Survival of stocked hatchery-reared brown trout, Salmo trutta L., fry in relation to the carrying capacity of a trout nursery stream

Abstract. During the period June 1982-84 hatchery-reared brown trout, Salmo trutta L., fry were Stocked into stretches of the Owendoher. a trout nursery stream on the east coast of Ireland. These experiments were designed to examine the survival of stocked fry and to estimate the carrying capacity of the system. During the first year fry were stocked into sectors already supptorting wild fish at densities normal for the system. In the following year fry numbers were artificially reduced prior to stocking with the hatchery-reared fish. Mortality of the stocked fry was high after release with less than 33% of the fish surviving beyond the first 3 weeks. No stocked fish survived after October 1982. In the second year, however, 2-9% of the fish survived. The best survival rates were achieved where wild fry numbers were lowest. Regardless of the initial stocking density the various experiments yielded autumn fry densities (0.07-0.7 fish/m²) similar to those at unstocked sites (0.1-0.62 fish/m²).
Stocking did not increase recruitment to the 1+ group and again 1+ densities (0.15-0.35 fish/m²) similar to unstocked sites (0.07-0.39 fish/m²) were obtained at the end of each year. These results suggest that spawning and recruitment in the Owendoher yield population densities approaching the maximum carrying capacity of the stream. The system appears to support a maximum summer fry density in the region of 1 fish/m² and a maximum autumn density of 0.7 fish/m².     

Experimental studies on planting artificial stream channels with unfed and six weeks fed salmon (Salmo salar L.) and trout (S. trutta L.) fry/parr

Abstract– Experimental comparisons were made between release as unfed fry and release as six weeks fed parr, upon the growth and final population density of young salmon and trout over a ten week period. Salmon and trout released into experimental channels as unfed fry at densities of about 19 fish. m^-2 showed rapid reduction in numbers, chiefly by downstream dispersal, accompanied by negligible growth. After substantial reduction in numbers, there was a reduced rate of dispersal and rapid growth. Salmon and trout retained in a hatchery at high density (80 to 200 fish. m^-2) and fed for six weeks on proprietary food showed slow, but measurable, growth. After release into the channels these fish adjusted their numbers, mainly by downstream dispersal, and showed an increased growth rate. At the end of a ten week period, salmon introduced as fed parr had approximately twice the population density of salmon introduced as unfed fry. No similar difference in population density could be shown for trout. For both species, the fish introduced as fed parr had a lower mean weight after ten weeks than had the fish introduced as unfed fry.     

Habitat use of age 0 Alabama shad in the Pascagoula River drainage, USA

Mickle PF, Schaefer JF, Adams SB, Kreiser BR. Habitat use of age 0 Alabama shad in the Pascagoula River drainage, USA. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 107–115. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Abstract – Alabama shad ( Alosa alabamae ) is an anadromous species that spawns in Gulf of Mexico drainages and is a NOAA Fisheries Species of Concern. Habitat degradation and barriers to migration are considered contributing factors to range contraction that has left just the Pascagoula River drainage population in Mississippi. We studied juvenile life history and autecology in three rivers within the drainage. We collected fish, habitat and physicochemical data in three habitat types (sandbar, open channel and bank) from June to October 2004–2006. Sandbar habitat was favoured by smaller individuals early in the year. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) decreased through the summer as larger fish began occupying bank and open channel habitat. The most parsimonious model of abundance included year and river variables, while patterns of presence and absence were best explained by river, habitat type and physiochemical variables. While all three rivers in the drainage contained Alabama shad, fish were less abundant and had lower condition values in the Chickasawhay River. Earlier work suggested the Alabama shad may gradually move downstream towards the Gulf of Mexico in their first year. However, we found no evidence of this and captured large fish high in the drainage late in the year.     

Otolith chemistry indicates walleye movement and entrainment in a large serial reservoir system

Understanding fish movement in impounded river systems is important for fisheries management. Otolith chemistry was used to examine walleye Sander vitreus (Mitchill) intra‐ and inter‐reservoir movement in four Missouri River impoundments. Age‐0 individuals were reclassified with 75%–93% accuracy to known natal sites, allowing for reliable evaluation of movement patterns of age‐1 and older fish. Nearly half of walleye occupied the same location annually (i.e. site residency) between 2009 and 2010. In 2011, during the largest flood on record since 1898, downstream movement (49% of age‐1 and older fish) exceeded upstream movement (7%) and site residency (33%) across the study area. After the flood, most walleye moved downstream within reservoirs (45%) or were site residents (37%). Entrainment occurred most frequently during the flood year and was proportionally greatest in downstream reservoirs. Otolith chemistry is useful for understanding walleye movement and entrainment and is a tool for fisheries management with applications such as informing reservoir water releases, harvest regulations and habitat protection and rehabilitation within and outside the Missouri River reservoir system.     

Efficiency of Electric Fishing for Salmonids in Relation to River Width

The efficiency of electric fishing for salmonids was found to decrease with increasing river width. The results demonstrated that mean efficiencies in excess of 50% could be obtained using two anodes up to a river width of about 6.5 m and using three anodes up to a river width of about 11 m. Yearling and older fish were captured more efficiently than fry at equivalent river widths and this was discussed in relation to differences in their behaviour.     

Spatial organisation of fish assemblages in the Chishui River,the last free‐flowing tributary of the upper Yangtze River,China

The Chishui River is the last free‐flowing tributary of the upper Yangtze River, China, which has an important role in fish conservation. This study aimed to explore the spatial organisation of fish assemblages in this river. Field sampling was conducted biannually between 2015 and 2017 at 41 sites from its headwater and downstream. One hundred and twenty‐two fish species were captured, including 34 endemic, 15 threatened and six exotic species. Fish assemblages varied significantly along the longitudinal gradient. Based on cluster and ordination analyses, 41 sampling sites could be divided into five site‐groups, corresponding to the headwater, upstream, midstream, downstream and the Xishui‐branch, respectively. The splitting of fish assemblages was consistent with the geographical divisions. However, fish species changed gradually along the longitudinal gradient rather than abruptly, which was consistent with the River Continuum Concept (RCC). In the headwaters and upstream, fish assemblages were mainly dominated by cold‐water and rheophilic species, while in the lower stretches, fish assemblages were dominated by warm‐water and limnophilic species. According to null models, fish assemblages were significantly nonrandomly structured at the basin scale, but randomly structured at the regional scale. This study is an important step in understanding the assembly rules of fish assemblages in this free‐flowing river and provides useful information for future fish conservation and ecological restoration.     

Modulations of lipid metabolism and development of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry in response to egg-to-fry rearing conditions

In stocking program, the use of artificial incubation conditions in hatcheries from the fertilisation of eggs to the release of unfed fry could reduce their ability to adapt to the natural environment. This study evaluates the effects of three factors on the fitness and physiology of salmon fry at their emergence, the origin of water (river vs drilling), the type of support in the incubator (support matrix vs plastic sheets) and the type of incubators (Californian vs vertical trays), and compares them to a semi-natural incubation method in river. Key biological functions including nutritional and immune status were compared among experimental conditions using biometric parameters, lipid composition and gene expression analyses. Our findings demonstrated that fry incubated in vertical trays supplied with river water had no significant difference in growth and lipid composition compared to those in semi-natural incubators. Besides, fry incubated on a substrate matrix in Californian trays exhibited phenotypic characteristics closest to those incubated in river. This support matrix improved fish growth, lipid consumption and distribution compared to fry on plastic sheets. Moreover, the large amounts of several PUFAs in these fry could allow a better membrane fluidity ensuring a better adaptation to temperature variation under cold conditions. In addition, drilling water improved the survival rate compared to river water due to lower numbers of fine particles, known to be responsible for the clogging of eggs. To conclude, using a substrate combined with drilling water in artificial incubators could increase fry fitness and its adaption to wild life.

     

A 'Before and After' Study of the Effects of Land Drainage Works on Fish Stocks in the Upper Reaches of a Lowland River

Fish stocks at a site in the upstream reaches of the River Soar, a lowland river in Leicestershire, showed a marked alteration following river channel works associated with a land drainage improvement scheme. The density and standing crop of all ‘large-sized’ fish species present showed reductions of 15–100% between a 6-month pre-drainage period and a 3-month post-drainage period. The density and standing crop of the total population were reduced from means of 0.160 fish m^?2 and 39.0 g m^?2 during the pre-drainage period to means of 0.048 fish m^?2 and 9.6 g m^?2 during the post-drainage period, reductions of 70% and 76%, respectively. It is suggested that modifications to physical features of fish habitat, particularly the elimination of in stream cover, were largely responsible for the decreased fish abundance.     

Diet of blue cod,Parapercis colias,living on undisturbed biogenic reefs and on seabed modified by oyster dredging in Foveaux Strait,New Zealand

• 1. Little has been done to assess the potential impact of habitat modification by bottom fishing gear on the feeding habits of demersal fishes. An analysis is presented of the diet of blue cod in Foveaux Strait, southern New Zealand, based on the gut content of fish taken in winter 1999 from two sites where each site consisted of both undisturbed biogenic reefs and reefs modified by oyster dredging.
• 2. Of the 420 guts collected, 13% were empty. The overall mean wet weight of gut content was <4 g. No significant habitat or site effects were detected for the proportion of empty guts or the amount of food consumed.
• 3. A pattern was detected that blue cod on dredged habitats generally fed on more crustaceans than those on undistributed habitats. Blue cod from undisturbed habitat also displayed a more diverse diet than those taken from dredged habitat. These results suggest that long‐term disturbance of seabed habitat by the oyster fishery in Foveaux Strait has caused changes to the diet of blue cod. The findings also suggest that actions should be taken to protect the biogenic reefs from further damage if the blue cod fishery and related resources are to be effectively managed.
• 4. Changes in prey diversity with increasing fish size were also found, with prey diversity (Shannon–Wiener index) increasing from 0.83 to 1.35 over a range of fish size from <25 cm to larger than 34 cm. A total of 52 prey taxa were identified in the diet of blue cod. Crustaceans were the main component, followed by mollusca and polychaeta. Fish, echinodermata and ‘other’ were less important in the diet.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Density of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr after point and scatter stocking of fry

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and brown trout, Salmo trutta L., fry were point and scatter stocked in the early part of June at densities of 63–263 fry 100 m⁻² per species in the River Viantienjoki, a small river in northern Finland, and their population densities were assessed in late summer. Both species were always stocked together in similar quantities. Point stocking was used in the first 2 years and scatter stocking in the following 2 years. In point stocking, there was no correlation between the distance from the stocking sites (maximum = 250 m) and parr density in census sites ( r = −0.013 and 0.019 for brown trout and Atlantic salmon, respectively). The stocking density of fry did not influence parr density in August by either method or by species. Stocking density explained only from 11% to 23% of the parr survival depending on the species or stocking method. The mean densities of Atlantic salmon and brown trout parr did not differ significantly from each other at any fishing site ( P > 0.05). Both point and scatter stocking appear to be suitable methods for use in small rivers. The parr densities depend more on the other factors (e.g. habitat quality) than the stocking method, and the choice between methods could be based on the time and labour available.     

Fish community responses to stream flow alterations and habitat modifications by small hydropower projects in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot,India

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Effects of culture density and live prey on growth and survival of juvenile cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis

The effects of culture density on growth and survival of juvenile cuttlefish were tested. Groups of 1, 3 and 5 hatchlings were placed in small containers with bottom surface of 80 cm², obtaining individual densities of 125, 375 and 625 cuttlefish m^–2, respectively. Additionally, groups of 5 hatchlings were placed in containers with 2 different bottom areas (80 and 240 cm²), providing culture densities of 625 and 42 cuttlefish m^–2, respectively. A total of 120 hatchlings were used and experiments lasted for 40 days. No differences were found in growth between any of the densities tested throughout the experiment until 35 days old. After this, cuttlefish placed in isolation grew significantly larger. A second experiment was conducted in a flow through system, using two rectangular tanks with bottom surface of 0.5 m². Two groups of 25 cuttlefish hatchlings were used in this experiment, which lasted for 40 days. Both groups were fed live juvenile shrimp (Crangon crangon) during the first 5 days. Afterwards, one group was fed live fish fry of different species, while the other continued to be fed shrimp. After day 10 and until the end of the experiment, hatchlings fed shrimp grew significantly larger than those fed fish fry. Survival of hatchlings fed shrimp or fish fry after 40 days was of 100% and 68%, respectively. Total protein content of both prey types was similar. Therefore, the higher polar lipid content, especially due to the higher phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine levels observed in the shrimp, compared to fish fry could possibly be one of the major factor to explain the significantly higher growth rates for S. officinalis juveniles fed shrimp. Also, the percentage of polar lipids in the shrimp (47.4%) was closer to the one of juvenile cuttlefish (38.1%) than the composition of polar lipids in fish fry (10.4%). This could also be an important factor to explain the poor growth and survival obtained when feeding fish fry to the cuttlefish.     

The relationship between migration speed and release date for chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta fry exiting a 110-km northern Japanese river

The relationship between release date and migration speed was examined for hatchery chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta fry exiting the Nishibetsu River in eastern Hokkaido, northern Japan so that future releases might be scheduled so that fry arrive at the ocean during periods favoring high survival. Separate marked groups of chum salmon released in early April, mid-April, and early May in 2008, late March and mid-April in 2009, and mid-April in 2010 were recaptured with a rotary screw trap 12 km above the river mouth. Chum salmon in later release groups tended to migrate downstream faster than fish in earlier release groups. Those released after mid-April arrived in the lower river on average 9 days after release, while those released before mid-April arrived on average 26–28 days after release. Most marked fish arrived in the lower river during late April to mid-May. These results suggest that chum salmon are adapted to adjust their migratory speed so as to arrive at the ocean during a relatively discrete period, presumably during a time of high productivity favoring good survival.     

Longitudinal distribution of uncommon fishes in a species‐rich basin

1. The spatial organization of fishes in a river system was investigated to evaluate the longitudinal distribution of uncommon species. It was anticipated that overall richness of the fish community would increase in a downstream direction together with habitat extent, but that more uncommon species would occur upstream owing to greater heterogeneity among sites.
2. Fish were collected between 1995 and 2014 at 85 sites distributed throughout the Duck River Basin, Tennessee, USA. A site usually consisted of four habitat types: riffles, runs, pools and shoreline. Each habitat type was sampled with a multipass electrofishing protocol.
3. In all, 136 native fish species were collected. Of these, 71% were classified as uncommon but represented only 16% of the total count of fish collected. As expected, overall species richness increased downstream, but contrary to expectation, uncommon species did too. Some uncommon species were restricted exclusively to tributaries and headwaters, some to tributaries and mainstem, many to mainstem only, but the largest fraction of uncommon species occurred throughout the basin, but even this last group increased in richness downstream.
4. Conservation often focuses on uncommon species. This study suggests that a greater number of uncommon species can be conserved with an emphasis on large downstream reaches, which not only include more aquatic habitat to support larger concentrations of fish, but also shelter the uncommon species that tend to require the most protection.

     

葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场卵苗输移过程的数值模拟

基于水动力学计算的基本原理,采用三维水动力模型及粒子跟踪技术,模拟了中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)卵苗输移过程。将目前葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场区域划分为9个子区域,将粒子赋予中华鲟卵粒特征,反演了中华鲟2009年自然繁殖卵苗沿河道输移路线和扩散过程。在划分的9个区域中,区域1、2、5为极有可能的产卵位置。模拟得到的产卵位置、卵输移路径及输移时间与实际监测情况基本一致。模拟结果显示,卵苗输移受天然河道地形和水流流场变化的影响较大。     

Artificial daily fluctuations of river discharge affect the larval drift and survival of a tropical amphidromous goby

Amphidromous fish species reproduce in rivers, and their larvae immediately drift to the sea after hatching. Most of these larvae survive in freshwater for a few days only, rapidly reaching sea water is thus essential. Being of small size, especially among species of the Sicydiinae subfamily, the larvae possess poor swimming abilities; their drift dynamics is considered to be mainly passive and influenced by flow conditions. The influence of daily fluctuations in flow regime on Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Sicydiinae) larval drift patterns was studied using drift nets at three sites along the dammed Langevin River in Reunion Island. The river flow was stable at the upstream site when frequent anthropogenic river flow fluctuations were observed at the two sites downstream to the dam. Weak diel larval drift dynamics were detected at the upstream site and the first site under anthropogenic river flow conditions. In contrast, larval drift dynamics at the most downstream site was strongly influenced by anthropogenic daily fluctuations of discharge: the abundance of drifting larvae increased with peaks of discharge, regardless of the time. As higher mortality rates of drifting larvae were observed during discharge peaks, the benefit of a more rapid travel to the ocean associated with these peaks should be lower than expected. It is concluded that peaks of discharge increase the number of larvae drifting to the sea probably due to higher physical constraints on the egg clutches, but also decrease the chance of survival for larvae that may be nonfully developed.     

水电站影响下太湖西苕溪鱼类产卵生境及其早期资源与环境因子的关系

水利设施运行影响下的鱼类早期资源发生规律被逐渐关注, 坝下区域也成为鱼类产卵生境的关注热点。西苕溪作为太湖上游的重要补充支流, 是太湖流域鱼类完成生活史过程的重要载体。为解析电站影响下的坝下河流生境变量与鱼类早期资源的内在联系, 本研究于 2022 年 4—7 月在西苕溪江东电站坝下的东山段开展了持续 90 d 的鱼类早期资源调查以及时空格局研究。结果显示, 该区域鱼卵日平均密度为(0.5±0.7) ind/m³, 仔鱼日平均密度为 (0.5±0.6) ind/m³。运用形态学结合分子生物学方法进行种类鉴定, 共鉴定鱼类 35 种, 隶属 4 目 14 科 22 属, 其中产沉性卵鱼类 9 种, 产浮性卵 5 种, 产黏性卵 9 种, 产漂流性卵 12 种。5 月下旬、6 月上旬和 6 月下旬为产卵高峰期。 左右岸样线以沉性卵和以水生植物为黏附基质的产黏性卵鱼类为主, 河心样线则以产漂流性卵、产黏性卵和浮性卵鱼类为主。该区域鱼类卵苗数量受水温、流速、水位影响较大, 水位、流速是影响鱼类繁殖的主要因子, 电站调度对卵苗量有显著影响。基于卵苗收获量、卵苗发育时期等结果, 判定该采样区域——西苕溪江东电站坝下东山段为适宜多种鱼类繁殖的复合型产卵场, 对太湖流域鱼类多样性和渔业资源保护具有重要意义。     

Nursery rearing of the Asian catfish, Clarias macrocephalus (Günther), at different stocking densities in cages suspended in tanks and ponds

Growth and survival of hatchery‐bred Asian catfish, Clarias macrocephalus (Günther), fry reared at different stocking densities in net cages suspended in tanks and ponds were measured. The stocking densities used were 285, 571 and 1143 fry m^?3 in tanks and 114, 228 and 457 fry m^?3 in ponds. Fish were fed a formulated diet throughout the 28‐day rearing period. Generally, fish reared in cages in ponds grew faster, with a specific growth rate (SGR) range of 10.3–14.6% day^?1, than those in cages suspended in tanks (SGR range 9–11.3% day^?1). This could be attributed to the presence of natural zooplankton (copepods and cladocerans) in the pond throughout the culture period, which served as additional food sources for catfish juveniles. In both scenarios, the fish reared at lower densities had significantly higher SGR than fish reared at higher densities. In the pond, the SGR of fish held at 228 and 457 m^?3 were similar to each other but were significantly lower than those of fish held at 114 m^?3. The zooplankton in ponds consisted mostly of copepods and cladocerans, in contrast to tanks, in which rotifers were more predominant. Per cent survival ranged from 85% to 89% in tanks and from 78% to 87% in ponds and did not differ significantly among stocking densities and between rearing systems. In conclusion, catfish nursery in cages suspended in tanks and ponds is density dependent. Catfish fry reared at 285 m^?3 in tanks and at 114 m^?3 in ponds had significantly faster growth rates than fish reared at higher densities. However, the desired fingerling size of 3–4 cm total length for stocking in grow‐out culture can still be attained at stocking densities of 457 m^?3 in nursery pond and 571 m^?3 in tanks.     

Effects of small dam condition and drainage on stream fish community structure

Low‐head dams are ubiquitous in eastern North America, and small dam removal projects seek to improve habitat conditions for resident and migratory fishes. Effects of small dams of varying status on local fish communities are poorly documented, and recent work suggests benefits of maintaining fragmentation. We sampled fish at 25 dams (9 breached, 7 relict, 9 intact) in three river basins in North Carolina, USA. Fishes were sampled at three reaches/dam from 2010 to 2011. Study reaches were located upstream (free‐flowing reaches), downstream (tailrace) and >500 m downstream of dams (n = 75 reaches). Analyses revealed significantly elevated fish CPUE, taxa richness and percentage intolerant taxa in intact dam tailraces suggesting small dams may improve conditions for resident taxa. Breached dam tailrace reaches exhibited lower fish CPUE, taxa richness and percentage intolerant taxa relative to upstream reference reaches. Relict dams exhibited no between‐reach differences in fish community metrics. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed drainage‐specific stream fish responses across study drainages. Tar and Roanoke drainage streams with intact and relict dams supported fish assemblages indicative of natural communities, whereas Neuse Drainage streams with intact and breached dams contained disturbed habitats and communities. These data demonstrate fish community responses to dam condition are drainage specific but communities in streams with intact and relict dams are largely similar. Additionally, breached dams may warrant higher removal priorities than intact dams because they negatively influence fish communities. The variability in response to some dams indicates managers, regardless of region or country, should consider holistic approaches to dam removals on a case‐by‐case basis.     

The movement pattern and density distribution of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., in a channelized lowland river

Abstract. The movement pattern and the abundance of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., were studied in the Kleine Nete, a eutrophic, canalized lowland river in north Belgium. Since the behaviour of perch is strongly affected by habitat type, two kinds of river section were chosen, based on physical characteristics: homogeneous sections with regard to depth, bottom type and current speed; and heterogeneous sections with a riffle and pool pattern. The fish were caught by electrofishing and all perch larger than 10 cm were marked individually. The population densities were much higher in the heterogeneous parts. In these sections about 30% of marked perch stayed within a home range, while in the homogeneous sections all were mobile. The older individuals showed a stronger tendency to accept a home range than the 1- or 2-year-old perch. This difference may be explained by different behaviour: young perch live in small schools, while older perch are often solitary. The low densities and the high mobility of perch in the homogeneous river sections indicate that these parts of the river are not a suitable habitat for perch. Habitat improvement of the homogeneous sections wilt probably result in higher overall population densities.