大辽河口红狼牙鰕虎鱼耳石微化学的初步研究

为初步了解大辽河口红狼牙鰕虎鱼(Odontamblyopus rubicundus)生境履历特征,利用电子探针微区分析技术,对大辽河口6 ind红狼牙鰕虎鱼的耳石进行了锶和钙元素微化学研究。定量线分析结果显示,大辽河口红狼牙鰕虎鱼生境履历十分复杂,耳石锶钙比值的波动可以分为4~6个差异极其显著的阶段(最低LH01为1.56±0.91,最高LH02为9.28±1.66)(P0.01)。耳石锶含量面分布结果可以进一步直观地显示,自核心到边缘区域中对应于淡水(蓝色)、半咸水(绿色)、海水(黄红色)生境不同颜色同心环轮的变化过程。根据耳石核心区域(第一阶段)的锶钙比值以及对应的面分布特征,推测大辽河口的红狼牙鰕虎鱼可能存在3个生活史类型(淡水孵化、半咸水孵化和海水孵化),红狼牙鰕虎鱼在孵化和早期生活史阶段可以适应从淡水到海水的广盐度水体。     

温度和元素浓度对Sr在褐牙鲆仔稚鱼耳石中的沉积影响

科学认识鱼类耳石中微量元素沉积与主要水环境因子的关系是基于耳石微化学方法重新构建鱼类生活史及反演其环境履历的重要前提。本研究以环境与耳石中重要元素Sr为例，研究在不同水温(16℃、19℃和22℃)和不同元素浓度(1×、2×和3×Sr)下Sr在褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)仔稚鱼耳石形成生长过程中(孵化后15~93 d)的沉积(Sr∶Ca比)特征。结果显示，在不同水温下，耳石中Sr∶Ca比随水体中Sr浓度的升高呈线性增长，而元素分配系数(DSr)随元素浓度的升高先降低然后趋于稳定。在不同Sr浓度下，耳石中Sr∶Ca比及DSr均随水温升高呈增长趋势，二者在22℃时的值均显著高于在其他水温时的值。耳石中Sr沉积能够表征褐牙鲆仔稚鱼所经历的水环境中Sr浓度和水温的变化，可作为元素指纹应用于褐牙鲆早期生活史的重建和环境履历的反演。     

基于耳石微化学分析的福建水域刀鲚生境履历研究

利用X射线电子探针微区分析技术(electron probe micro-analysis, EPMA)，首次对福建(福州、宁德)沿岸海域采集到的3尾刀鲚(Coilia nasus)进行矢耳石的锶(Sr)和钙(Ca)微化学特征分析，重建其生活史。结果显示，这3尾刀鲚耳石核心区的Sr/Ca值均小于3，且耳石面分析显示核心区均为蓝色，表明它们都属于淡水产卵和淡水孵化；其中，福州海域的1尾刀鲚早期生活史对淡水依赖时间较长，而宁德海域的2尾刀鲚对淡水依赖时间较短。根据耳石从核心到边缘的Sr/Ca值变化线分析及过核心截面Sr含量面分析可以确定，3尾刀鲚均为典型的溯河洄游生态类型；其中，福州海域1尾刀鲚呈现淡水–半咸水型的生境履历，而宁德海域2尾刀鲚呈现淡水–半咸水–海水型的生境履历。本研究首次利用耳石微化学分析技术揭示了福建水域刀鲚生活史和生境履历存在多样性，也证实了宁德三沙湾外海域和闽江口外沿岸海域尚存溯河洄游型刀鲚。本研究为进一步开展福建沿岸水域刀鲚的关键栖息地研究及其资源管理和保护提供了宝贵的基础信息。     

长江口及邻近海域凤鲚生境履历重建

利用X-射线电子探针微区技术(EPMA)对长江口崇明和邻近吕四凤鲚(Coiliamystus)耳石Sr和Ca的微化学进行了分析。定量线分析和Sr含量面分布图谱显示,凤鲚耳石核区的Sr/Ca比值存在Sr/Ca3、3Sr/Ca7和Sr/Ca7这3种类型,分别对应的耳石核心面分布同心环区域颜色为蓝色、绿色和黄-红色,据此推断长江口及邻近海域凤鲚孵化场存在3种,即淡水孵化场、河口半咸水孵化场及海水孵化场。凤鲚个体耳石从核心到边缘的Sr/Ca比值变化波动极为显著,有对应淡水生活的低值阶段(Sr/Ca3,最小为2.04±0.87),也有对应海水生活的高值阶段(Sr/Ca7,最大为7.81±0.91),可将凤鲚的生境履历类型分为4种类型:淡水–河口半咸水型、河口半咸水定居型、河口半咸水–海水型和淡水–河口半咸水–海水型。长江口邻近海域吕四凤鲚有淡水和河口半咸水孵化个体,其生境履历类型包括淡水–河口半咸水型、河口半咸水–海水型和淡水–河口半咸水–海水型,而长江口崇明岛海域有海水及河口半咸水孵化个体,其生境履历类型包括淡水–河口半咸水型、河口定居型及淡水–河口半咸水–海水型,这反映了长江口崇明岛及邻近海域吕四2个海域凤鲚个体间的共性以及差异性。通过本次研究,首次证明了长江口及邻近海域凤鲚存在3种孵化场及4种生境履历类型,准确反映了凤鲚个体组成及其生活史的多样性和复杂性。     

象山港蓝点马鲛繁殖群体的耳石形态分析

为探讨蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)的耳石形态学特征,实现以耳石形态学方法科学划分蓝点马鲛种群,依据2016年4~7月在象山港采集的113 ind蓝点马鲛繁殖群体的102对矢耳石尺寸参数,计算出了环率、圆度、椭圆率、矩形趋近率、纵横比、形态因子、半径比和面密度等8个耳石形态指标;运用单因子相似性分析(ANOSIM)、非参数多维标度分析(NMDS)和相似性百分比分析(SIMPER)研究了象山港蓝点马鲛耳石形态的个体差异。结果显示,象山港蓝点马鲛繁殖群体左、右耳石以及雌、雄个体间的耳石形态不存在显著性差异(P0.05);4个年龄组间的耳石形态差异显著(P0.05),年龄组两两之间耳石形态的差异均达到了极显著水平(P0.01)。研究结果表明,以耳石形态学方法判别蓝点马鲛种群需要考虑样本的年龄因素,以同一年龄的繁殖群体为宜;造成象山港蓝点马鲛繁殖群体不同年龄组耳石形态差异的可能原因,一是同一种群或群系蓝点马鲛的耳石形态会随着年龄的增长而发生相对变化,呈现出不稳定的状态,二是象山港是多个蓝点马鲛种群或地理群系共同的产卵场,年龄组间的差异来源于群体间的耳石形态差异。     

中国沿海蓝点马鲛繁殖群体的耳石形态差异

为阐明中国沿海蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)繁殖群体耳石形态的特异性,科学判定中国沿海蓝点马鲛繁殖群体的种群归属,根据2016—2018年4—6月在莱州湾、海州湾、吕四渔场、象山港、沙埕港等蓝点马鲛产卵场采集的242尾2龄蓝点马鲛成熟个体样本,结合计算出的环率、圆度、椭圆率、矩形趋近率、纵横比、形态因子、半径比和面密度等8个耳石形状指标,运用相似性分析、非参数多维标度分析、相似性百分比分析探讨了耳石形态的群体间差异。结果显示,海州湾和吕四渔场蓝点马鲛繁殖群体的耳石形态不存在显著性差异(P0.05);象山港和沙埕港蓝点马鲛繁殖群体的耳石形态不存在显著性差异(P0.05);渤海、黄海和东海3个海区之间繁殖群体的耳石形态差异均达到了极显著水平(P0.01);半径比、纵横比、面密度和矩形趋近率是对各个繁殖群体组内相似性贡献度较高的耳石形态典型指标;面密度、形态因子和半径比则是对各繁殖群体组间相异性贡献度较高的耳石形态分歧指标。通过逐步判别分析建立了5个蓝点马鲛繁殖群体的判别公式,判别准确率在55.26%～92.59%,综合判别正确率为71.07%。研究结果表明,中国沿海蓝点马鲛繁殖群体之间的耳石形态存在显著差异,渤海、黄海和东海蓝点马鲛繁殖群体的耳石形态呈现出不同的群体特征,存在较高的区分度。     

中华鲟硬组织微结构及微化学的特征探索

为了在中华鲟洄游生态学研究上有新突破,实验首次比较研究了中华鲟3种硬组织(耳石、背骨板和胸鳍条)的微结构和微化学特征。结果发现,耳石结构松散,存在多个耳砂(微晶球霰石球晶)颗粒,且每个颗粒均具有独立的核心;背骨板存在分层现象;胸鳍条结构较为致密,且均一。胸鳍条、耳石中生境元素Co/Ca、Sr/Ca和Ba/Ca比特征变化较为一致,而背板由于分层的原因与前二者有所差异。综合考虑非致死性采样、前处理难度、微结构组成以及生境元素生物积累等优势,笔者建议首选胸鳍条作为基于微化学分析来反演中华鲟洄游及生活史履历研究的最佳硬组织材料。     

东海和黄海南部近岸海域小黄鱼稚幼鱼耳石元素指纹特征分析

采用LA-ICP-MS分析技术对东海和黄海南部近岸五个海域(芦潮港、象山、三门湾、温岭、吕四)小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)稚幼鱼耳石核区元素指纹进行了测定。运用方差分析方法(MANOVA和ANOVA)检验不同海域小黄鱼群体耳石元素比值的差异显著性,采用线性判别分析(LDFA)方法对不同海域的小黄鱼群体进行了群体属性判别,并运用留一交叉验证法(LOOCV)评估了模型的判别成功率。MANOVA分析结果显示,不同采样点小黄鱼耳石核区的元素比值呈极显著差异(Wilk’s Lambda检验,F4,131=28.00,P0.01)。各元素比值的ANOVA分析结果显示,除了Zn∶Ca呈显著性差异外(P0.05),Li∶Ca、Mg∶Ca、Mn∶Ca、Sr∶Ca、Na∶Ca和Ba∶Ca呈极显著差异(P0.01)。判别分析结果显示,小黄鱼群体的总体判别成功率为70.6%,其中吕四小黄鱼群体的判别成功率最高,为86.2%;温岭最低,为58.3%。黄海南部的吕四小黄鱼群体可以与东海几个群体区分开来,而东海的几个小黄鱼群体难以有效区分。本研究的结果表明基于LA-ICP-MS的耳石元素指纹分析技术能够对不同的鱼类群体进行识别研究,具有广泛的应用前景。     

哥斯达黎加外海茎柔鱼耳石的微量元素

实验通过激光剥蚀电感等离子质谱法分析哥斯达黎加外海茎柔鱼耳石的微量元素,了解其微量元素组成及其与表温关系,推测其不同生活史阶段的栖息环境.结果表明,茎柔鱼耳石含有54种元素,其中Ca、Na和Sr为主要元素.总体耳石Sr/Ca大于太平洋褶柔鱼、巴塔哥尼亚枪乌贼和黵乌贼.胚胎期耳石Sr/Ca最高,随着年龄增加而下降.Sr/Ca与表温呈反比例关系.不同孵化月份的茎柔鱼在不同生长阶段的耳石Sr/Ca差异不明显.Ba/Ca可看做茎柔鱼垂直移动的指标元素,茎柔鱼仔鱼至成鱼期耳石Ba/Ca呈“U”型变化,与其幼体生活在海水表层,成体生活在较深层海水相对应.茎柔鱼耳石Mg/Ca核心高外围低,可能与耳石生长率逐渐减小有关,Mg/Ca与表温呈正相关.此外,研究认为茎柔鱼胚胎期是以自身携带的卵黄囊为营养物质,此时耳石的微量元素与亲体的遗传因素相关,与外界水环境无关.     

刀鲚胸鳍条和耳石微化学“指纹”相似性研究

耳石微化学被广泛应用于鱼类洄游生态学研究,但耳石的摘取难免会造成鱼的死亡和损伤,故寻找可以快捷、非致死地替代耳石进行微化学分析的材料很有意义。为此,本研究比较了刀鲚(Coilia nasus)胸鳍条和耳石微化学的相似性特征。耳石的锶钙比值(Sr/Ca)和Sr含量图谱分型结果分别很好地对应了所研究的洄游型、淡水定居型和陆封型的典型个体。胸鳍条微化学结果显示,湖鲚和短颌鲚2类个体呈现出稳定的低Sr/Ca值?(1.38±0.52)~(2.04±0.74)和(1.40±0.32)~(1.81±0.66)?与刀鲚胸鳍条生活史第一阶段的特征相吻合?(2.06±0.64)~(2.26±0.29)?,这些均反映了淡水生境“指纹”的特征。刀鲚胸鳍条Sr含量图谱和耳石相似,自核心至边缘可分为明显的3个阶段,分别对应于面分布图上自核心至边缘的蓝色、绿色、蓝色之间微化学“指纹”的变化。由此可见,刀鲚胸鳍条可以作为耳石的非致死、低损伤的代替材料,用于刀鲚洄游习性、生境履历等研究。同时,由于胸鳍条具有取样和前处理的优势,在其他鱼类资源或标志放流评价研究时,可以考虑以胸鳍条代替耳石来开展研究。     

Antifreeze proteins in the urine of marine fish

Several species of marine teleosts have evolved blood plasma antifreeze polypeptides which enable them to survive in ice-laden seawater. Four distinct antifreeze protein classes differing in carbohydrate content, amino acid composition, protein sequence and secondary structure are currently known. Although all of these antifreezes are relatively small (2.6–33 kd) it was generally thought that they were excluded from the urine by a variety of glomerular mechanisms. In the present study antifreeze polypeptides were found in the bladder urine of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus), ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Since the plasma of each of these fish contains a different antifreeze class it would appear that all four classes of antifreeze can enter the urine. The major antifreeze components in the urine of winter flounder were found to be identical to the major plasma components in terms of high performance liquid chromatography retention times and amino acid composition. It is concluded that plasma antifreeze peptides need not be chemically modified before they can enter the urine.     

Characteristics of the marine environment and algal blooms in Gamak Bay

This study was conducted to gain insight into the characteristics of algal blooms in relation to the marine environment of Gamak Bay. From the first known occurrence of algal blooms in 1984 until 2006, 23 causal species have been identified, the most common ones being Prorocentrum sp., Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Chaetoceros sp., Skeletonema costatum, and Heterosigma akashiwo. A principal component analysis indicated that blooms of these species develop under different conditions in terms of water temperature, salinity, precipitation, and insolation. Field data showed Cochlodinium polykrikoides to be favored by high temperatures and to be euryhaline, whereas Skeletonema costatum appeared to be eurythermal and euryhaline. Prorocentrum sp. and Chaetoceros sp. appeared to be stenothermal and stenohaline. Finally, Heterosigma akashiwo appeared at the lowest temperature and highest salinity of the five species and was classified here as stenothermal and stenohaline.     

Bioaugmentation in the growth and water quality of livebearing ornamental fishes

Bacillus subtilis isolated from the intestine of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) was incorporated into the rearing water of Poecilia reticulata (Peters), Poecilia sphenops (Valenciennes), Xiphophorus helleri (Heckel) and Xiphophorus maculatus (Gunther) at four different concentrations (5 × 10⁸ cells ml⁻¹, 5 × 10⁷ cells ml⁻¹, 5 × 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹ and 5 × 10⁵ cells ml⁻¹) and its effect on fish growth performance and survival, water quality parameters and bacterial population of water were assessed. The results showed that the addition of bacterial cells in the rearing water resulted in greater survival and a faster growth rate and, hence, greater length and weight increments of the livebearers. The use of a bioaugmentor in the rearing water of the livebearing fishes resulted in significantly lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of dissolved organic matter and total ammonium nitrogen. The counts of motile aeromonads and total coliforms recorded in the water of bioaugmented tanks were also lower than that in the control tank. Bioaugmentation between 10⁶ and 10⁸ cells ml⁻¹ in the rearing water is sufficient in establishing a bioaugmentor and the use of a higher concentration of bacterial cells did not always lead to significantly better results.     

新疆3种雅罗鱼的多元形态

为了揭示高体雅罗鱼(Leuciscusidus)、贝加尔雅罗鱼(Leuciscusbaicalensis)和准噶尔雅罗鱼(Leuciscus merzbacheri)的形态信息和规律,指导新疆雅罗鱼物种的识别、资源保护和良种选育。本研究运用主成分分析、聚类分析及判别分析,对3种鱼的11个可量指标和18个框架指标进行了多元形态差异分析。主成分分析结果提取3个主成分,贡献率分别为57.71%、9.019%、6.502%,累积贡献率为73.23%;主成分1的贡献指标主要集中于头部和尾柄部,头部指标主要包括HL/BL、ML/BL、SL/BL、L_(1-2)/BL、L_(1-3)/BL和L_(2-3)/BL共计6个指标,尾柄部包括CL/BL、L_(6-8)/BL、L_(6-8)/BL、L_(7-8)/BL和L_(8-9)/BL共计5个指标。聚类分析结果显示,高体雅罗鱼和贝加尔雅罗鱼亲缘关系较近,高体雅罗鱼、贝加尔雅罗鱼与准噶尔雅罗鱼亲缘关系较远。判别分析筛选出11个指标(集中于头部和尾柄部),建立了新疆3种雅罗鱼的形态判别函数,将3种鱼的数据代入函数,得到高体雅罗鱼与贝加尔雅罗鱼之间相互判错的概率大,与准噶尔雅罗鱼之间判错的概率均较小;高体雅罗鱼与贝加尔雅罗鱼的个体判别准确率(P_1、P_2)均为80%以上,准噶尔雅罗鱼的个体判别准确率(P_1、P_2)达到95%以上;非交互验证综合判别率为91.2%,交互验证综合判别率为89.4%,两种综合判别率均高且接近,认为判别公式是可信的。新疆3种雅罗鱼被分为两支群体,彼此之间形态差异主要体现在头部和尾柄部,且能够用多元回归函数进行判别。     

Seasonal changes in pelagic fish biomass around the Chiswell Island Steller sea lion rookery in 2003

Fisheries acoustics surveys were conducted around the Chiswell Island rookery in the northern Gulf of Alaska at night in April and August 2003 to assess seasonal changes in prey available to Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) foraging around the rookery. Adult walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) ≥28 cm fork length was the dominant biomass in the upper 50 m of the water column in both months, increasing from 122.8 kg/nmi² in April to 457.9 kg/nmi² in August. A similar pattern was observed for Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), which averaged 2.8 and 65.6 kg/nmi² in April and August, respectively. Incidental trawl catch suggested the appearance of age-0 pollock and juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) around the rookery in August as well. The increased biomass of these key prey species is linked to increased foraging trip durations by lactating sea lions from Chiswell Island, and supports the general view that sea lions in the northern Gulf of Alaska are not food limited during summer months.     

基于线粒体COⅠ和Cytb基因序列的北太平洋柔鱼种群遗传结构研究

为准确掌握柔鱼的种群遗传结构,拟通过线粒体DNA的COI和Cytb基因序列分析方法对柔鱼不同产卵季节群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行研究。经PCR扩增与测序分别获得600 bp COI与481 bp Cytb基因序列。基于COI基因序列分析得到的单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数及平均核苷酸差异数分别为24、(0.729 ±0.033)、(0.005 70 ± 0.003 25)和3.421。基于Cytb基因序列分析得到的单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数及平均核苷酸差异数分别为28、(0.852 ± 0.016)、(0.006 45 ± 0.003 73)和3.101。分析认为, 北太平洋柔鱼2个产卵季节群体均具有较高的单倍型多样性指数和较低的核苷酸多样性指数。单倍型邻接树、两两群体间的F_st值以及AMOVA分析结果均表明, 北太平洋柔鱼2个产卵季节群体间的遗传差异不显著, 不存在显著的群体遗传结构。初步认为, 该海域因缺乏地理上的障碍, 加之北太平洋海流的作用以及柔鱼个体较强的游泳能力, 使得群体之间具有较强的基因流。     

Use of ongrownArtemia in nursery culturing of the tiger shrimp

Juvenile and adultArtemia produced in a semi flow-through culture system were used as food for postlarval shrimp. The growth performance of shrimp reared on such ongrownArtemia live prey is identical to the growth obtained when feeding newly hatchedArtemia. However, a significantly better stress resistance is obtained when the postlarvae are exposed to a low salinity in a stress test. Besides nutritional and energetic advantages, the use ofArtemia biomass for feeding postlarval shrimp also results in improved economics as expenses for cysts and weaning diets can be reduced.     

东太平洋公海茎柔鱼种群遗传结构初步研究

根据2009年7月到10月我国大型鱿钓渔船在东太平洋(81.9°～94.9°W,8.9°N～11.3°S)秘鲁和哥斯达黎加外海作业期间采集的样本,利用线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因的724 bp部分序列,分析了采自秘鲁7个采样点和哥斯达黎加3个采样点的155个个体的序列多样性与种群遗传结构.结果显示,724 bp片段中发现了16个变异位点,155个个体出现43个单倍型.序列多样性分析结果揭示,155个个体的平均单倍型多样性指数为0.873,核苷酸多样性指数为0.003 69.群体间共享6个单倍型,秘鲁外海茎柔鱼群体享有最多特有单倍型(20个).分子方差分析揭示,82.70％的遗传变异性出现在种群内；群体间的FST分析揭示部分秘鲁群体与哥斯达黎加群体,部分秘鲁群体间存在着显著的遗传分化；而哥斯达黎加群体内部不存在显著的遗传分化.     

抑食金球藻对翡翠贻贝抗氧化酶系统的影响

本研究以单种抑食金球藻及其与亚心形四爿藻的混合藻为实验组,以亚心形四爿藻为对照,探究抑食金球藻对翡翠贻贝超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的影响。结果显示,抑食金球藻显著影响翡翠贻贝的SOD活性、MDA和GSH含量,各实验组均表现出诱导升高与抑制降低交替出现的规律。单种高、中浓度的抑食金球藻在短期(3 h)内即可对翡翠贻贝的SOD活性产生影响,混合藻组中的SOD活性上升较慢,说明亚心形四爿藻可以延滞氧化还原系统的反应时间。各实验组翡翠贻贝GSH含量在2 d内均显著低于对照组,且混合藻组与单种抑食金球藻组相差不大,提示亚心形四爿藻对抗氧化还原损伤并未起到明显的缓解作用。     

Replacement of Artemia with Moina micrura in the rearing of freshwater shrimp larvae

The effect of an abrupt change in the live diet of shrimp larvae was investigated by replacing Artemia with Moina micrura. The control treatment consisted of feeding Artemia throughout the rearing period (regime A), while in the other treatments the onset of Moina feeding was arbitrarily chosen at larval stages iv (A3M), vi (A5M), viii (A7M) and x (A9M). No significant differences ( = 0.05) were observed among the treatments during larval production, mean stage development (MSD) and growth of postlarvae. The mean (SD) yields of postlarvae (PL) were 11.97 (1.98), 15.10 (2.92), 14.72(1.56), 13.51 (1.74) and 12.70 (1.40) PL l^–1 respectively for the feeding regimes A3M, A5M, A7M, A9M and A. Up to stage v, the ingestion rate in the Moina treatment was as low as 0.01–0.47 larva^–1 h^–1 compared with that in the Artemia treatment (0.29–1.77 larva^–1 h^–1). However, the ingestion of Moina increased from stage vi–vii onwards.