厚颌鲂驯养及人工繁殖技术研究

厚颌鲂（Megalobrama pellegrini）属鲤形目、鲤科、!亚科、鲂属,是长江上游名贵鱼类之一,具有优良的养殖性状,是一种有待于开发的经济鱼类。目前厚颌鲂的分布范围很小,仅在长江上游合江、泸州的部分小型缓流支流发现分布,在长江干流基本绝迹。关于厚颌鲂的文献较少,除刘焕章等对其种群遗传结构进行了初步研究外,其他文献多限于分类性状描述、分布等记述。     

重金属铜、镉对厚颌鲂幼鱼的毒性作用

厚颌鲂(Megalobrama pellegrini)是我国长江上游地区的特有鱼类,分布于长江上游宜昌至宜宾的干支流江段,隶属于鲤科、鲌亚科、鲂属。因其病害较少,味道鲜美,已逐步得到广大消费者和养殖者的关注,已成为本地区的名贵鱼类之一。然而,由于水质败坏,水中各种有害物质逐渐增多等,导致了厚颌鲂实现产业化受到了阻碍,为了使厚颌鲂成为长江上游地区的特种经济鱼类,使其更快地产业化,必须充分了解厚颌鲂对各种污染物的耐受能力、解决方法以及     

厚颌鲂的繁育新技术及开发应用前景

厚颌鲂（Megalobrama pellegrini）属鲤形目、鲤科、鲌亚科、鲂属。目前厚颌鲂的分布范围很小,仅在长江上游合江、泸州的部分小型缓流支流发现分布,在长江干流基本绝迹。厚颌鲂为定居性鱼类,是长江上游鱼类中个体较大、经济价值较高的种类。     

长江上游特有鱼类厚颌鲂人工繁殖获得成功

中科院水生生物研究所目前成功进行了两次厚颌鲂人工繁殖试验，共获得子二代仔鱼约6万尾，标志着长江上游特有鱼类厚颌鲂全人工繁殖取得成功。     

团头鲂EST-SSR在厚颌鲂中的跨种扩增及杂交F1的鉴定

摘要：为了研究团头鲂微卫星引物在厚颌鲂中跨种扩增的适用性,并进行其杂交F1代的鉴定。本研究筛查了90个团头鲂EST-SSR位点在厚颌鲂中的扩增效果,同时选取了26对团头鲂与厚颌鲂微卫星引物对团头鲂自交子代、厚颌鲂自交子代及其正交和反交杂交F1代共4个组合进行鉴定。结果显示：团头鲂90个微卫星位点中有76个(84.4%)在厚颌鲂中能够稳定扩增,随机选取50个位点在厚颌鲂30尾野生个体中扩增获得了13个多态性微卫星位点,平均等位基因数为3.2,平均观测杂合度为0.72,平均多态信息含量为0.42。通过10对团头鲂EST-SSR与16对厚颌鲂SSR引物在4个组合中扩增后发现,4个位点（MP01, MP03, MP24和MP26）在团头鲂自交子代中无扩增产物,2个位点（MA163和MA189）在厚颌鲂自交子代中无扩增产物,其余20个位点均能在4个组合中稳定扩增,其中9个位点可单独有效鉴定出团头鲂自交子代、厚颌鲂自交子代及包括正交和反交在内的杂交F1代,其余位点可以通过组合鉴定出杂交F1代。杂交F1代中正交组合和反交组合无法通过本研究中的微卫星鉴别。     

厚颌鲂(Megalobrama pellegrini)神经肽Y cDNA克隆和序列分析

利用RT-PCR的方法获得了厚颌鲂(Megalobrama pellegrini)NPY基因的编码序列。结果显示:厚颌鲂NPY基因长度为302 bp,包含了NPY基因291 bp的整个开放阅读框,共编码96个氨基酸,其分子量预测值为10987.4,理论等电点为5.72。通过ClustalX软件,将厚颌鲂与21个物种NPY的氨基酸序列进行比对,再结合Blastp分析的结果发现,厚颌鲂NPY氨基酸序列与鲤、中华倒刺鲃、鲫、斑马鱼、岩原鲤等鲤科鱼类的同源性最高,其同源性分别为100%、97%、95%、93%、93%。根据包括厚颌鲂在内的22个物种的NPY氨基酸序列的同源性构建进化树,其同源性与各鱼种分类地位一致。     

养殖密度对厚颌鲂幼鱼生长、饲料利用及肠道抗氧化应激性能的影响

本研究拟通过养殖实验确定厚颌鲂(Megalobrama pellegrini)幼鱼最适养殖密度;同时,利用酶学和分子生物学手段分析养殖密度对厚颌鲂幼鱼肠道抗氧化酶活性及氧化应激相关基因表达的影响。实验设计5个密度处理组,分别为0.15 kg/m³ (50尾/桶)、0.24 kg/m³ (80尾/桶)、0.34 kg/m³ (110尾/桶)、0.42 kg/m³ (140尾/桶)和0.50 kg/m³ (170尾/桶),每组设置3个平行,实验周期为42 d。结果显示,当养殖密度从0.15 kg/m³ 逐渐升高到0.50 kg/m³ 时,厚颌鲂幼鱼生长(增重率和特定生长率)呈先上升后下降的趋势,且在最大密度时(0.50 kg/m³ )增重率和特定生长率显著低于0.34 kg/m³ 密度实验组(P<0.05)。同时,最高养殖密度处理组(0.50 kg/m³ )饲料系数显著高于中低密度实验组(0.15、0.24和0.34 kg/m³ )(P<0.05),说明过高养殖密度不利于厚颌鲂幼鱼的生长和饲料利用。实验表明,提高养殖密度并未影响厚颌鲂幼鱼成活率(P>0.05),各组存活率均较高(>97%)。当养殖密度为0.34 kg/m³ 时,厚颌鲂幼鱼全鱼粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著高于其他各密度实验组(P<0.05)。厚颌鲂幼鱼肠道抗氧化应激相关指标受到养殖密度的显著影响,其中,0.24和0.34 kg/m³ 密度处理组鱼体肠道总抗氧化能力显著高于最低密度组(0.15 kg/m³ )和高密度组(0.42、0.50 kg/m³ )(P<0.05);最高密度实验组(0.50 kg/m³ )肠道超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性最低,而丙二醛(MDA)含量最高(P<0.05);谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量最高值出现在0.34 kg/m³ 处理组,显著高于其他各实验组(P<0.05)。最低密度实验组(0.15 kg/m³ )厚颌鲂幼鱼肠道细胞色素P450(CYP1 A)基因相对表达量显著低于较高密度实验组(0.42 kg/m³ )(P<0.05);最高养殖密度组(0.50 kg/m³ )鱼体肠道转录因子NF-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)基因相对表达量最高,而锰超氧化物歧化酶基因(MnSOD)相对表达量最低,与0.34 kg/m³ 密度处理组间有显著性差异(P<0.05),说明养殖密度过高时能引起鱼体的氧化应激反应。研究表明,体重为0.45~1.36 g的厚颌鲂幼鱼最适养殖密度为0.34 kg/m³ ,该结果可为提高厚颌鲂苗种培育效率,促进其种质资源恢复提供理论基础。     

我国鲂属鱼类的研究进展

我国的鲂属鱼类有4种,分别为团头鲂、鲂、广东鲂和厚颌鲂.从分类、形态、生态、遗传育种和增养殖等方面,综述了国内鲂属鱼类的研究进展,并就其资源保护与合理利用提出了建议.加强对厚颌鲂天然资源的保护和养殖开发;鲂、广东鲂的大水面增养殖开发应逐步朝着规模化、产业化发展.指出了现代分子生物学技术在鱼类种质与资源保护研究、遗传育种等方面的广泛应用将成为渔业资源研究的主攻方向.     

我国鲂属鱼类的研究进展

我国的鲂属鱼类有4种, 分别为团头鲂、鲂、广东鲂和厚颌鲂。从分类、形态、生态、遗传育种和增养殖等方面, 综述了国内鲂属鱼类的研究进展, 并就其资源保护与合理利用提出了建议。加强对厚颌鲂天然资源的保护和养殖开发; 鲂、广东鲂的大水面增养殖开发应逐步朝着规模化、产业化发展。指出了现代分子生物学技术在鱼类种质与资源保护研究、遗传育种等方面的广泛应用将成为渔业资源研究的主攻方向。     

厚颌鲂小瓜虫病的防治

厚颌鲂（Mogalobrama pellegrini）属于鲤科（Cypronodae），鲌亚科（Cultrinae），鲂属（Megalobrama），是我国长江上游地区的特有鱼类，分布于长江上游宜昌——宜宾的干、支流江段。近年来，随着栖息地环境变迁和过度捕捞，厚颌鲂的资源量已经呈显著下降趋势，栖息范围萎缩。     

The rise of fish oil: From feed to human nutritional supplement

ABSTRACT

This article tells the story of how fish oil has gone from an inferior to a premium oil product. With the growth of aquaculture, fish oil became a valuable feed component. Its value increased further as the belief in the health benefit of Omega-3 opened the market for direct human consumption through nutritional supplements. Strong demand, limited supply growth and weaker substitution between Omega-3 and Omega-6 has led to diverging trends between fish oil and vegetable oil prices, with fish oil now a premium oil product. We also investigated how the salmon aquaculture industry has responded to the challenge of rising fish oil prices. Concerted effort in nutrition and feed research is shown to have allowed a reduction in the share of fish oil in feed from around 25% in the early 2000s to around 12% today. This substitution effort has allowed salmon production to grow without using substantially more fish oil.     

Hydrodynamic performance of a semi-submersible offshore fish farm with a single point mooring system in pure waves and current

A physical model of a semi-submersible offshore fish farm with a scale of 1:30 has been tested in a wave-current tank. The mooring force of the fish farm in waves was measured and compared for different single-point mooring arrangements, and henceforth, a safe and reliable mooring form is chosen as the mooring system for the fish farm. On this basis, the tested results for the mooring force, heave, pitch and roll of the fish farm in waves and current are presented, in which the effect of drought was discussed. The performance of blocking water flow for the fish farm in pure current was also evaluated. It has been found that increasing the anchor chain length and adding a sinker suspending from the chain could reduce the mooring force significantly despite the fluctuations in the mooring force. During the experiments, the tested value for the heave and pitch as well as the roll has been small, which indicates that the fish farm has a good stability. The mooring force has become larger, while the heave became smaller as the drought increased. Furthermore, the current velocity inside the fish farm is significantly lower than that of its outside. According to the field test results obtained in the fish farm, the farm exhibited good adaptability and it formed a suitable environment for growing cultured fish.     

Germ cell transplantation as a potential biotechnological approach to fish reproduction

Although the use of germ cell transplantation has been relatively well established in mammals, the technique has only been adapted for use in fish after entering the 2000s. During the last decade, several different approaches have been developed for germ cell transplantation in fish using recipients of various ages and life stages, such as blastula-stage embryos, newly hatched larvae and sexually mature specimens. As germ cells can develop into live organisms through maturation and fertilization processes, germ cell transplantation in fish has opened up new avenues of research in reproductive biotechnology and aquaculture. For instance, the use of xenotransplantation in fish has lead to advances in the conservation of endangered species and the production of commercially valuable fish using surrogated recipients. Further, this could also facilitate the engineering of transgenic fish. However, as is the case with mammals, knowledge regarding the basic biology and physiology of germline stem cells in fish remains incomplete, imposing a considerable limitation on the application of germ cell transplantation in fish. Furthering our understanding of germline stem cells would contribute significantly to advances regarding germ cell transplantation in fish.     

基于渔获物统计的中国近海鱼类营养级结构变换及其与捕捞作业的关系

为了解我国东部海域(渤海、黄海和东海)和南海的鱼类生态结构和渔业资源变化特征,本研究在1983—2013年中国海洋渔船渔获统计数据的基础上,首先将渔获物中的鱼类按照营养级归类,然后计算其平均营养级(TL)和Fi B指数,并结合海洋捕捞作业方式,对鱼类的营养级结构长期变化进行分析。结果表明,在东部海域捕捞的25种主要鱼类渔获中,31年间TL呈现下降趋势,低营养层级鱼类比例增长了60%,中营养层级鱼类比例增长了129%,高营养级鱼类则下降了近51%;而在南海,31年间TL变化不明显,低营养级鱼类比例下降了6%,中营养级鱼类下降了43%,高营养级鱼类增长198%。东部海域和南海的渔获物鱼类生态结构变化说明,就营养级水平而言,东部海域近海渔业资源呈现明显的衰退现象,而南海则还未出现这种现象。     

Mortality and weight loss of Atlantic salmon,Salmon salar L., experimentally infected with salmonid alphavirus subtype 2 and subtype 3 isolates from Norway

Pancreas disease (PD) caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV) has a significant negative economic impact in the salmonid fish farming industry in northern Europe. Until recently, only SAV subtype 3 was present in Norwegian fish farms. However, in 2011, a marine SAV 2 subtype was detected in a fish farm outside the PD‐endemic zone. This subtype has spread rapidly among fish farms in mid‐Norway. The PD mortality in several farms has been lower than expected, although high mortality has also been reported. In this situation, the industry and the authorities needed scientific‐based information about the virulence of the marine SAV 2 strain in Norway to decide how to handle this new situation. Atlantic salmon post‐smolts were experimentally infected with SAV 2 and SAV 3 strains from six different PD cases in Norway. SAV 3‐infected fish showed higher mortality than SAV 2‐infected fish. Among the SAV 3 isolates, two isolates gave higher mortality than the third one. At the end of the experiment, fish in all SAV‐infected groups had significantly lower weight than the uninfected control fish. This is the first published paper on PD to document that waterborne infection produced significantly higher mortality than intraperitoneal injection.     

Effect of eye fluke infection on the growth of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) —An experimental approach

Effect of the eye fluke Diplostomum spathaceum on fish growth has remained somewhat unclear because 1) the question has not been subjected to experimental examination with treatment-control setup and 2) growth has not been related to the coverage of parasite-induced cataracts in a quantitative manner. We examined effects of the parasite on growth and competitive ability of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) in experimental conditions resembling those at fish farms by maintaining groups of exposed and control fish, as well as mixed groups from both treatments, under optimal conditions for 8 weeks. Contrary to our expectations, we did not observe differences in fish growth between the treatments. However, at the level of individual fish, parasite-induced cataracts had a negative effect on weight of the exposed fish but this took place only when the cataract coverage reached 100% in both eyes. No effect of the infection on competitive ability of fish was observed in mixed treatments which may be related to patterns of food distribution in the tanks or cues received by the fish from less infected conspecifics. Overall, the results suggest that effects of D. spathaceum on fish growth become apparent only in cases of very high cataract coverage, and that feeding regimes and the shape of the cataract coverage distribution in a fish group are important determinants of the magnitude of these effects.     

Arsenic-induced responses in freshwater teleosts

The environment is currently polluted by thousands of chemicals or xenobiotics introduced into the environment by man to meet the demands of the modern era. Every day we encounter this negative side of human civilization, but have done little to lessen the rate of pollution. Although the entire biosphere is polluted it is water resources that are the most polluted because water is the ultimate sink for many contaminants. Thus, fish are the most vulnerable of all animal species. They are helpless because they cannot avoid the polluted habitat and face this contamination by default. Nevertheless, fish are found to survive under extreme conditions when their natural habitat has been compromised to a great extent. However, fish are highly sensitive to small environmental changes and their populations gradually dwindle if pollution continues unabated. However, we know that there are instances when water is cleaned and the rate of repopulation by different fish species has gained momentum, restoring the ecological balance. Thus, fish are considered reliable bioindicators of water pollution and fish ecotoxicology has received much attention in recent years, and fish toxicology has been able to defend a significant position in the arena of xenobiotics research over the years. This review deals with some of the major intoxication and detoxication signals manifested by fish exposed to arsenic (As), which is presently one of the most worrying metalloids in water pollution.     

益生菌对幼鱼生长发育的影响及调控机制

近年来，高密度、集约化的水产养殖模式导致养殖鱼类疾病频发，其中幼鱼发病率和死亡率的上升严重影响水产养殖业的健康快速发展。如何保障幼鱼的健康是当前水产养殖业亟需解决的问题。益生菌能够通过多种方式提高幼鱼的抗病力、增强幼鱼对营养素的摄取、促进幼鱼的生长发育。已有大量的研究阐述了益生菌在幼鱼生长发育及免疫调节中的作用，但相关机制还需深入探究。本文综述了近年来益生菌在幼鱼生长发育及抗病方面发挥的有益作用及其可能的机制，讨论了益生菌在幼鱼养殖应用时可能存在的问题以及发展方向，为益生菌在水产动物幼体养殖中的应用提供了理论参考。     

鱼类生殖细胞移植的研究进展及应用前景

生殖细胞移植是指将供体的生殖细胞移植到同种或异种受体体内,供体生殖细胞嵌合到受体性腺,经过增殖、分化并最终发育为功能性配子的过程。作为辅助生殖技术,它不仅为珍稀濒危动物的繁育和保护提供了新途径,同时也为生殖干细胞的功能研究提供了有效手段。鱼类生殖细胞移植研究首先在模式鱼类斑马鱼中开展,经过十多年的发展,取得了一系列突破性的进展:主要包括先后建立了以胚胎、仔鱼和成鱼为受体的生殖细胞移植体系,精原和卵原干细胞的发现拓宽了供体生殖细胞的选择,受体的选择与制备方法的完善。该技术在缩短鱼类性成熟周期、性控育种、珍稀濒危鱼类保护等方面具有巨大的应用前景,已成功在多种淡水和海水鱼类中开展了研究和应用。本文结合作者的研究实践和经验,系统地梳理和总结了鱼类生殖细胞移植的研究进展,指出了该技术实践应用的关键问题,并探讨了其应用前景。