应用PCR方法检测患“黄水病”锯缘青蟹中的血卵涡鞭虫

"黄水病"是目前锯缘青蟹养殖过程中的主要疾病之一,病蟹主要症状表现为肌肉白浊,体液呈土黄色或浊白色牛奶状。因该病流行范围广、发病率和死亡率高,给青蟹养殖业主造成巨大经济损失,严重地影响了青蟹养殖的健康发展。本研究从病蟹体液中发现大量疑似血卵涡鞭虫的寄生原虫,应用已建立的梭子蟹血卵涡鞭虫病的PCR检测方法对患"黄水病"青蟹进行检测。结果从患病青蟹组织的DNA中扩增出产物大小为585bp的特异性目的片段,经序列分析比较,与三疣梭子蟹上发现的血卵涡鞭虫的序列同源,同源性达99.7%。综合病原流行病学调查、组织病理学、电镜观察等分析结果,初步确定血卵涡鞭虫是引起养殖青蟹"黄水病"的重要病原。     

海产蟹类血卵涡鞭虫间接荧光抗体快速检测技术

以寄生于三疣梭子蟹血淋巴中的血卵涡鞭虫虫体为抗原,制备了多克隆血清抗体.抗体经健康梭子蟹血淋巴吸附处理后,间接ELISA检测效价达7 680.应用该抗体建立了血卵涡鞭虫的间接荧光抗体检测技术(IFAT).采用常规显微镜检、PCR及IFAT 3种方法对采集的养殖青蟹、梭子蟹及海捕梭子蟹等18个样本进行了检测.检测结果显示:常规显微镜检阳性检出率为33.3%,而IFAT及PCR检测阳性率77.8%,符合率达100%;阳性虫体被染上黄绿色荧光,而正常梭子蟹血细胞则未被染色;可检测到血卵涡鞭虫不同生活阶段的营养体、腰鞭孢子及合孢体阶段.为血卵涡鞭虫的流行病学调查及生活史研究提供了简便实用的方法.     

贝类派琴虫PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

根据派琴虫的基因保守序列设计了特异性引物,对派琴虫的DNA进行PCR扩增并将产物克隆到pMD18-T载体后测序.结果表明,扩增大小为596bp,与预期扩增序列同源性为99.8%.该PCR方法检测灵敏度高,最低可检测1pg的派琴虫DNA;特异性强,对荧光假单胞菌、嗜水气单胞菌、大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、副溶血孤菌、沙门氏菌、诺瓦克样病毒等贝类病原体的扩增均为阴性.用该PCR技术对广西沿海的104份牡蛎、49份贻贝和20份文蛤病料进行检测,阳性率分别为14.6%、10.6%和15.0%.结果显示,派琴虫广泛存在于中国南方沿海的养殖贝类中,建立的PCR方法可用于贝类派琴虫的临床快速检测.     

海产蟹类血卵涡鞭虫病间接荧光抗体快速检测技术

以寄生于三疣梭子蟹血淋巴中的血卵涡鞭虫虫体为抗原，制备了多克隆血清抗体。抗体经健康梭子蟹血淋巴吸附处理后，间接ELISA检测效价达7680。应用该抗体建立了血卵涡鞭虫的间接荧光抗体检测技术(IFAT)。采用常用显微镜检、PCR及 IFAT三种方法对采集的养殖青蟹、梭子蟹、及海捕梭子蟹等18个样本进行了检测。检测结果显示：常规显微镜检阳性检出率为33.3%，而IFAT及PCR检测阳性率77.8%，符合率达100%；阳性虫体被染上黄绿色荧光，而正常梭子蟹血细胞则未被染色；可检测到血卵涡鞭虫不同生活阶段的营养体、腰鞭孢子及合孢体阶段。本文为血卵涡鞭虫的流行病学调查及生活史研究提供了简便实用的方法。     

血卵涡鞭虫单克隆抗体的制备与初步应用

用血卵涡鞭虫可溶性抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,经常规融合、间接ELISA方法筛选,将所得阳性克隆再经3次亚克隆后,共获得3株针对血卵涡鞭虫的单克隆抗体(2B₂、3G₄、4G₇),单克隆抗体亚类鉴定表明,三者为IgG类抗体。用筛选的杂交瘤细胞株制备小鼠腹水抗体,其细胞上清及腹水效价分别为5.12×10^-4和8.00×10^-4。进一步利用单克隆抗体建立间接荧光抗体方法对单抗特异性进行鉴定,阳性虫体被染上黄绿色荧光,而正常梭子蟹血淋巴则未被染色。用单克隆抗体和多克隆兔抗血清以羊抗鼠HRP-IgG为酶标抗体,建立了检测血卵涡鞭虫的双抗体夹心ELISA方法,该方法对血卵涡鞭虫阳性标本检测符合率为100%。结果表明,制备的单克隆抗体效价高、特异性好,可用于血卵涡鞭虫的早期临床诊断。     

Taura综合征病毒套式RT—PCR检测方法的建立及应用

Taura综合征病毒（TSV）是世界动物卫生组织（OIE）目录规定的水生动物二类疫病病原体。本研究在RT—PCR方法检测TSV行业标准的基础上，优化建立了能更准确检测TSV的套式RF—PCR。特异性和敏感性试验结果表明，该套式RT—PCR能对2个试验用TSV毒株的RNA进行扩增，并得到与预期大小一致的231bp的扩增产物，而其它2种对虾病原则无相同大小的特异性扩增产物出现；所建立的套式RT—PCR的灵敏度大约为常规RT—PCR的10。倍，最低可检测到10fg的TSVRNA。分别应用两种RT—PCR方法对180份分别来自广西沿海不同对虾养殖场的对虾临床样品进行检测，其中套式RT—PCR共有52份检出TSV，而常规RT—PCR仅有23份栓出TSV。表明所建立的套式RT—PCR提高了TSV的阳性检出率，较普通的常规RT—PCR有更大的应用价值和意义。     

血卵涡鞭虫的发生及流行研究进展

血卵涡鞭虫(Hematodinium)是一类危害海水甲壳类动物的致病性寄生甲藻，自1931年以来感染超过40多种甲壳类动物，导致了一些经济类甲壳动物的大量死亡。为有助于加强对血卵涡鞭虫的防控，从季节、环境、宿主类型和传播模式方面，总结了血卵涡鞭虫流行和发生的原因。     

迟钝爱德华菌环介导等温扩增检测方法研究

为了建立一套用于实验室及室外现场检测迟钝爱德华菌(Edwardsiella tarda, Et)的环介导等温扩增方法(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)，以迟钝爱德华菌的毒力基因fimA为靶基因设计特异性引物，以基因组DNA为模板，进行环介导恒温扩增，并对其特异性、灵敏性和临床检测进行了试验。结果显示，迟钝爱德华菌阳性样本反应呈现为荧光绿色，阴性样本不变色。该LAMP方法的最适反应温度为63℃；特异性试验表明仅迟钝爱德华菌样本发生反应，而杀鲑气单胞菌、嗜水气单胞菌、温气单胞菌和豚鼠气单胞菌均不发生反应；敏感性试验表明，该LAMP方法可检出浓度为2.16×10^-5mg/L的迟钝爱德华菌的核酸。     

嗜水气单胞菌与温和气单胞菌的LAMP检测方法的建立

利用环介导等温扩增技术（loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP）分别建立嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila,AH）与温和气单胞菌（A.sobria,AS）的快速检测方法。针对嗜水气单胞菌pilin基因、温和气单胞菌zipA基因设计特异性LAMP引物。在恒温条件下利用实时浊度仪对2组引物进行特异性和灵敏度试验,并以琼脂糖凝胶电泳和核酸染料颜色变化对扩增结果进行判定。结果显示,LAMP实时浊度法能够特异地检测嗜水气单胞菌和温和气单胞菌,最低检出限分别为46 fg·mL^-1和320 fg·mL^-1,是普通PCR方法的104倍和102倍;并能应用于已知临床样品检测。该研究建立的嗜水气单胞菌与温和气单胞菌LAMP快速检测方法具有高效、特异、灵敏的特点。     

凡纳滨对虾传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)可视化环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术方法的优化与应用

传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus, IHHNV)作为对虾疾病的主要病原之一,能够感染多种对虾,对幼虾危害尤其明显,虽然死亡率不高,但可以引起对虾生长缓慢,造成巨大的经济损失,严重影响对虾养殖业持续健康发展。本文根据IHHNV病毒基因的保守序列,采用Primer Explorer V4软件设计6条LAMP特异性引物组合,建立了一种以环介导等温核酸扩增技术(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)为基础的快速检测IHHNV的方法。对本研究的LAMP检测方法的敏感性和特异性进行分析,并将其灵敏度与实时荧光定量PCR、普通PCR检测方法进行比较。结果显示:LAMP检测方法在63℃恒温条件60 min内完成反应,阳性结果出现可视化的绿色,阴性结果颜色不发生变化;LAMP方法的最低检出限为10.3 copies/μL,灵敏度与荧光实时定量PCR相当,较常规PCR高。结果表明建立的LAMP方法适用于对虾IHHNV的现场快速检测。     

传染性鲑鱼贫血症病毒实时荧光环介导等温扩增检测方法的建立

根据ISAV的基因保守序列,利用LAMP Designer软件设计了6条引物,采用新型的环介导等温扩增设备进行扩增和检测,优化了反应条件,分析了所建立方法的特异性和灵敏度,并与RT-PCR和实时荧光RT-PCR进行比较。研究表明,该方法最适反应温度为64℃,反应10 min就可以观察到明显的扩增。该方法灵敏度高,检测限为78.4 fg RNA,比常规RT-PCR灵敏度高100倍,与实时荧光定量RT-PCR灵敏度相当;特异性好,与传染性胰腺坏死病毒(IPNV)、鲤春病毒血症病毒(SVCV)、出血性败血症病毒(VHSV)、鱼类病毒性神经坏死病病毒(VNNV)、鱼腹水病毒(YAV)等14种主要鱼类病毒没有交叉反应。结果表明,本研究建立了ISAV的实时荧光环介导等温扩增检测方法,实验能对整个扩增过程进行实时监测,提高检测灵敏度的同时,防止由于开盖跑电泳或加染料而导致的污染。     

Detection of koi herpesvirus in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., by loop-mediated isothermal amplification

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a novel method that amplifies DNA with high specificity and rapidity under isothermal conditions. In this study, using the LAMP method, a protocol for koi herpes virus (KHV) detection in common carp was designed. A set of four primers, two inner and two outer, were designed based on the sequence of the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of KHV. Time and temperature conditions for detection of KHV were optimized for 60 min at 65 degrees C. The detection limit using LAMP was found to be similar to that by polymerase chain reaction. In this study, we have developed a highly sensitive and rapid diagnostic procedure for detection of KHV infection in common carp.     

Rapid detection of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV), the pathogenic agents of white tail disease of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man), by loop-mediated isothermal amplification

A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) procedure is described for rapid diagnosis of white tail disease, a viral disease caused by Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV), in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. This method was more sensitive than conventional RT-PCR for detecting the two viruses. A set of four primers, two outer and two inner, were designed for MrNV detection. An additional pair of loop primers was also used in an accelerated LAMP reaction for detection of XSV. Time and temperature conditions were optimized for detection of the two viruses. The LAMP reaction is highly suited for disease diagnosis in developing countries as amplification of DNA can be detected without the use of agarose gel electrophoresis, by the production of whitish precipitate of magnesium pyrophosphate as a by-product.     

Development of Loop‐mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) for the Rapid Detection of Streptococcus agalactiae in Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

Streptococcus agalactiae is one of the major causative agents of tilapia streptococcosis, which has caused severe economic losses in aquaculture. Rapid and accurate detection of the pathogen is necessary to limit losses because of this disease. In this study, a loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for the detection of S. agalactiae. Firstly, a set of four primers was designed to target the cfb gene of S. agalactiae. Then, using Bst DNA polymerase, the LAMP assay was performed at 65 C for 60 min and terminated at 80 C for 10 min in a simple water bath. Positive or negative results could be observed by direct visual inspection. There were no cross reactions with other bacterial species, indicating high specificity of the LAMP assay. The sensitivity of the LAMP assay for detecting S. agalactiae was about 20 cells per reaction. Moreover, the developed closed‐tube step has greatly improved the LAMP system. The LAMP method was also applied to detect S. agalactiae in infected tilapia tissue, demonstrating usefulness in diagnostics. Overall, this study showed that the cfb‐based LAMP assay was an effective method to detect S. agalactiae rapidly.     

Rapid and sensitive detection of Vibrio harveyi by loop‐mediated isothermal amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick targeted to vhhP2 gene

Vibrio harveyi is a causative agent of the Vibriosis or luminescent bacterial disease in worldwide aquaculture industry. A reliable assay for identification of V. harveyi infection is important to prevent the bacterial spread. In this study, biotinylated loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) amplicons were produced by a set of four designed primers that recognized specifically the V. harveyi vhhP2 gene, encoding a putative outer membrane protein with unknown function, followed by hybridization with an fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labelled probe and lateral flow dipstick (LFD) detection. A novel set of PCR primer was also designed specifically to vhhP2 gene and appear to be a species‐specific tool for V. harveyi detection. The optimized time and temperature conditions for the LAMP assay were 90 min at 65°C. The LAMP‐LFD and PCR methods accurately identified 22 isolates of V. harveyi but did not detect 16 non‐harveyi Vibrio isolates, and 34 non‐Vibrio bacterial isolates. The sensitivity of LAMP‐LFD for V. harveyi detection in pure culture was 1.1 × 10² CFU mL^?1 or equivalent to 0.6 CFU per reaction, while that of PCR was 6 CFU per reaction. For spiked shrimp sample, the sensitivity of LAMP was 1.8 × 10³ CFU g^?1 or equivalent to 5 CFU per reaction, while that of PCR was 50 CFU per reaction. In conclusion, the established LAMP‐LFD methods provided a valuable tool for rapid identification of V. harveyi and can be used to distinguish V. harveyi from V. campbellii.     

Rapid visual detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 by recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick

Herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HVHN), caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV‐2), causes significant losses in crucian carp (Carassius carassius) aquaculture. Rapid and convenient DNA assay detection of CyHV‐2 is useful for field diagnosis. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a novel isothermal DNA amplification and detection technology that can amplify DNA within 30 min at ~37°C by simulating in vivo DNA recombination. Herein, a rapid and convenient detection assay based on RPA with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) was developed for detecting CyHV‐2. The highly conserved ORF72 of CyHV‐2 was targeted by specific and sensitive primers and probes. The optimized assay takes only 15 min at 38°C using a water bath, with analysis of products by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis within 30 min. A simple lateral flow strip based on the unique probe in reaction buffer was developed for visualization. The entire RPA‐LFD assay takes 50 min less than the routine PCR method, is 100 times more sensitive and displays no cross‐reaction with other aquatic viruses. The combined isothermal RPA and lateral flow assay (RPA‐LFD) provides a simple, rapid, reliable method that could improve field diagnosis of CyHV‐2 when resources are limited.