供水型水库底栖动物完整性指数的构建

为给水源地水库的生态风险评估提供科学依据和决策支持,根据浙江省和湖北省几个典型水库的调查数据,构建了底栖动物完整性指数（B-IBI）。参考相关文献及调研选取了32个备选参数,经统计分析筛选出8个指示能力较强的参数,构建B-IBI指标体系,分别为香侬-维纳多样性指数（Shan₂）、捕食者类群数量百分比（Pred-Pct）、寡毛类物种数百分比（%OligoTax）、非水生昆虫数量百分比（NonInPct）、Hilsenhoff生物指数（HBI）、收集者物种数百分比（%CllctTax）、收集者数量百分比（CllctPct）和平均物种数量（RichnessPerTaxon）。确立了水库生态系统健康评价标准,并与潜在环境梯度进行了相关性分析。结果表明,该指数很好地反映了潜在环境梯度,用于供水型水库的水生态系统健康评估较为合适。     

基于大型底栖动物完整性指数评价深圳茅洲河生态状况

对受人类活动强烈影响、几乎不存在常规参照点的城市河流开展生态评价存在很多困难。本研究以深圳市茅洲河为例,通过调查河流大型底栖无脊椎动物及水环境指标,用水体理化指标聚类法确定参照组、受损组样点,构建底栖完整性指数(Benthic index of biotic integrity, B-IBI)评价河流生态状况。研究发现：虽然茅洲河水环境质量整体较差,聚类分析仍然能将水质相对较好和较差的样点分成不同组。虽然底栖动物以颤蚓和摇蚊等耐污种为主,但底栖动物总分类单元数和集食者分类单元数对水环境变化较敏感。用这两个参数构建的B-IBI对各点的生态状况进行评价表明：12个位于干、支流上游或水库出水口附近的样点生态状况达到“好”等级;B-IBI主要受氮、磷营养盐、COD、溶解氧浓度的影响。建议参照 “好”等级样点的生态状况确定茅洲河现阶段修复目标,并以水质提升作为当前首要修复任务。     

抚河流域底栖动物群落结构及基于完整性指数的健康评价

为了解抚河流域底栖动物群落结构特征及其健康状况,分别于2017年丰水期(7月)和枯水期(12月)对抚河流域范围内40个样点的大型底栖动物群落进行调查,在此基础上构建丰水期和枯水期底栖动物生物完整性评价指数(B-IBI),对抚河流域水生态系统进行健康综合评价。结果表明,两个水文期共采集到底栖动物28科、54种,其中昆虫纲21种,占总数的38.89%;腹足纲13种,占24.07%;瓣鳃纲10种,占18.52%;甲壳纲、蛭纲、寡毛纲共10种,占18.52%。底栖动物群落结构季节差异不显著,密度组成以腹足纲、甲壳纲和瓣鳃纲为主,米虾属、铜锈环棱螺和河蚬为抚河流域优势种。B-IBI显示,抚河流域健康状况总体尚好,67.65%的样点处于良好以上状态,10.29%的样点处于一般状态,22.06%的样点处于较差或极差状态。健康程度较差或极差的样点主要集中在抚河干流中下游以及支流宝塘水、崇仁河和东乡水,应加强该类水域的综合治理与生态修复。     

于桥水库表层沉积物重金属分布特征及其与底栖动物的关系

对重金属生态风险分布特征及其与底栖动物群落结构及多样性分布特征之间的相关关系进行分析,为于桥水库生态系统重金属污染监测与治理提供技术支持。2015年7月至2016年6月,在于桥水库内布设11个采样点,采集水下表层15 cm的沉积物样品测定Zn、Cr、Cu、Pb、As、Hg和Cd浓度,潜在生态指数法评价污染风险;采集底栖动物鉴定种类、计算生物量和多样性指数。结果表明:于桥水库表层沉积物中重金属元素平均含量大小顺序为ZnCrCuPbAsHgCd,各重金属平均含量均低于背景值,但Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg的最高值均高于背景值;表层沉积物中重金属元素的平均潜在生态风险指数为66.13,整体处于轻微风险水平,各重金属元素的单项潜在生态风险从高到低的顺序为HgCdCuAsCrPbZn;底栖动物腹足纲密度、底栖动物Shannon-Wiener指数与ECd、EHg、RI均具有明显的负相关关系;底栖动物Margalef指数与ECu、EPb、ECd具有明显的负相关关系。于桥水库内重金属元素浓度高值区主要集中于库中心、水库入口、水库出口及水库北岸,应重点加强上游引水污染物控制。     

港口湾水库对下游大型底栖动物群落结构影响的研究

为研究西津河港口湾水库对下游大型底栖动物群落结构的影响,分别在水库上下游的兵坑口桥、港口湾水文站点、宁国老水文站和西津大桥4个站点进行底栖动物采样调查及鉴定,共采集大型底栖无脊椎动物22315个;应用底栖动物物种组成和功能摄食类群等参数来衡量水库对河流底栖动物群落结构的影响,并结合河流生境的变化对底栖动物群落结构做了简单分析。结果表明,坝上游底质以鹅卵石（54.46%）和砾石（43.56%）为主,坝下组以鹅卵石、砾石和大石块为主,且坝上下游水体各理化指标均出现波动但并不显著;下游距离大坝1 km处的港口湾水文站点物种丰富度和EPT分类单元数显著降低（P=0.016, P=0.003）,滤食者比例显著升高（P=0.011）,刮食者和捕食者比例显著下降(P=0.011, P=0.013);而多度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数等群落参数在各样点间无显著差异;群落结构相似性分析也表明,港口湾水文站点群落结构与其他样点存在显著差异。本次研究成果可为水利工程对生态系统影响的评价及生态恢复等提供参考。     

对用底栖动物生物量估测食底栖动物鱼类鱼产力的质疑

根据池塘中养殖鲤鱼数量,规格对底栖动物数量的影响以及大伙房水库蓄水初期底栖动物的生物量,评述不考虑食底栖动物鱼类的现存量而以底栖动物的数量来估测底栖鱼类的鱼产力是不合理的。     

秋季红旗泡水库及周边水域底栖动物群落结构研究

2013年9月调查了红旗泡水库及周边水域底栖动物群落结构,鉴定出底栖动物19种,隶属于3门、7目、12科,其中软体动物门10种,占总物种数的52.63%;环节动物门4种,占总物种数的21.05%;节肢动物门5种,占总物种数的26.32%。红旗泡水库的底栖动物优势种为截口土蜗Galba truncatula及斯蒂齿斑摇蚊Stictochironomus sticticus,而红旗泡水库周边水域底栖动物优势种为椭圆萝卜螺Radix swinhoei、划蝽Sigra distanei及霍甫水丝蚓Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri。秋季红旗泡水库及周边水域底栖动物的密度分别为(150.4±152.88)ind·m-2和(229.33±192.89)ind·m-2。红旗泡水库的Magalef丰富度指数、Shannon-wiener多样性指数及Simpson多样性指数均低于周边水域,而Pielou均匀度指数高于周边水域,说明红旗泡水库的底栖动物生物多样性低于周边水域,但均匀度较高。红旗泡水库底栖动物功能摄食群主要是杂食者,而周边水域主要是捕食者。     

清江利川段底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

研究清江利川段的大型底栖动物群落结构和评价水质,为合理实施该重点流域水环境分区管控和生态保护提供科学依据。2016年5月-2017年3月,在清江(源头至利川城下游)共设置5个采样点,开展了6次底栖动物群落结构调查,采用大型底栖动物科级水平生物指数(FBI)、底栖动物敏感性计分器指数(SIGNAL)进行水质生物学评价。底栖动物共检出5门8纲16目61科,其中源头采样点共采集9目,蜉蝣目数量占74.1%;临村庄采样点共采集7目,蜉蝣目数量占41.6%;近城区上、中、下采样点分别采集10、9和13目,优势目均为十足目,其数量分别占总量的73.5%、79.9%和54.5%。敏感类群蜉蝣目比例沿水流方向逐渐降低。基于底栖动物耐污性及其数量占比分析,该江段污染程度沿水流方向呈加重趋势。综合FBI和SIGNAL底栖生物指数与环境因子的拟合回归结果以及底栖动物污染敏感值,表明SIGNAL指数应作为该江段首选水质污染生物学评价指数。     

渔山列岛潮间带大型底栖动物群落结构

于2009年3月的大潮期间对渔山列岛潮间带布设5个断面,进行大型底栖动物调查。结果表明,该海域潮间带采集到大型底栖动物90种,其中腔肠动物3种,多毛类11种,软体动物45种,甲壳类19种,棘皮动物6种,其它6种。潮间带大型底栖动物总平均生物量5307.06g/m2,总平均丰度为2323.20ind/m2。在各类群底栖动物中,软体动物的平均生物量及丰度居首位。渔山列岛潮间带大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)、Simpson多样性指数(D)、Mangalef丰富度指数(d)和Pielou均匀度指数(J)分别为1.421～2.417、0.497～0.624、1.396～3.223和0.484～0.648,平均值为2.052、0.577、2.477和0.590。大型底栖动物ABC曲线分析表明,底栖动物群落无干扰或轻度干扰。     

碧流河水库底栖动物及其鱼产力的研究

先后对碧流河水库的5个断面、10个采样点的底栖动物进行调察,采到寡毛类3种,水生昆虫2种。底栖动物的平均密度为335.6个/m2,平均生物量为2.013 g/m2。寡毛类的数量最多,软体动物贫乏。克拉泊水丝蚓和羽摇蚊幼虫是该库的2个优势种。底栖动物种群结构简单、种类单一。还对底栖动物的鱼产潜力进行了估算,其值为8.1 kg/hm2。     

Environmental assessment of boreal rivers using fish data – a contribution to the Water Framework Directive

Abstract A fish‐based assessment method was developed to estimate the ecological status of boreal rivers. Electric fishing data were collected from 902 rapids, together with information on the land use, channel modification and water chemistry. Discriminant function analysis was used to select fish variables that most correctly classified the undisturbed reference sites and human impacted sites into exact classes. The relationship between the level of human alteration and fish metrics was examined. Five metrics were selected for the index: the number of fish species, proportion of sensitive species, proportion of tolerant species, density of cyprinid individuals and the density of age‐0+ salmonids. The value for each metric (between 0 and 1) was calculated according to a point estimate for classical probability. The index is used to estimate the ecological classification of rivers according to the EU Water Framework Directive.     

Assessing biotic integrity in a Mediterranean watershed: development and evaluation of a fish-based index

Abstract  Biological indicators for Mediterranean rivers are poorly developed. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Index of Biotic Integrity approach (IBI) with fish assemblages in the Guadiana catchment, a typical Mediterranean watershed in Southern Portugal. Reference sites were selected from a set of 95 sites, using a multivariate approach. Fifty-five candidate metrics were screened for range, responsiveness, precision and redundancy. Final metrics included: proportion of native fish, number of intolerant and intermediate species, number of invertivore native fish, number of phyto-lithophilic and polyphilic species, and catches of exotics. The IBI scores correlated with composite gradients of human impact and differed significantly between reference and non-reference sites. Application of the IBI to an independent validation set with 123 sites produced results congruent with the development set and repeatable assessments at 22 sites showed concordance in IBI scoring. This application highlights the effectiveness of the IBI approach even with fish assemblages of limited diversity and ecological specialisation as in Mediterranean streams.     

Development and evaluation of a fish‐based index to assess biological integrity of Mediterranean streams

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基于底栖动物生物完整性的武汉市湖泊生态系统健康评价

大型底栖动物是生态系统健康评价最常用的生物类群。本文以武汉市浅水湖泊为研究区域,分析近20年（1998-2018）野外调查的104个湖次底栖动物数据,初步构建适合我国中部浅水湖泊底栖动物完整性评价的多参数指数MMI (Multimetric Index),包括36个群落结构性参数和35个功能性参数共71个生物参数,经筛选武汉湖泊MMI指数由总分类单元数、腹足类个体数%、功能趋异指数和穴居者%共4个核心指标组成。通过比值法将健康状态划分为5个等级：健康、亚健康、一般、差和极差。回归分析结果表明,MMI指数不仅与富营养化指标关系显著,能够反映湖泊营养状态的变化;而且能够显著区分城市湖泊与农村湖泊,城市湖泊的健康状况明显差于农村湖泊。基于MMI的健康评价结果表明,武汉市湖泊健康状况一般,其中34.6%湖泊健康状况亚健康以上,41.3%的湖泊健康状况处于一般水平,24.1%湖泊健康状况较差。本研究构建的包含功能性状参数的MMI完整性指数,可在湖泊健康评价中推广应用,也为湖泊修复和可持续发展提供了科学基础。     

Development of a fish-based index for the assessment of river health in Europe: the European Fish Index

Abstract  A fish-based index applicable at the pan-European scale should encompass the relative importance of regional and local factors influencing the distribution of riverine fish. An effective way of using information available from fish assemblages to establish such a multimetric index is through the use of the reference condition approach that involves testing a fish assemblage exposed to a potential stressor against a reference condition. In this study, a variety of metrics based on count and abundance data and reflecting different aspects of the fish assemblage structure and function were selected from the literature for their potential to indicate degradation. Logistic and multiple linear regression procedures were applied, using an initial data set of 1000 reference sites fairly evenly distributed across European rivers (11 countries) and defined by some easily measured regional and local characteristics, to elaborate the simplest possible response model that adequately explains the observed patterns of each metric for a given site. A final list of 10 metrics was retained and the European Fish Index was tested using new independent datasets. The advantage of the resulting index to serve as a practical technical reference for cost-effective biological assessments of lotic systems in Europe is related to its ability to encompass basins and river size, and its sensitivity to physical and chemical alteration of the river ecosystem.     

Development of fish-based assessment method for the ecological status of rivers in the Baltic region

Abstract  A fish-based assessment method for determining the ecological status of rivers in the southern part of the Baltic region was developed, classifying fish assemblages of near natural sites, and testing the response of a wide range of fish metrics to human pressure. However, the potential for developing a statistically robust method was limited because of insufficient data and the impact of fishery exploitation. A combination of expert judgement, historical data and spatially based methods were needed to establish reference conditions and classification criteria for fish metrics. The final list of metrics (6–9 metrics per six different river types) comprises five ecological guilds (feeding, overall tolerance, habitat, migration and spawning strategy) and three sentinel (dominant) species ( Salmo trutta L., Cottus gobio L. and Alburnoides bipunctatus [Bloch]). The method tends to underscore the ecological status of specific river types because the selected metrics probably do not account for all possible variability in fish community response to degradation, as some community-specific characteristics were poorly or not represented. Exploitation pressure might have considerable effects on functionality of fish metrics. Results suggest that the method needs modification to account for these limitations.     

应用浮游植物生物完整性指数评价长江上游河流健康

2013年11月-2014年6月对长江上游宜宾至江津段五个断面的浮游植物进行了四次调查,共鉴定出浮游植物6门38属95种。对13个备选指标进行分布范围、判别能力及Pearson相关性分析,构建了适合长江上游的浮游植物生物完整性指数(P-IBI)指标体系,即香农多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数、浮游植物密度、硅藻密度百分比等参数指标。采用3分制法、4分制法和比值法分别对生物指标计分,评价结果显示:高庄桥、羊石处于"健康"状态;白沙处于"亚健康"状态;而江安、德感处于"亚健康"向"一般"过渡状态。综合来看,三种评价方法所反映各样点的健康状况基本一致,只是4分制法和比值法在划分评价等级上更细致,评价结果更精确。Pearson相关性分析显示:TN、pH与P-IBI值呈显著负相关(P0.05)。