市西雷口海珍品有限公司，在室内水泥地用网箱上铺黑色波纹板的方法进行参苗的中间育成，取得了较好效果，成活率达85％。介绍如下：1条件和方法每个水泥地的规格（长／宽X高）为5mXO·9mXO．6m，总面积400m’。自制网箱为O．85mXO．85mXO．3m，网眼用0．5cm的双层网衣做成。网箱…     

涨渡湖渔业资源及鱼类多样性状况研究

武汉市新洲区涨渡湖渔业生产是以人工投放、天然生长为主,鱼类资源自然增殖为辅的粗放型管理模式进行。1992~2004年捕捞产量变幅范围为(3.69~50.61)×104kg,其中有9个年份变幅在10×104kg以上;产品收入变幅范围为(2.77~201.77)×104元,其中有6个年份变幅在50×104元以上。目前涨渡湖鱼类共有47种,与历史最高种数比较,下降了38.2%。渔获物组成中,放养鱼类占80%以上,人工放养是目前涨渡湖鱼类补充群体的主要来源;鱼类年龄结构简单,主要经济鱼类低龄化趋势严重;主要品种鲢、鳙的生长速度慢于同类湖泊。江湖隔绝和长期的人工增养殖生产作业方式,是导致涨渡湖鱼类区系逐渐简单化,鱼类多样性下降的重要原因。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.