南极磷虾脂溶性成分的研究进展

南极磷虾脂类营养含量丰富:油脂提取物中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)含量高于15%,二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量高于9%,总磷脂含量高于20%,冰鲜的南极磷虾中总虾青素含量高于3 mg/100 g。本文总结了近年来国内外学者对南极磷虾油中的脂肪酸、虾青素、脂溶性维生素、甾醇等脂溶性成分及其功效的研究进展,以及磷虾油提取方法、多种成分稳定性的研究结果,并展望了我国开展南极磷虾脂溶性成分综合利用的前景。     

南极磷虾脂肪酸组成及多不饱和脂肪酸质谱特征分析

以10％浓硫酸－甲醇溶液为甲酯化试剂,采用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用技术分析南极磷虾(Euphausua superba)的脂肪酸组成.根据GC/MS标准质谱数据库检索,结合有机质谱学规律,对多不饱和脂肪酸甲酯的裂解规律和质谱特征进行分析归纳,建立了特征离子确定其碳数和双键数,α离子和ω）离子分别确定脂肪链羰基端和甲基端双键位置的方法.通过气相色谱/质谱分析,从南极磷虾中鉴定出27种脂肪酸,其中多不饱和脂肪酸13种,二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)占总脂肪酸含量的40.64％,高于一般海洋鱼虾类,表明南极磷虾具有较高的营养价值和脂质开发潜力.本研究旨在为南极磷虾营养评价和南极磷虾油等产品的研制开发以及多不饱和脂肪酸甲酯的鉴定提供理论和参考依据.     

南极磷虾油的分级制备及其品质分析

为实现南极磷虾油品质导向的高效制备,实验以全脂南极磷虾粉为原料,以豆油或中链甘油三酯作为载体助溶剂,采用协同超临界CO2萃取技术制备甘油三酯富集型油脂(一级油);再以萃取后的南极磷虾粉饼粕为原料,采用乙醇提取法制备磷脂富集型油脂(二级油).基于所得磷虾油的脂质组成、磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰乙醇胺的绝对含量为考察指标,优选了3...     

南极磷虾油中磷脂型脂肪酸的测定方法优化及应用

南极磷虾营养价值高,因富含必需氨基酸、磷脂、虾青素和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)而具有良好的开发价值.目前,对南极磷虾及其制品脂肪酸含量的分析主要集中在总脂肪酸含量的测定,由于PUFAs不同酯的结合会影响其生物利用度,因此,有必要对南极磷虾不同类型酯的脂肪酸含量进行准确定量.为了明确南极磷虾油中磷脂(PL)型脂肪酸含量...     

水产加工副产物中磷脂和鱼油的分离及脂质组学研究

为更好地对水产加工副产物进行加工利用,本实验建立了从水产加工副产物中同时提取制备磷脂和鱼油的方法,并分别利用多维度串联质谱鸟枪法和气相色谱法对样品的磷脂和鱼油的脂肪酸化合物进行脂质组学研究。利用改进Folch法和丙酮沉淀法制备得到副产物中的磷脂和鱼油,比较了5种不同萃取液的提取效率,其中CH2Cl2-Me OH(1∶2,V/V)混合液同时提取磷脂和鱼油效果最佳,提取率分别为0.97%和28.05%。鱼油经甲酯化反应,以正己烷为溶剂直接进样,利用气相色谱法分析脂肪酸甲酯成分,磷脂样品采用流动注射直接进样,经三重四级杆质谱母离子扫描(Pre IS)和中性质量丢失扫描(NLS)对磷脂分子实现源内分离鉴定和定量分析。结果显示,鱼油中主要含有油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸等23种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸占75.97%;磷脂样品中共检出磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰肌醇和磷脂酰丝氨酸4类共69种磷脂分子,并测出了许多含有DHA、EPA链的磷脂,如16∶0/20∶5、16∶0/22∶6、18∶1/22∶6、18∶0/22∶6、20∶0/22∶6等。研究表明,该方法能同时提取磷脂和鱼油,并且前处理简单、提取效率高,能够实现对资源的合理利用。     

南极磷虾油软胶囊囊皮配方的设计与优化

南极磷虾油不仅含有丰富的?-3脂肪酸(如EPA、DHA),而且富含虾青素,可以开发成高附加值的保健食品南极磷虾油软胶囊。软胶囊囊皮配方的设计与优化,是软胶囊研制过程中的重要环节。本研究利用正交设计的实验方法,以柠檬黄为指示剂,考察了不同配方胶囊囊皮的溶出速率,筛选出最佳的囊皮配方。结果表明,当水∶甘油∶明胶为0.8∶1∶0.5、山梨醇用量为3%、富马酸用量为0.7%时,胶皮的溶解速率最大。该研究结果对南极磷虾油等油溶性软胶囊类产品的开发具有指导意义。     

不同加工方式的南极大磷虾粉营养品质评价

对3种加工方式的南极大磷虾(Euphausia superba)粉(磷虾粉A为冷冻运回中国,冻干;磷虾粉B为捕捞现场蒸煮加工,未添加抗氧化剂;磷虾粉C为捕捞现场蒸煮加工,添加抗氧化剂)的营养品质进行分析和评价。结果显示,3种磷虾粉中粗蛋白占干物质的质量分数为61.73%~68.48%,氨基酸总量(ΣAA)为51.46%~66.32%,10种鱼虾必需氨基酸总量(ΣEAA)为23.69%~31.78%,多不饱和脂肪酸总量(ΣPUFA)占脂肪酸总量的44.05%~52.74%,EPA和DHA占脂肪酸总量的38.55%~46.38%。其中磷虾粉C的ΣAA、ΣEAA、EAAI值、SRC值、ΣPUFA、EPA和DHA的质量分数均高于磷虾粉A和B。磷虾粉C的粗蛋白质量分数高,氨基酸组成合理,多不饱和脂肪酸丰富,具有最高的营养价值。     

南极磷虾粉脂质及脂肪酸组成分析

为分析南极磷虾粉的脂质成分,实验采用薄层层析法分离制备不同脂质组分,通过酸甲酯化衍生结合气相色谱/质谱法对不同脂质的脂肪酸组成进行比较研究.结果显示:①南极磷虾粉中脂质丰富,总脂含量高达11.37％,且以甘油三酯、磷脂和游离脂肪酸为主,胆固醇含量较低;②总脂脂肪酸主要为C16:0、C18:1n-9、C18:1n-7、C20:5n-3和C22:6n-3,且C20:5n-3和C22:6n-3占总脂肪酸含量的30.67％,表明南极磷虾粉在脂质方面具有较高的营养价值和开发潜力.③不同脂质的脂肪酸组成差异显著,胆固醇酯和甘油三酯中饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著高于游离脂肪酸和磷脂(P＜0.05);而游离脂肪酸和磷脂富含多不饱和脂肪酸,两者含量分别为48.50％和49.96％,远高于胆固醇酯和甘油三酯的13.11％和24.36％,具有显著差异(P＜0.05).     

南设得兰群岛东部南极大磷虾活体磷脂含量分析

本文利用中国大型拖网渔船在船上实时分析获得的南设得兰群岛东部海域捕获南极大磷虾活体脂质含量数据,分析比较了不同时间段南极大磷虾磷脂营养成分变化特征。结果表明,南极大磷虾磷脂含量丰富,平均含量达到了磷虾干重的5.4%,同时3个时间段南极大磷虾磷脂含量存在着显著性差异,1月下旬的南极大磷虾磷脂的含量最高,显著高于1月上旬和12月下旬。南极大磷虾丰富的磷脂及其磷脂含量的时间差异可为南极大磷虾今后的可持续商业捕捞和开发利用提供参考依据。     

近江牡蛎等3种贝类的脂类成分分析

分析3种贝类的脂类成分，以期为贝类的高值化加工利用提供基础数据。采用氯仿甲醇法提取近江牡蛎、波纹巴菲蛤和马氏珠母贝中的脂质成分，分析脂质中的胆固醇和磷脂含量，采用液液萃取技术分离中性脂和极性脂，并用GC-MS分析其脂肪酸组成。研究结果表明，3种贝类的粗脂肪含量基本在1%左右；脂质成分中胆固醇含量在0.07~0.12 mg/g；脂质中磷脂含量在14%~34%，极性脂含量在27%~45%；脂质中EPA和DHA总含量在12%~22%，近江牡蛎和波纹巴菲蛤脂质中EPA含量高于DHA，而马氏珠母贝脂质中DHA含量高于EPA。     

Effects of different dietary arachidonic acid : docosahexaenoic acid ratios on phospholipid fatty acid compositions and prostaglandin production in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Five purified diets containing AA (20:4n-6) at 0.02–0.78% dry weight and DHA (22:6n-3) at 0.93–0.17% dry weight were fed to duplicate groups of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) of initial weight 0.87 g for a period of 11 weeks. The dietary DHA:AA ratio ranged from 62 to 0.2. Incorporation of AA into liver phospholipids increased with increasing dietary AA input. Phospholipids from fish fed diets containing 0.02, 0.06 and 0.11% of dry weight as AA generally contained less AA compared to fish fed fish oil while those fed diets containing 0.35 and 0.78% of dry weight as AA had higher AA levels in their phospholipids. The highest levels of AA were found in PI but the greatest percentage increase in AA incorporation was in PE and PC. Brain phospholipid fatty acid compositions were less altered by dietary treatment than those of liver but DHA content of PC and PE in brain was substantially lower in fish fed 0.93% pure DHA compared to those fed fish oil. This suggests that dietary DHA must exceed 1% of dry weight to satisfy the requirements of the developing neural system in juvenile turbot. In both tissues, (20:5n-3) concentration was inversely related to both dietary and tissue PI AA concentration. Similar dietary induced changes in AA, EPA and DHA concentrations occurred in the phospholipids of heart, gill and kidney. PGE₂ and 6-ketoPGF₁ were measured in homogenates of heart, brain, gill and kidney. In general, fish fed the lowest dietary AA levels had reduced levels of prostaglandins in their tissue homogenates while those fed the highest level of AA had increased prostaglandin levels, compared to fish fed fish oil. In brains, the PGE₂ concentration was only significantly increased in fish fed the highest dietary AA.Abbreviations AA arachidonic acid - DHA docosahexaenoic acid - EFA essential fatty acid - EPA eicosapentaenoic acid - HPTLC high performance thin-layer chromatography - HUFA highly unsaturated fatty acid - PC phosphatidylcholine - PE phosphatidylethanolamine - PGE prostaglandin E - PGE prostaglandin E - PI phosphatidylinositol - PS phosphatidylserine - PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid - TLC thin-layer chromatography     

Relationship between dietary phospholipid classes and neutral lipid absorption in newly-weaned turbot, shape Scophthalmus maximus

A 28-day feeding trial was conducted for comparing the effect of different dietary phospholipid (PL) classes on the growth of post-larval turbot and on the incorporation of dietary neutral lipid fatty acids into their body lipids. Prior to the experiment the turbot were weaned for one week on a PL-free diet. The nine experimental diets were isolipidic and contained an equal amount of highly unsaturated fatty acids in the form of ethyl esters. They differed by their PL content (0, 1 or 2%) and by the PL class composition of the added soybean PL fractions.Compared to the PL-free diet, diets enriched with phosphatidylcholine (PC) resulted in a better growth, a higher triglyceride content (% body dry matter) and increased levels of docosahexaenoic acid (% total fatty acids) in each of the examined body lipid classes (neutral lipid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol). The effects of the other soybean PL fractions were less explicit than those noted for soybean PC.The results support the idea that dietary PC plays a role in the intestinal absorption of neutral lipid fatty acids. This might, at least partially, explain the superiority of PC for enhancing growth. Abbreviations: DHA – docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3); EPA – eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3); HUFA – highly unsaturated fatty acid; PA – phosphatidic acid; PC – phosphatidylcholine; PE – phosphatidylethanolamine; PI – phosphatidylinositol; PL – phospholipid; PS – phosphatidylserine; PUFA – polyunsaturated fatty acid.     

Optimization of Lipid Extraction and Determination of Fatty Acid Compositions in Edible Meats of Freshwater and Marine Shrimps

Response surface methodology was applied to determine optimal conditions for lipid extraction from shrimp. Box-Behnken Design including independent variables such as extraction time, extraction temperature, and ratio of mixed solvents was used. The optimal conditions for lipids extraction were the use of petroleum ether:ethyl acetate (2.3:1, v/v) with 62 min of extraction at 52ºC. Under the optimal conditions, the extraction yields of lipids from Euphausia superba, Penaeuschinesis, Macrobranchium nipponense, and M. rosenbergii were 4.39, 2.80, 2.98, and 3.30%, respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that M. rosenbergii presented the highest level of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (48.28%) among the shrimps studied. In addition, the 20:5n3 (EPA) + 22:6n3 (DHA) value (26.43%) was second only to E. superba (31.27%). The finding suggests that M. rosenbergii is a potential PUFA source for food supplementation.     

Lipid class and fatty acid composition of phospholipids from the gonads of skipjack tuna

ABSTRACT:   Lipid class and fatty acid composition of phospholipids from the gonads of skipjack tuna were examined to evaluate effective utilization of the processing of by-products. The predominant phospholipids in the ovaries were phosphatidylcholine (PC; 47.9%), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE; 19.3%) and lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC; 19.1%). In contrast, those in the testes were PC (40.1%), PE (29.3%) and phosphatidylserine (PS; 9.6%). The percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was markedly high at more than 50% in LPC of the ovaries, and PE and PS of the testes were also high. The percentages of DHA at sn-position 2 of the predominant phospholipids, except for PC in the testes, were more than 60%, in particular PE in the testes was remarkably high at 81.9%. After storage for 2 days at 5°C, the LPC content in the ovaries increased twofold and the DHA level of LPC was the same as before, though the contents of other phospholipids decreased.     

Effects of dietary levels of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 on tissue lipid composition in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, with emphasis on brain and eye

Four dietary groups of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., each with three replicates, were fed diets with increasing levels of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; EPA). Fatty acid composition of brain and eye was determined at the start and approximately every 3 weeks during the experimental period, and fatty acid composition of liver and fillet was determined in fish from the final sampling. Lipid class composition of brain and eye, and fatty acid composition of these lipid classes was determined at the end of the experiment. There was no effect of increasing dietary DHA content on fatty acid composition, lipid class composition or DHA levels in the lipid classes in the juvenile Atlantic salmon brain. The increasing dietary EPA content, however, was reflected in both the total fatty acid composition and in the EPA content in neutral lipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol (PI). A minor effect of the increasing dietary DHA content was found in the lipid composition of the juvenile salmon eye. Both EPA and 18:2n-6 levels in eye, however, clearly reflected the increasing and decreasing, respectively, dietary levels of these two fatty acids. The dietary EPA levels also affected the EPA levels in neutral lipids, PC, PE, PI and PS (phosphatidylserine) in the juvenile salmon eye. The results demonstrate that these dietary levels of DHA had no effect on brain lipid composition and only a minor effect on eye lipid composition. Furthermore, the dietary EPA levels significantly affected the lipid composition of both brain and eye. The fillet fatty acid composition reflected the dietary fatty acid composition, except for the DHA/EPA ratio, which was reversed in fillet compared with that in the diets. The liver fatty acid composition was also affected by the increasing dietary EPA and DHA levels.     

Application of soya phosphatidylcholine in tuna orbital oil enrichment emulsions for Artemia

Oil-seawater emulsions of 12%, 8%, 4% and 2% soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) in tuna orbital oil (TOO) (w:w) were tested with respect to their suitability as Artemia enrichment media. Levels of essential fatty acids (EFA) accumulated by feeding Artemia nauplii were measured after enrichment periods of 0, 14, 18 and 20 h, and the stability of polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in the emulsions were also monitored throughout the enrichment process. Artemia enrichment efficiency in terms of %DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6w-3) and DHA:EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5w-3) ratios were similar for all four types of emulsions (10-12% and 1.7-1.8, respectively). However, 8% and 12% soya PC/TOO emulsions yielded nauplii with slightly higher mean lipid contents than the other two treatments (235-243 and 217-229 mg lipid g-1 dry body weight, respectively). Stability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels within the emulsions in seawater, and of DHA and EPA levels in particular, correlated with soya PC concentration. In 12% soya PC/TOO emulsions, PUFA levels remained high after 20 h enrichment whilst those in the 2% and 4% soya PC emulsions showed a marked reduction by 18 h enrichment time. It is suggested that soya PC may protect PUFA levels in the emulsions in a dose-dependent manner, probably by acting as an antioxidant. No significant improvement in Artemia total lipid content or DHA:EPA ratio occurred when enrichment was continued for longer than 18 h. When using this enrichment system, it is preferable, therefore, to employ the 12% soya PC/TOO emulsion and to terminate the enrichment process at 18 h, thus preventing the risk of PUFA levels deteriorating in the emulsion.     

Characterization of Glycerophospholipid Molecular Species in Two Species of Arcidaes (Scapharca subcrenata and Scapharca broughtonii)

In this study, the molecular species of glycerophosphocholine (GPCho), glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPEtn), glycerophosphoserine (GPSer), glycerophosphatidylinositol (GPIns), lysoglycerophosphocholine (LGPCho), and lysoglycerophosphoethanolamine (LGPEtn) from arcidaes Scapharca subcrenata and Scapharca broughtonii were characterized using direct infusion-tandem mass (shotgun) method for the first time. At least 201 and 303 glycerophospholipid (GP) molecular species were characterized, respectively. Most of the predominant GP molecular species contained polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Meanwhile, the arcidae lipids contained a high proportion of polar lipids (81.57–86.72% of total lipids). Among PL, phosphatidylcholine (30.53–32.04 mol%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (21.48–26.71 mol%) were dominant.     

Manipulation of the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in rotifers Brachionus Nevada and Brachionus Cayman

Rotifer cultures of Brachionus Nevada and Cayman were grown semi‐continuously, fed live Rhodmonas baltica algae, and cultures were diluted daily (20% day^?1). The enrichment diets Marol E (triacylglycerol‐rich) and PL (cod roe emulsion, phospholipid‐rich) were added to both cultures (Nevada 40 ng ind^?1 day^?1 and Cayman 25 ng ind^?1 day^?1, respectively). After 4 days of enrichment (dilution rate: 20% day^?1), Cayman rotifers–fed Marol E had comparable (P > 0.05) quantitative amounts of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n‐3) to natural harvested copepods, which were analysed for comparison, and the Cayman strain had generally more efficient incorporation of HUFAs (highly unsaturated fatty acids) than the Nevada strain. However, the percentage DHA of the total fatty acids in copepods were much higher than in enriched rotifers (P < 0.05). The PC‐DHA (DHA in phosphatidylcholine) and PE‐DHA (DHA in phosphatidylethanolamine) levels of copepods were up to 50%, which was highly unlikely for rotifers to reach. The increase of DHA in total phospholipids of rotifers was mainly due to an increase of DHA in PC, whereas the PE‐DHA was only weakly affected by dietary lipids. The per cent PC‐DHA levels in rotifers were positively related to the total dietary DHA levels (P < 0.0001), independent of the PC‐DHA content in the diets.     

贻贝等六种软体动物磷脂的比较

对紫贻贝、栉孔扇贝、褶牡蛎、杂色哈、缢蛏、毛蚶六种贝类的磷脂作了比较研究，对它们的出肉率、总脂、中性脂、极性脂、磷脂及其组分、脂肪酸的组成做了检测分析。结果表明，六种贝类的磷脂特性有一定的差异、牡蛎中磷脂酰肌醇含量特别高。心磷脂只有牡晟和毛蚶中被检测出，毛蚶中含ＰＥＡ，而无ＤＨＡ。六种贝类共同特点是磷脂酰胆碱磷脂酰乙醇胺之和在７０％左右。     

Growth, survival, lipid composition and pigmentation of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae fed live-prey enriched in Arachidonic and Eicosapentaenoic acids

Turbot larvae were fed live-prey enriched with different levels of arachidonic (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids to study the effects of these fatty acids on body composition and pigmentation success. Significantly reduced pigmentation was obtained in those fish fed medium and high ARA diets for 43 days. Growth and survival were the same for all groups. The incorporation of ARA and EPA in fish eyes, brains, livers and carcasses reflected the percentage of these fatty acids in the diets. ARA accumulation was similar in all tissues, but brain accumulated EPA was less efficient than the other tissues examined. A highly significant, negative correlation was found between the %ARA in turbot juvenile brain total lipids and pigmentation success. A weaker, positive correlation was found between brain EPA and pigmentation. Increasing dietary ARA affected the fatty acid composition of turbot brain phosphoglycerides more than increasing dietary EPA, especially in phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). A negative relationship was found between percentage normal pigmentation and ARA levels in brain phosphatidylcholine (PC), PE and phosphatidylserine (PS). Elevated levels of ARA in PI also resulted in malpigmented juveniles, but EPA:ARA ratios ≥1 in PI were associated with normal pigmentation. We conclude that, given a sufficiency of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the optimum dietary level of EPA is not a function of DHA, but of dietary ARA.