维生素K_3对草鱼生长、体成分和凝血时间的影响

以酪蛋白和脱脂豆粕为蛋白源,糊精为糖源,玉米油和豆油为脂肪源的半纯化饲料为试验饲料,研究了维生素K3对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)成活、生长、体成分、血清中钙磷含量及凝血时间的影响。试验饲料中的维生素K3共设7个添加梯度,分别为0,0.5,1.0,2.0,5,10,20mg/kg,每一梯度设3个重复,每个重复60尾初始体重3.5g左右的草鱼,在(25.0±3.0)℃的流水系统中养殖11周。结果表明:维生素K3对草鱼增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、成活率和体成分均没有显著性影响(P>0.05);维生素K3对血清中的钙磷浓度也无显著性影响;凝血时间显著性受饲料中维生素K3含量影响,饲料中缺乏维生素K3会延迟凝血时间。对饲料中维生素K3含量和草鱼凝血时间进行折线回归分析表明:草鱼幼鱼饲料中维生素K3适宜的含量为1.9mg/kg。     

饲料钙磷水平对宝石鲈生长和体成分的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源,乳酸钙（Ca-lactate）和磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4•2H2O)为钙源和磷源,配制成D1（0.0%钙,0.0%磷）、D2（0.5%钙,0.0%磷）、D3（0.0%钙,0.6%磷）、D4（0.5%钙,0.6%磷）、D5（1.0%钙,0.6%磷）和D6（1.5%钙,0.6%磷）六种等氮等能纯化试验饲料。每组饲料饲喂3个重复,每重复饲养20尾宝石鲈幼鱼,经过室内网箱60天生长试验,探讨在饲料中添加钙磷对宝石鲈幼鱼（初始体质量13.42±0.68g）生长性能、全鱼和肌肉营养成分以及脊椎骨钙磷含量的影响。试验结果表明: 饲料中未添加磷组（D1和D2）试验鱼的终末体质量、特定生长率和脊椎骨钙磷含量显著低于添加组(P<0.05),而饲料系数、全体和肌肉脂肪含量显著高于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料中未添加磷时,添加0.5%钙对宝石鲈的特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼和肌肉营养成分、脊椎骨的灰分和钙磷含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。当饲料中添加0.6%磷时,钙的添加量（0~1.5%）对宝石鲈的终末体质量、特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼组成、肌肉组成（水分、粗蛋白和灰分）和脊椎骨组成（粗灰分、磷和钙磷比）没有显著影响(P>0.05)。饲料中钙添加量过大（1.5%）组脊椎骨钙含量显著减少(P<0.05)。饲料中添加磷显著降低了鱼体中粗脂肪含量(P<0.05),但提高了脊椎骨钙磷的含量(P<0.05)。各组脊椎骨钙磷比均处于1.78～1.82范围内,组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。通过宝石鲈幼鱼生长性能和脊椎骨矿化作用分析表明,当饲料中添加0.6%磷时,钙的适宜添加量为0.5%。 关键词：宝石鲈;钙;磷     

许氏平鲉幼鱼对饲料中维生素D3需求量的研究

本实验旨在研究维生素D3对许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)幼鱼生长、体组成及机体免疫能力的影响,以确定其对维生素D3的最适需求量。配制维生素D3含量分别为707、1254、1740、2513、4519和8671 IU/kg的6种等氮等脂饲料,饲养初始体质量为(20.95±0.05) g的许氏平鲉幼鱼,8周后进行哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)攻毒48 h。研究表明,随着维生素D3含量的增加,许氏平鲉幼鱼增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)均先上升后下降,脏体比(VSI)和肝体比(HSI)显著下降,707 IU/kg组显著高于其他组(P<0.05);全鱼粗脂肪和肌肉粗脂肪随维生素D3含量增加呈增加的趋势,在4519 IU/kg组有最大值并显著高于对照组(P<0.05),脊椎骨粗灰分和钙含量显著增加;血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和补体3 (C3)含量均先升高后降低,均在2513 IU/kg组有最大值,谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量均先降低后升高,总胆固醇(T-CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)和钙离子含量(Ca2+)呈增加的趋势,磷(Pi)和补体4 (C4)含量不受维生素D3含量的影响(P>0.05)。攻毒后,T-AOC及MDA、C3和C4含量显著增高,肝脏和头肾HSP70、MYD88、IRAK4、TRAF6和TLR2基因表达显著升高(P<0.05)。以WGR为评价指标,经折线回归分析表明,体质量为(20.95±0.05) g的许氏平鲉幼鱼维生素D3的需求量为2 223.45 IU/kg饲料。     

草鱼幼鱼肌醇营养需要量的研究

以酪蛋白、明胶和鱼粉为蛋白源,配制含肌醇水平分别为0、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg、400 mg/kg8、00 mg/kg、1 600 mg/kg的7组实验饲料。每组设3个重复,连续投喂体质量(4.78±0.18)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)幼鱼9周,通过测定生长指标、部分血清生化指标和全鱼营养成分来评价饲料肌醇添加水平对草鱼幼鱼的影响。结果表明,饲料中肌醇添加水平≥200 mg/kg使草鱼幼鱼增重率(WGR)、特定生长率、血清中总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量与对照组相比有显著提高(P<0.05),而血清甘油三酯(TG)含量比对照组有显著降低(P<0.05);200 mg/kg和400 mg/kg肌醇添加组草鱼幼鱼饲料系数(FCR)比对照组有显著降低(P<0.05);饲料中添加肌醇对草鱼幼鱼存活率、血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和全鱼营养成分无显著影响(P>0.05)。对WGR、FCR、TC、TG和LDL-C进行折线回归分析得出饲料中肌醇添加水平为166～214 mg/kg对草鱼幼鱼的生长比较适宜。     

饲料中添加生物素对草鱼幼鱼生长、体成分和血清生化指标的影响

在纯化饲料中分别添加生物素0、0.05、0.10、0.20、0.40、0.80、1.60 mg/kg投喂初始质量为(5.92±0.25)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼8周,研究了不同生物素添加量对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料系数、机体营养成分、血清生化指标的影响。试验结果显示:与对照组相比,添加生物素提高了草鱼幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率,降低了饲料系数。添加量为0.40 mg/kg时草鱼幼鱼的特定生长率和增重率最大,饲料系数最低,并与对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05);添加不同水平生物素对草鱼幼鱼全鱼水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量无显著影响,但添加量为0.40 mg/kg时粗蛋白含量最大。0.10 mg/kg组和0.20 mg/kg组的全鱼灰分含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);添加生物素对血清总蛋白(TP)、血糖(GLU)和总胆固醇(TC)无显著影响,但显著提高了血清甘油三酯(TG)含量,各添加组TG含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),1.60 mg/kg添加组的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综合本试验结果,草鱼幼鱼饲料中生物素适宜添加量为0.40 mg/kg。     

无鱼粉饲料中添加磷和植酸酶对奥尼罗非鱼生长性能及体成分的影响

奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)幼鱼的初始体重约5.0 g,试验共设5组饲料,以全鱼粉饲料为对照组(D0),以豆粕和花生粕完全替代鱼粉为试验组,其中两组为不补充磷酸二氢钙的情况下不添加植酸酶(D1)和添加植酸酶(D2),另两组为在补充磷酸二氢钙的情况下不添加植酸酶(D3)和添加植酸酶(D4)。每一饲料组设3个重复,每箱养鱼30尾,在流水系统中饲养,表观饱食投喂,投喂率为5%~6%。饲养实验周期为8周。试验结果表明,添加磷组(D3、D4)和全鱼粉组(D0)的特定生长率和饲料系数在组间差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于不添加磷组(D1、D2)(P<0.05);磷的表观消化率在添加植酸酶组(D2、D4)均显著高于不添加植酸酶(D1、D3),但与全鱼粉组(D0)差异不显著;鱼体粗蛋白含量在不添加磷和植酸酶组(D1)显著低于其他4组;体粗脂肪含量在不添加磷(D1、D2)组显著高于其他组;体灰分含量由高到低依次为全鱼粉组(D0)、添加磷和植酸酶组(D4)、添加磷不添加植酸酶组(D3)、不添加磷添加植酸酶组(D2)和不添加磷不添加植酸酶组(D1),且两两组间差异显著;体钙、磷、镁、锌含量和脱脂骨灰分、钙、磷含量在全鱼粉组(D0)最高。不添加磷组(D1、D2)血清磷含量显著低于其他3组,而血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著地高。试验结果说明,无鱼粉饲料中补充磷可保持奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长率,饲料利用和全鱼可食部分营养成分含量;同时添加植酸酶,能显著提高饲料中磷的利用率,促进磷、锌和镁在鱼体内沉积,并有进一步提高奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长和饲料利用的趋势。[中国水产科学,2006,13(1):112-118]     

斜带石斑鱼对实用饲料中维生素D_3的需求量

实验设计了6个不同维生素D_3水平(0,1 000 IU·kg~(-1),2 000 IU·kg~(-1),4 000 IU·kg~(-1),8 000 IU·kg~(-1),100 000 IU·kg~(-1))的等氮等能饲料(组1、组2、组3、组4、组5和组6)来研究斜带石斑鱼对维生素D_3的需求量。结果显示,摄食组3饲料的斜带石斑鱼增重率、特定生长率以及饲料效率显著高于其他组(P0.05)。不同水平的维生素D_3不影响石斑鱼的肥满度和肝体比,添加量大于2 000 IU·kg~(-1)时,石斑鱼肠系膜脂肪和脏体比随着维生素D_3水平的升高而降低(P0.05)。鱼体肌肉和全鱼中蛋白含量随着维生素D_3水平的升高而降低,粗脂肪含量各组之间没有显著性差异。维生素D_3添加量低于2 000 IU·kg~(-1)时,石斑鱼骨骼中钙(Ca)、磷(P)含量与维生素D_3的添加量呈正相关。以增重率以及骨骼Ca、P含量为指标,斜带石斑鱼幼鱼实用饲料中维生素D_3的适宜添加量为2 000 IU·kg~(-1)。     

草鱼幼鱼对烟酸的需要量

草鱼幼鱼的初始体重为(12.43±0.80) g,试验分为7组,其饲料中烟酸含量分别为5.1、9.8、16.6、32.2、66.7、130.1、271.5 mg·kg-1,每组设3个重复,每桶30尾鱼,日投喂率2%～3%,饲养试验周期为8周.研究不同含量烟酸对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料系数、机体营养组分、造血功能及血脂的影响,以确定草鱼幼鱼饲料中适宜烟酸需要量.试验结果表明:①添加烟酸显著提高了特定生长率、增重率和草鱼幼鱼的存活率,对草鱼幼鱼肥满度无显著影响;烟酸含量为32.2 mg·kg-1时草鱼的特定生长率和增重率最大,饲料系数最低,并与其它各组存在显著差异;②添加烟酸对草鱼全鱼水分、灰分无显著影响,显著提高了全鱼粗脂肪含量,但各添加组间无显著差异,饲料中烟酸含量为66.7 mg·kg-1时,全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于对照组及9.8 mg·kg-1组;③添加烟酸显著提高了血液红细胞计数和血红蛋白含量,但对血清胆固醇和甘油三酯无显著影响,烟酸含量为16.6 mg·kg-1及以上时显著提高血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,与对照组和9.8 mg·kg-1组存在显著差异.基于折线法分析,草鱼幼鱼获得最佳生长时对饲料中烟酸的最低需求量为25.5 mg·kg-1.     

草鱼幼鱼对烟酸需要量

草鱼幼鱼的初始体重为12.43±0.80g，试验分为7组，其饲料中烟酸含量分别为5.1、9.8、16.6、32.2、66.7、130.1、271.5 mg•kg-1，每组设3个重复，每桶30尾鱼，日投喂率2％～3％，饲养试验周期为8周。研究不同含量烟酸对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料系数、机体营养组分、造血功能及血脂的影响，以确定草鱼幼鱼饲料中适宜烟酸需要量。试验结果表明：1.添加烟酸显著提高了特定生长率、增重率和草鱼幼鱼的存活率，对草鱼幼鱼肥满度无显著影响；烟酸含量为32.2 mg•kg-1时草鱼的特定生长率和增重率最大，饲料系数最低，并与其它各组存在显著差异；2.添加烟酸对草鱼全鱼水分、灰分无显著影响，显著提高了全鱼粗脂肪含量，但各添加组间无显著差异；饲料中烟酸含量为66.7mg•kg-1时，粗蛋白显著高于对照组及9.8 mg•kg-1组；3.添加烟酸显著提高了血液红细胞计数和血红蛋白含量，但对血清胆固醇和甘油三酯无显著影响，烟酸含量为16.6 mg•kg-1及以上时显著提高血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇，与对照组和9.8 mg•kg-1组存在显著差异。基于折线法分析，草鱼幼鱼获得最佳生长时的饲料中烟酸最低需求量为25.5 mg•kg-1。 关键词：草鱼；烟酸；生长；需要量     

肌醇对胭脂鱼生长、体成分和部分血清生化指标的影响

以酪蛋白、明胶和鱼粉为蛋白源配制6组实验饲料,分别在饲料中添加0、75、150、300、600和1 200mg/kg的肌醇,每组设3个重复,连续投喂初始体质量(10.01±0.24)g的胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)幼鱼8周,考察饲料中添加不同水平的肌醇对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长性能、全鱼以及肌肉营养成分和部分血清生化指标的影响,以确定胭脂鱼幼鱼饲料中肌醇的适宜添加量。结果显示:随着饲料中肌醇含量增加,胭脂鱼幼鱼增重率、成活率和特定生长率呈先上升后稳定的趋势,均在300 mg/kg组时达到稳定;饲料肌醇对全鱼体成分无显著性影响,肌肉脂肪含量在300 mg/kg组时显著低于未添加组;饲料中肌醇对血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和血清甘油三酯均有显著性影响;饲料中肌醇(150 mg/kg)不足时,血清中谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶的活性显著高于其它实验组。以特定生长率为评价指标,经折线回归分析,饲料中补充310.3 mg/kg的肌醇时,胭脂鱼幼鱼获得最大生长。     

凡纳滨对虾对饲料中钙、磷的营养需求

水温28~31℃,盐度21~24,养殖凡纳滨对虾幼虾,投喂以乳酸钙为钙源、磷酸二氢钠为磷源,在钙添加水平为0%、0.5%、1.0%的条件下,分别添加0%、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%的磷配制的15种饲料,探讨凡纳滨对虾饲料中钙、磷的适宜添加量。8周的养殖试验结果显示,饲料钙、磷水平及钙、磷水平的交互作用极显著影响对虾质量增加率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率、饲料系数和存活率(P<0.01)。饲料钙、磷水平极显著影响对虾肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪和全虾粗蛋白的含量(P<0.01)。饲料钙、磷水平的交互作用极显著影响全虾粗蛋白和肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪的含量(P<0.01)。饲料钙水平极显著影响全虾和虾壳的钙、磷含量及肌肉磷含量(P<0.01),显著影响对虾肌肉钙含量(P<0.05)。饲料磷水平及钙、磷水平的交互作用极显著影响全虾、肌肉、虾壳的钙、磷含量(P<0.01)。饲料钙、磷水平及钙、磷水平的交互作用均不显著影响血清钙离子含量(P>0.05)。在本试验条件下,以特定生长率为判断依据,通过折线模型分析得出,饲料中添加0.5%的钙和0.88%的磷时凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率最高。     

皱纹盘鲍维生素D营养需要的研究

在以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源的精制饲料中添加不同浓度梯度的维生素D,并以海带为对照组饲喂皱纹盘鲍幼鲍103d。结果表明:幼鲍的生长及软体部水分,脂肪和蛋白质含量受到饲料中维生素D添加水平的影响显著,但成活率不受饲料中添加水平的影响;饲料中适量添加维生素D可以提高幼鲍软体部碱性磷酸酶的活力,但饲料中缺乏或过高水平的维生素D导致幼鲍软体部碱性磷酸酶活力的降低;贝壳中灰分及钙、磷含量受饲料中维生素D添加水平的影响显著。以增重,蛋白质增量和软体部碱性磷酸酶的活力为指标,幼鲍饲料中维生素D的适宜含量为100IU·(100g)-1饲料。     

维生素D3对仿刺参幼参生长、体组成及 抗氧化能力的影响

为研究维生素D3对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)幼参生长、体组成及抗氧化能力的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加0(D1)、250(D2)、500(D3)、1000(D4)、2000(D5)、3000(D6) IU/kg的维生素D3(实测值：95、334、570、1076、2063、3081 IU/kg),制作6组等氮等能的实验饲料,饲喂初始体重为(15.43±0.14) g仿刺参幼参56 d。结果显示,1) 维生素D3对仿刺参存活率(SR)无显著影响(P>0.05),显著提高了增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR),D1组均显著低于其他组(P<0.05);D3、D4、D5组肠体比(IWR)显著高于其他3组(P<0.05),但3组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。2) 维生素D3对体壁水分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量无显著影响(P>0.05);粗灰分含量随添加量的增加呈先升后降趋势,D5组达到最高值;羟脯氨酸含量呈先下降后上升趋势,D4组达到最低值;维生素D3显著提高了体壁Ca含量(P<0.05);体壁维生素D3的沉积量呈先上升后下降趋势,D4组达到最高值,显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。P含量呈先上升后平稳趋势;Mg含量呈上升趋势,D1组显著低于其他组(P<0.05);Fe含量呈先升后降趋势,D5、D6组显著低于其他组(P<0.05);Mn含量呈下降趋势,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。3) 随着维生素D3添加量的增加,肠道碱性磷酸酶(AKP)及总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力呈先上升后下降趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量呈下降趋势,各组间总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。研究表明,以增重率为评价指标,一元二次线性回归分析表明,初始体重为15.43 g的仿刺参对维生素D3的最适需求量为1587.5 IU/kg。     

Effects of Dietary Geniposide on Growth,Flesh Quality,and Lipid Metabolism of Grass Carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of dietary geniposide (GP) on growth performance, flesh quality, and lipid metabolism of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (95.2 ± 0.6 g), fed seven different diets, including a control diet; Eucommia ulmoides (EU)–supplemented diet (20 g/kg); and GP‐supplemented diets containing 100, 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg GP, respectively. Weight gain rate was significantly improved (P < 0.05) and feed conversation ratio was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by supplementation of EU. Grass carp fed 100–800 mg/kg GP‐supplemented diets showed significantly higher total collagen and alkaline‐insoluble collagen content in muscle than control (P < 0.05). Contents of total collagen and the alkaline‐insoluble collagen content in the skin of grass carp were significantly increased by dietary 600–800 mg/kg GP and EU (P < 0.05). Fish fed diets containing 600–800 mg/kg GP showed significantly lower muscle crude lipid content than the EU, control, and 100–400 mg/kg GP groups (P < 0.05). Fish fed 400–800 mg/kg GP diets had significantly higher muscle fiber density and lower muscle fiber diameter and serum triglyceride level than the control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of GP could improve flesh quality, but not growth of grass carp. The supplemental level of GP for improving flesh quality was estimated to be a 400–600 mg/kg diet.     

Dietary supplementation of sodium butyrate may benefit growth performance and intestinal function in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

A 49‐days feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of sodium butyrate on growth performance, gut morphology of juvenile grass carp. Five isoenergetic and isonitrogenous experimental diets were compounded by the supplementation in the basal diet with gradient sodium butyrate at 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 mg kg^?1 respectively. A total of 375 juvenile grass carp (with initial body weight of 3.8 g) were randomly allocated into five diet treatments, and each treatment has three replicates. The results showed that the specific growth rate (SGR) of SB1000 and SB2000 group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the other groups. Moreover, the lowest SGR was observed in SB3000 group. Feeding rate and the whole‐body proximate composition including moisture, crude lipid, crude protein and crude ash were not affected by sodium butyrate (P > 0.05). Total superoxide dismutase activities in hepatopancreas in the experimental groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Glutathione peroxidase activity in hepatopancreas was significantly upregulated by dietary sodium butyrate level (P < 0.05). However, the activity of total antioxidant capacity and the contents of malondialdehyde were not significantly different among groups. The expression levels of mRNA encoding PepT1 and LAT2 in the foregut both showed a first increasing and then decreasing tendency as dietary sodium butyrate level increased (P < 0.05), and peaked in SB1000 and SB2000 groups respectively. The results indicated that appropriate dietary supplementation of sodium butyrate at 2000 mg kg^?1 could improve the growth, antioxidant ability and intestinal absorption capacity of the juvenile grass carp.     

Effect of dietary protein reduction with lysine and methionnine supplementation on growth performance,body composition and total ammonia nitrogen excretion of juvenile grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

A 63‐day growth trial was undertaken to estimate the effects of supplemented lysine and methionine with different dietary protein levels on growth performance and feed utilization in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Six plant‐based practical diets were prepared, and 32CP, 30CP and 28CP diets were formulated to contain 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 crude protein without lysine and methionine supplementation. In the supplementary group, lysine and methionine were added to formulate 32AA, 30AA and 28AA diets with 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 dietary crude protein, respectively, according to the whole body amino acid composition of Grass Carp. In the groups without lysine and methionine supplementation, weight gain (WG, %) and specific growth rate (SGR, % day^?1) of the fish fed 32CP diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed 30CP and 28CP diets, but no significant differences were found between 30CP‐ and 28CP‐diet treatments. WG and SGR of the fish fed 32AA and 30AA diets were significantly higher than that of fish fed 28AA diets, and the performance of grass carp was also significantly improved when fed diets with lysine and methionine supplementation (P < 0.05), and the interaction between dietary protein level and amino acid supplementation was noted between WG and SGR (P < 0.05). Feed intake (FI) was significantly increased with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05), but feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a significant decreasing trend (P < 0.05). Two days after total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration test, the values of TAN discharged by the fish 8 h after feeding were 207.1, 187.5, 170.6, 157.3, 141.3 and 128.9 mg kg^?1 body weight for fish fed 32CP, 32AA, 30CP, 30AA, 28CP and 28AA diets, respectively. TAN excretion by grass carp was reduced in plant‐based practical diets with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05). The results indicated that lysine and methionine supplementation to the plant protein sources‐based practical diets can improve growth performance and feed utilization of grass carp, and the dietary crude protein can be reduced from 320 g kg^?1 to 300 g kg^?1 through balancing amino acids profile. The positive effect was not observed at 280 g kg^?1 crude protein level.     

Supplemental graded levels of neutral phytase using pretreatment and spraying methods in the diet of grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus

A feeding trial was conducted for 8 weeks to evaluate the effects of graded levels of neutral phytase supplementation using pretreatment or spraying method on growth performance, body composition, bone mineral content and serum biochemical parameter in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. A control diet without phytase was added and six additional diets were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial with two methods (pretreatment or spraying) and three levels of phytase (500, 1000 or 1500 U kg^?1). The results showed that supplemental phytase at different levels in the diet and with different application methods all improved weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio of grass carp (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio in phytase‐supplemented groups was lower than the control. Dietary phytase addition reduced the lipid content in the whole body of grass carp. Phytase supplementation with different method increased ash and mineral (P, Ca, Mg and Zn) contents in whole‐body and vertebra (P < 0.05). The increase in these mineral contents was also observed in the serum. Based on the results, we may conclude that: 1) supplemental dietary phytase, regardless of the application methodology, improved the growth performance and nutrient utilization in grass carp; 2) the pretreatment mode of phytase application was more effective than spraying at the same phytase level.