上覆水类型及流速对养殖池塘底泥耗氧速率的影响

为了探究上覆水类型及流速对养殖池塘底泥耗氧速率(SOD)的影响,在实验室进行6组水池平行实验,实验期为2 d,采用6个装置相同的玻璃缸进行对照实验,分别选取自来水和池塘原水作为上覆水体,在实验过程中利用水泵对上覆水进行循环流动,调节水泵循环流量以得到不同的上覆水流速,并采用2台溶氧仪测定不同实验条件下的上覆水水温和DO浓度,记录每次测量的对应时间点,测量间隔约为30 min。结果表明,当上覆水体为自来水和池塘原水时,在不同的循环流速下,SOD的范围为0.042~0.426 g/(m~2·d)。实验第2天各水池的SOD值较第1天均有一定下降,说明SOD随着水体中DO降低也相应减小,表明SOD与DO浓度有显著相关性。当上覆水处于静止状态时,其类型对SOD值有较大的影响,池塘原水在第1天和第2天的SOD值分别为0.426 g/(m~2·d)和0.297 g/(m~2·d),而自来水在第1天和第2天的SOD值均为0.258 g/(m~2·d),与上覆水体为自来水相比,有机物质含量高的池塘原水在第1天和第2天的SOD值分别高出65.12%和15.12%;当上覆水处于流动状态时,池塘原水的SOD为0.042~0.237 g/(m~2·d),自来水的SOD为0.045~0.252 g/(m~2·d),增幅仅为5.9%~15.0%,表明在此条件下上覆水体类型对实验水池的SOD值影响不显著。SOD与上覆水流速存在一定的相关性,对应最小的SOD值有一个流速较低值。     

似鲇高原鳅幼鱼耗氧率和窒息点的初步研究

本文采用封闭流水式装置测溶氧的方法对似鲇高原鳅[Triplophysa siluorides(Herzenstenin)]幼鱼的耗氧率和窒息点进行了初步研究。结果表明:水温在9℃、13℃、17℃、21℃条件下,似鲇高原鳅耗氧率分别为0.224 mg/(g·h)、0.290 mg/(g·h)、0.264 mg/(g·h)、0.231 mg/(g·h)。跟据试验结果推测温度13℃为似鲇高原鳅最适生长温度。耗氧率昼夜变化显示,20:00时耗氧率最高为0.386 mg/(g·h),8:00时耗氧率最低为0.164mg/(g·h),窒息点为1.22 mg/L。     

温度对斑点叉尾[鱼回]幼鱼耗氧率和氨氮排泄率的影响

采用封闭流水式装置,研究斑点叉尾[鱼回]幼鱼(Ictalurus Punctatus)(约9~11 g)在不同温度条件下(18,22和26℃)的耗氧率和氨氮排泄率变化情况。结果表明,在18,22和26℃时斑点叉尾[鱼回]幼鱼的耗氧率分别为(171.66±33)mg/(kg·h),(97.22±26)mg/(kg·h)和(171.83±44)mg/(kg·h),26℃处理组的耗氧率最高,与22℃处理组具显著差异(P<0.05);氨氮排泄率也表现出随水温的升高而升高的趋势,18,22和26℃时其氨氮排泄率分别为(0.40±0.01)mg/(g·h),(0.44±0.01)mg/(g·h)和(0.58±0.01)mg/(g·h)。在22~26℃,斑点叉尾[鱼回]幼鱼的耗氧率和氨氮排泄率均随温度升高而升高。     

普安鲫鱼鱼苗耗氧率的初步研究

利用简易密闭的流水装置,对普安鲫(Carassius auratus)鱼苗的耗氧率进行了初步研究;选择体重为1.40～2.50 g的小规格及21.20～33.31 g大规格普安鲫鱼苗,研究其昼夜耗氧率的变化规律以及水温、体重对其耗氧率的影响。结果表明,温度对普安鲫鱼苗耗氧率有显著影响,耗氧率随温度的增加而升高,随体重的增加而降低。2种规格普安鲫鱼苗的昼夜耗氧率变化曲线基本一致,日均(7∶00～17∶00)耗氧率0.1700 mg/(g.h)与夜均(19∶00～5∶00)耗氧率0.1721 mg/(g.h)相似;其中,小规格普安鲫在23∶00出现耗氧率低峰0.1253 mg/(g.h),5∶00出现耗氧率高峰0.2647 mg/(g.h);大规格普安鲫在21∶00出现耗氧率低峰0.0909 mg/(g.h),7∶00出现耗氧率高峰0.2375 mg/(g.h)。     

插片育珠对三角帆蚌耗氧率的影响

采用流水法现场比较研究了不同季节(夏季和秋季)育珠和未育珠三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cummingii)的耗氧率。所用三角帆蚌为养殖在同一个池塘中的同一批的3龄蚌。夏季和秋季实验所用的育珠蚌插片后的养殖时间分别为83 d和128 d。实验结果表明,夏季育珠蚌(蚌重137.6 g±14.4 g)的耗氧率为(769±267)mg/(kg·h),显著低于未育珠蚌(蚌重100.3±15.0 g)的耗氧率[(1 146±265)mg/(kg·h)]。秋季育珠蚌(蚌重144.2 g±16.2 g)的耗氧率[(632±191)mg/(kg·h)]与未育珠蚌(蚌重134.4±17.9 g)的耗氧率[(601±137)mg/(kg·h)]相比无显著差异。无论夏季或秋季,育珠蚌和未育珠蚌耗氧率在夜间均高于白天。在夏季将育珠蚌和未育珠蚌连续饥饿3 d后其耗氧率均显著下降;而在秋季连续饥饿3 d后育珠蚌和未育珠蚌耗氧率变化相对较小。本实验结果证实插片育珠可影响三角帆蚌耗氧率,但不会改变三角帆蚌耗氧率的昼夜节律;插片育珠对三角帆蚌耗氧率的影响程度因养殖季节而异。     

海水养殖池塘溶氧平衡的实验研究↑（*）

采用围隔实验法,研究了施肥养殖台湾红罗非鱼（Ｏｒｅｏｃｈｒｏｍｉｓｍｏｓａｍｂｉｃｕｓ×Ｏ．ｎｉｌｏｔｉｃｕｓ）和投饵养殖中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）的海水池塘中溶氧的昼夜平衡。测定了浮游植物光合作用产氧量、水柱呼吸耗氧量和底泥呼吸耗氧量;用估测模型计算鱼、虾呼吸耗氧量及用差减法估计大气扩散作用引起的得氧或失氧。结果表明：在海水池塘溶氧的收入中,浮游植物光合作用产氧占９０％以上,大气扩散溶入低于１０％;在海水池塘溶氧的支出中,水呼吸耗率约占６２．４８％,鱼、虾呼吸耗氧约占１８．１８％,底泥呼吸耗氧约占１９．３５％。且施肥鱼池和投饵虾池的溶氧平衡状况不同     

温度、盐度交互作用对凡纳滨对虾耗氧和氨氮、磷排泄的影响

以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)成虾为研究对象,设计了4个盐度梯度和4个温度梯度,采用正交试验,研究了温度、盐度及其交互作用对凡纳滨对虾耗氧率和氨氮、磷排泄率的影响.凡纳滨对虾在温度和盐度交互作用下耗氧率为0.266～0.582 mg/(g·h),平均为0.419 mg/(g·h);磷排泄率为0.935～2.279 μg/(g·h),平均为1.532 μg/(g·h);氨氮排泄率为1.222～2.656 μg/(g·h),平均为1.854 μg/(g·h).统计分析显示,温度和盐度对耗氧率和氨氮、磷排泄率都有极为显著的影响(P＜0.01),且两者之间交互作用极其显著(P＜0.01).     

温度对黄带拟鲹耗氧率、排氨率及窒息点的影响

利用实验生态学方法研究了不同温度(17、21、25℃)对黄带拟鲹Pseudocaranx dentex(389.34 g±49.70 g)耗氧率、排氨率及窒息点的影响。结果显示:17℃组耗氧率为(0.26±0.01)mg/(g·h),排氨率为(3.12±0.25)μg/(g·h),窒息点为(0.85±0.13)mg/L;21℃组耗氧率为(0.37±0.02)mg/(g·h),排氨率为(3.99±0.18)μg/(g·h),窒息点为(0.93±0.08)mg/L;25℃组耗氧率为(0.52±0.03)mg/(g·h),排氨率为(5.23±0.21)μg/(g·h),窒息点为(1.24±0.10)mg/L。黄带拟鲹的耗氧率、排氨率及窒息点均随温度的升高而升高,且温度对耗氧率和排氨率有显著影响(P0.05)。同时,O/N比值在81.62～105.38,表明试验水温条件下黄带拟鲹的主要供能物质为脂肪和碳水化合物。     

温度对马口鱼幼鱼耗氧率、窒息点及抗氧化能力的影响

为探讨不同养殖环境下2种规格的马口鱼幼鱼的耗氧率、窒息点和抗氧化指标，测定20、24、28℃3个温度梯度下2种规格马口鱼幼鱼的耗氧率、窒息点，以及正常溶解氧与低氧环境下的抗氧化指标。试验结果显示：马口鱼幼鱼的耗氧率和窒息点随温度升高呈先升后降趋势，小规格(1.22±0.31) g幼鱼20℃水温时的耗氧率和窒息点分别为(0.185±0.057) mg/(g·h)和(1.149±0.110) mg/L,显著低于24℃和28℃时的耗氧率和窒息点(P<0.05),24℃时(1.22±0.31) g幼鱼的窒息点显著高于28℃时的窒息点(P<0.05),但耗氧率无显著差异(P>0.05);大规格(4.91±0.55) g幼鱼在3个温度梯度下的耗氧率表现为24℃>28℃>20℃,而窒息点为28℃>24℃>20℃;水温28℃条件下，2种规格幼鱼耗氧率差异不显著(P>0.05);低氧胁迫下，马口鱼幼鱼肝脏组织的超氧化物歧化酶活性、丙二醛含量和总抗氧化能力显著升高(P<0.05),(4.91±0.55) g马口鱼幼鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力...     

溶氧水平对黄颡鱼稚鱼摄食、生长及呼吸代谢的影响

在(28±0.5)℃循环水环境中设置4种溶氧水平,分别为2.92 mg/L(G1组)、4.71 mg/L(G2组)、6.77 mg/L(G3组)、9.68 mg/L(G4组),研究初始体重为(1.62±0.02)g的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidracoR.)稚鱼的生长、摄食及呼吸代谢规律。结果显示:G3组特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FE)均显著高于其它各试验组(P<0.05)。试验鱼的耗氧率、排氨率与溶氧水平无正相关性,G3组的耗氧率、排氨率始终显著高于其它三组。第6周测定发现:摄食后1~4 h内耗氧率和排氨率均呈现迅速上升,到达最大值后再缓慢下降,二者均在09∶00和21∶00出现高峰,G3组的耗氧率高峰值分别为0.345、0.331 mg/g.h,G3组的排氨率高峰值分别为24.194、17.770μg/g.h。结果表明:不同溶氧条件下,黄颡鱼稚鱼的耗氧率、排氨率变化过程具有类似的特征,二者在能量代谢机制上相互关联;在6.77 mg/L的溶氧水平下,黄颡鱼稚鱼生长最快、呼吸代谢最为旺盛。     

Factors Affecting Sediment Oxygen Demand in Commercial Channel Catfish Ponds

Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) measured in 45 commercial channel catfish ponds in northwest Mississippi using in situ respirometry ( N = 167) ranged from 63 to 1,038 mg/m² per h. Mean SOD in this study (359 mg/m² per h) was greater than that reported previously for catfish ponds but was similar to SOD in semi-intensive marine shrimp ponds. Nine variables were selected and measured to assess their relative importance in accounting for variation in SOD. Six variables were included in multiple regression models that explained slightly more than half of the variation in SOD. These variables were: dissolved oxygen concentration at the beginning of respirometry incubation:, particulate organic matter concentration in water above the sediment surface: organic carbon concentration at the immediate sediment-water interface (flocculent or F-layer) combined with the upper 2 cm of sediment (S-layer); organic carbon concentration in the mature (M) underlying sediment layer: water temperature: and total depth of accumulated sediment. Sediment oxygen demand was most sensitive to changes in dissolved oxygen concentration in the overlying water, particulate organic matter concentration in the water, and the concentration of organic carbon in the combined flocculent and upper sediment (F+S) layer. Models for SOD in this research predict that the mass of sediment below the upper 2-cm surface layer on average contributes only ∼20% of total SOD. Stratification and normal daily fluctuation of dissolved oxygen concentration in eutrophic culture ponds likely limit expression of sediment oxygen demand. Maintaining aerobic conditions at the sediment-water interface will minimize accumulation of organic matter in pond sediment.     

多棘海盘车对四种贝类摄食率和选择性的初步研究

在水温为22～24℃,盐度29.6,溶解氧6.9 mg/L,pH 8.01的条件下,研究了多棘海盘车(Asterias amurensis)对4种贝类栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)、贻贝(Mytilus edulis)、东方缝栖蛤(Hiatella orientalis)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)的摄食与食物选择性,以期了解多棘海盘车摄食生理生态学特性。结果表明:当只有一种贝类作为饵料时,多棘海盘车对不同贝类的摄食率差异极显著(P<0.01)。其中,对东方缝栖蛤的摄食率最大,为0.005 7～0.008 0 g干重/(h.只)(壳长为7～20 mm),其次是贻贝为0.003 5～0.004 9 g干重/(h.只)(壳长为10～21 mm),对栉孔扇贝的摄食率最小,为0.001 4～0.002 8 g干重/(h.只)(壳长为14～31 mm)。同时,多棘海盘车的摄食率还表现出一定的昼夜差异,夜间的摄食率大于白天,但差异并不显著(P>0.05)。当4种贝类同时作为饵料存在时,多棘海盘车对东方缝栖蛤的摄食率最大,为0.003 0 g干重/(h.只),其次是贻贝为0.001 7 g干重/(h.只),以摄食率评价摄食选择,多棘海盘车对于该4种贝类具有明显的选择性(P<0.05),其摄食选择性的顺序为:东方缝栖蛤,贻贝,菲律宾蛤仔,栉孔扇贝。     

温度对不同规格珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(棕点石斑鱼♀×鞍带石斑鱼♂)呼吸和排泄的影响

应用实验生态学方法,研究了不同水温(15.8℃、21.0℃、26.6℃、30.9℃、36.5℃)对小[(28.1?1.1)g]、中[(278.9?20.1)g]、大[(575.8?37.4)g]3种规格的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(棕点石斑鱼♀×鞍带石斑鱼♂)(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂)呼吸和排泄的影响。实验结果表明,温度和规格对珍珠龙胆耗氧率和排氨率的影响均达到显著水平(P0.05);小、中、大3种规格珍珠龙胆耗氧率和排氨率随水温的增加呈现先升高后降低、再升高的变化规律,当水温为26.6℃时达到最大值,分别为(1.510±0.124)mg/(g·h)、(0.306±0.007)mg/(g·h)、(0.161±0.010)mg/(g·h)和(47.739±21.048)μg/(g·h)、(13.956±1.783)μg/(g·h)、(6.811±1.882)μg/(g·h),耗氧率和排氨率与温度之间的回归关系均符合一元四次方程,相关系数R2均为1.000。在水温15.8~36.5℃范围,相同水温下,珍珠龙胆的耗氧率和排氨率随其个体的增大而降低,耗氧率和排氨率与规格之间的回归关系均符合一元二次方程,相关系数R2均为1.000。不同温度条件下,小、中、大3种规格珍珠龙胆的耗氧率Q10和排氨率Q10在21.0~26.6℃时均达到最大,且其均在26.6~30.9℃时最小。小、中、大3种规格O/N比值平均值变化范围分别为21.535~113.541、15.713~32.193、12.097~27.094,表明实验水温条件下小规格珍珠龙胆的供能物质为蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物,而中、大规格珍珠龙胆的主要能量物质为蛋白质和脂肪。     

生石灰清塘后主要理化因子变化与鱼种适宜下塘时间的研究

通过对四川地区养殖池塘生石灰清塘后主要理化指标水温、pH值、溶解氧、COD、营养盐等的监测,探讨主要理化因子的变化特点。通过高pH值对岩原鲤鱼种的急性毒性试验,计算出岩原鲤鱼种对pH值的安全值为8.565。研究结果表明,把pH值作为生石灰清塘后确定鱼种下塘时间的主要指标是可行和适宜的。根据四川地区目前的清塘方式,鱼种的适宜下塘时间为清塘后第5 d。     

Food inputs, water quality and nutrient accumulation in integrated pond systems: A multivariate approach

A participatory on-farm study was conducted to explore the effects of food input patterns on water quality and sediment nutrient accumulation in ponds, and to identify different types of integrated pond systems. Ten integrated agriculture-aquaculture (IAA) farms, in which ponds associate with fruit orchards, livestock and rice fields were monitored in the Mekong delta of Vietnam. Pond mass balances for nitrogen (N), organic carbon (OC) and phosphorus (P) were determined, and pond water quality and sediment nutrient accumulation were monitored. Data were analyzed using multivariate canonical correlation analysis, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis. The main variability in pond water quality and sediment nutrients was related with food inputs and water exchange rates. Water exchange rate, agro-ecological factors, pond physical properties and human waste input were major variables used to classify ponds. Classification was into: (1) low water exchange rate ponds in the fruit-dominated area, (2) low water exchange rate ponds in the rice-dominated area receiving homemade feed, and (3) high water exchange rate ponds in the rice-dominated areas receiving wastes. Pond water exchange rate was human-controlled and a function of food input patterns, which were determined by livelihood strategies of IAA-households. In the rice-dominated area with deep ponds, higher livestock and human wastes were found together with high water exchange rates. In these ponds, large organic matter loads reduced dissolved oxygen and increased total phosphorus concentrations in the water and increased nutrient (N, OC and P) accumulation in the sediments. In the rice-dominated area with wide ponds, higher homemade feed amounts were added to the ponds with low water exchange rate. This resulted in high phytoplankton biomass and high primary productivity. The contrary occurred in the fruit-dominated area, where fish were grown in shallow and narrow ponds, receiving more plant residue which resulted in lower phytoplankton biomass and lower sediment nutrient accumulation.     

气象要素与池鱼泛塘关系研究

以山东省德州市区富营养型养鱼池为立论基础,研究气象要素与有机沉积严重鱼的溶氧关系。据１８年资料分析表明,水体溶氧含量与光照时数,强度和气压呈正相关,与气温,冰雪和大雾呈负相关。一和风力既能增氧,有时又起负作用。根据水体理化,生物因子与气象变化,采取综合防治措施,可有铲预防池鱼泛塘。     

Modeling industry-wide sediment oxygen demand and estimation of the contribution of sediment to total respiration in commercial channel catfish ponds

Data collected from 45 commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, ponds were used to develop empirical models predicting sediment oxygen demand (SOD). Seven acceptable models were combined with a Monte-Carlo sampling distribution to predict industry-wide sediment oxygen demand (SOD_i). The SOD_i values obtained from the best equation were used in simulations to assess the effect of diurnally varying water column dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations on SOD and the effect of pond water depth on the contribution of SOD to overall pond respiration. Estimated SOD_i ranged from 62 to 962 mg m⁻² h⁻¹, with a mean of 478 mg m⁻² h⁻¹. There was a 95% probability of mean SOD_i being ≥700 mg m⁻² h⁻¹. The effects of diurnal variation in DO concentration in the water column on expression of SOD was modeled by combining maximum SOD_i, an empirical relationship between DO and SOD, and simulated pond DO concentrations. At DO concentrations >15 mg l⁻¹, diel SOD in catfish ponds exceeded 20 g O₂ m⁻² day⁻¹. But when average diel DO was <4 mg l⁻¹ and the range of DO concentration was 6–8 mg l⁻¹, SOD decreased to 13 g O₂ m⁻² day⁻¹ because DO availability limited the full expression of potential SOD. Respiration totals for sediment (average SOD_i), plankton, and fish respiration were calculated for pond water depths ranging from 0.25 to 4 m. Although whole-pond respiration increases as pond depth increases, the proportion of total respiration represented by sediment decreased from 48 to 10% by increasing water depth over this range. The results of these studies show that SOD is a major component of total pond respiration and that certain management practices can affect the impact of SOD on pond oxygen budgets. Mixing ponds during daylight hours, either mechanically or by orienting ponds for maximum wind fetch, will increase oxygen supply to sediments, thereby allowing maximum expression of SOD and maximum mineralization of sediment organic matter. Given a mixed condition caused by wind or other artificial means, the construction of deeper ponds increases the total mass of DO available for all respiration, causing nighttime DO concentrations to decline at a slower rate, reducing the need for supplemental aeration. Because a pond’s water volume decreases over time from sediment accumulation, annual aeration costs will increase with pond age. Constructing ponds with greater initial depth will therefore reduce long-term cost of aeration, allow more flexible management of pond water budget, and reduce the long-term expense associated with pond reconstruction.     

静水海水池塘投饵养殖非鲫的鱼产力和负荷力

用８个３ｍ×８ｍ的实验围隔，研究了静水海水池塘对投饵养殖台湾红非鲫的鱼产力和负荷力。放养量为０．６７、１．００、１．３３、１．６７尾／ｍ＾２四个水平。每日投喂颗粒饲料４次，投饵量以鱼体重的３％为基础，再根据鱼的摄食情况加以调整，以１．５ｈ内吃完为准。