广西罗非鱼链球菌病流行菌株PCR鉴定和PFGE基因型分析

为获知近年广西罗非鱼链球菌病流行菌种及其基因型变化信息,采用特异PCR方法对2006~2012年从广西发病罗非鱼分离获得的77株临床菌株进行鉴定,并通过脉冲电场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对2006~2011年分离获得的37株流行菌株进行基因型分析。结果显示,其中20株鉴定为海豚链球菌(Streptococcus iniae,S.iniae)其余57株鉴定为无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae,S.agalactiae)。2006~2007年获得的19株流行菌株中有18株为海豚链球菌(94.7%),仅1株无乳链球菌;2009~2012年分离的58株流行菌株中56株为无乳链球菌(96.6%),仅2株海豚链球菌。PFGE图谱聚类显示,海豚和无乳链球菌分别聚类为两个大分支,20株海豚链球菌共产生4种PFGE带型,带型相似度在83.9%~100%之间;17株无乳链球菌共产生5种PFGE带型,带型相似度在47.4%~100%之间。研究表明,广西罗非鱼链球菌病流行菌种已从过去(2008年前)以海豚链球菌为主转变为现在(2009~2012年)以无乳链球菌为主;流行菌株PFGE基因型存在多样性。     

广西罗非鱼链球菌病流行菌株PCR鉴定和PFGE基因型分析

为获知近年广西罗非鱼链球菌病流行菌种及其基因型变化信息,采用特异PCR方法对2006-2012年从广西发病罗非鱼分离获得的77株临床菌株进行鉴定,并通过脉冲电场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对2006-2011年分离获得的37株流行菌株进行基因型分析.结果显示,其中20株鉴定为海豚链球菌其余57株鉴定为无乳链球菌.2006-2007年获得的19株流行菌株中有18株为海豚链球菌(94.7％),仅1株无乳链球菌;2009-2012年分离的58株流行菌株中56株为无乳链球菌(96.6％),仅2株海豚链球菌.PFGE图谱聚类显示,海豚和无乳链球菌分别聚类为两个大分支,20株海豚链球菌共产生4种PFGE带型,带型相似度为83.9％～100％;17株无乳链球菌共产生5种PFGE带型,带型相似度为47.4％～100％.研究表明,广西罗非鱼链球菌病流行菌种已从过去(2008年前)以海豚链球菌为主转变为现在(2009-2012年)以无乳链球菌为主;流行菌株PFGE基因型存在多样性.     

罗非鱼海豚链球菌PCR检测方法的建立

近年来，海豚链球病已给我国及世界罗非鱼养殖带来了巨大的经济损失。为建立特异、敏感、快速的罗非鱼海豚链球菌PCR诊断方法，根据NCBI数据库已公布的海豚链球菌基因序列，设计合成种特异性引物CM1／CM2，进行海豚链球菌特异基因片段的PCR扩增试验、反应条件的优化及不同检测材料的比较。同时测试了方法的特异性和敏感性，对不同养殖鱼场的10份临床样品进行了检测。试验结果表明，引物CM1／CM2可以扩增到与预计大小相符的870bp海豚链球菌特异性基因片段；PCR反应与鮰爱德华氏细菌、Ⅰ型荧光假单胞菌、点状产气单胞菌点状亚种、鳗弧菌、温和气单胞菌、肠型点状产气单胞菌、柱状黄杆菌、嗜水气单胞菌和河弧菌水产常见病原菌均无交叉反应；能够检测的最低细菌数为20～30个海豚链球菌；同时，该PCR可以直接从病鱼的脑、肝脏、肾脏及脾脏组织扩增出特异性目的片段；临床菌株检测结果与基于菌株16srRNA基因序列系统进化分析结果一致。由于病鱼内脏组织总DNA、菌落及菌液可直接用于该PCR扩增，最大限度缩短了整个检测时间及降低了检测成本。方法的建立为致病性海豚链球菌检测提供了一种简便、快速的途径，具有较好的应用前景。     

世界尖吻鲈养殖及市场

<正> 尖吻鲈(Lates calcarifer)在各国池塘和网箱中广泛养殖。据东南亚渔业发展中心(SEAFDEC)报道,池塘养殖尖吻鲈,当年可收回74％的投资;网箱养殖尖吻鲈,1.4年可收回成本。现将尖吻鲈繁殖、养殖以及国外市场介绍如下。     

尼罗罗非鱼无乳链球菌微滴式数字PCR检测方法的建立及临床应用

通过设计筛选引物和探针、优化反应浓度和退火温度,构建一种尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)的微滴式数字PCR(dd PCR)检测方法,分析该方法的敏感性、特异性及重复性,并应用于临床样品检测。结果显示：当引物、探针浓度分别为0.9μmol·L^-1、0.3μmol·L^-1且退火温度为56.9℃时,建立的罗非鱼无乳链球菌dd PCR方法阴、阳性微滴分布界限明显,平均拷贝数高,有较高扩增反应效率;线性关系线良好(R²=0.997 3),最低检测限为2.56 copies·μL^-1;与猪链球菌2型、鱼类海豚链球菌和其他5种常见的水生动物疫病病原体无交叉反应;重复变异系数为3.15%;临床样品检测结果与实时荧光PCR方法结果的符合率100%,与细菌分离鉴定方法结果符合率为94.12%。结果表明,建立的罗非鱼无乳链球菌dd PCR检测方法灵敏度高、特异性强、重复性好,可对罗非鱼无乳链球菌感染的临床样品进行定量检测,为尼罗罗非鱼无...     

罗非鱼链球菌病的调查与诊断

<正>随着我国罗非鱼养殖规模扩大,各种传染性疾病的发生呈现不断增长的趋势,尤其是近年来链球菌病的大范围流行,对罗非鱼的养殖造成了巨大的损失。导致罗非鱼链球菌病的病原菌主要是无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)和海豚链球菌(Streptococcus iniae),其中又以前者最为常见。2014年8月~9月间,笔者在广东省湛江市罗非鱼养殖区调查发现,养殖的新吉富罗非鱼爆发疾病,病鱼大小为50g~300g。经解剖和病原学分析,排除了病毒和寄生虫感染的可能,通过细菌分离、纯化和培养,从     

基于毒力基因的罗非鱼无乳链球菌三重PCR检测方法的建立及应用

无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)作为罗非鱼主要病原,传染力强、致死率高,部分鱼从发病到死亡无明显病症,难以确定鱼体是否携带该病原菌,建立适用于生产一线的无乳链球菌检测技术势在必行。根据GenBank中无乳链球菌透明质酸酶基因(hylB)、青霉素结合蛋白基因(pon A)和CAMP因子基因(cfb)的保守序列,设计3对特异性引物,对多重PCR的反应条件和体系进行优化,建立基于毒力基因的罗非鱼无乳链球菌三重PCR检测方法,并运用该方法检测来自广东省不同地区的罗非鱼组织样品。构建的三重PCR检测方法仅在无乳链球菌中扩增出3条特异性条带,而在罗非鱼和常见的水产病原菌菌株中均未扩增出任何条带,表现出良好的特异性;以无乳链球菌基因组DNA浓度7.24×10~(–5)~5.65 ng/μl为模板进行扩增,该三重PCR能检测到的最低模板浓度为1.81×10~(–3) ng/μl,表现出较高的灵敏度;运用该方法检测188个罗非鱼组织样品,其阳性检出率与常规细菌分离鉴定阳性率一致,以常规细菌分离鉴定为标准,对该三重PCR检测方法进行评价,其诊断敏感性(Dse)和诊断特异性(Dsp)均为100%。结果表明,构建的三重PCR检测方法不仅显著提高了检测的准确度和灵敏度,还可在同一反应中同时检测3种无乳链球菌毒力基因,为无公害水产品中无乳链球菌的快速检疫、水产养殖病害早期预警提供了一种快速、精准和高效的检测技术。     

罗非鱼链球菌病防控技术

8月份高要市养殖的罗非鱼发生暴发性流行病害，通过到现场开展病情调查，解剖病鱼，与当地的渔业主管部门、技术人员和多位养殖户进行交谈，详细了解发病的情况，并取样带回实验室进行病原分离鉴定。从病鱼肝脏、肾脏、脾脏和脑分离到细菌，经染色及PCR检测后判断为链球菌，     

尖吻鲈Latescalcarifer(Bloch)营养学研究的现状

尖吻鲈Lates calcarifer(Bloch)系水产养殖的重要对象。据文献记载,印度尼西亚、马来西亚、菲律宾、新加坡、泰国、我国台湾省和香港等国家和地区长期从事尖吻鲈养殖。目前许多国家和地区对尖鲈营养学研究已深入地开展起来,泰国沿岸水产养殖研究所对尖吻鲈营养学已进行较深入的研究,现将该所研究的最新的营养学研究成果作扼要地概述,供我国开展尖吻鲈营养学研究者的参考。     

西伯利亚鲟海豚链球菌和鲟疱疹病毒Ⅱ型混合感染的诊断与病理损伤

2018年8月,四川彭州与邛崃的养殖西伯利亚鲟发生一种以出血为临床特征,高死亡率的传染病,为明确其病因,本研究对发病鲟的肝脏、肾脏进行病原菌分离、鉴定和鲟疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(AciHV-2)的PCR检测。从患病鲟体内分离到2株G+链状球菌,其16S rRNA序列(MN416231、MN416230)与GenBank中海豚链球菌16S rRNA序列同源性达99%,在以16S rRNA序列构建的系统发育树上,分离菌与海豚链球菌聚为一支;同时基于海豚链球菌lctO基因的特异性PCR检测为阳性,鉴定2株分离菌为海豚链球菌。提取患病鲟肝脏、肾脏组织DNA进行AciHV-2特异性PCR检测,扩增出501 bp的特异性条带,在以AciHV-2 polymerase基因序列构建的系统发育树上,检测样本与AciHV-2聚为一支。病理组织学上,患病鲟的多组织器官发生明显损伤,尤其是肝脏、肾脏、鳃、脾脏和肠的损伤较为严重,表现为明显的变性、坏死、出血以及炎症细胞浸润;电镜下,观察到肝脏、肾脏组织内大量直径200～220 nm的疱疹病毒样颗粒与0.7～0.8μm的链球菌入侵细胞,并导致细胞损伤。综上,诊断患病西伯利亚鲟的病因是海豚链球菌与AciHV-2混合感染。     

Passive immunization of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), with anti-Streptococcus iniae whole sera

Passive immunization of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, was conducted to determine whether anti- Streptococcus iniae whole sera (ASI), heat inactivated anti- S . iniae whole sera (HIASI) and normal whole sera (NWS) were protective when intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected into tilapia. The ASI was produced in tilapia actively immunized (challenged) with virulent S. iniae by i.p. injection. An antibody response against S. iniae was demonstrated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 18% of the immunized fish died because of the S. iniae infection. The actively immunized tilapia demonstrated a secondary antibody response and immunity to S. iniae after challenge with S. iniae by i.p. injection. Survival was 100% in the actively immunized fish. The NWS was obtained from tilapia free of ASI antibody and susceptible to S. iniae infection (40% mortality). In two separate experiments, significantly higher mortality was noted in tilapia passively immunized with NWS (33 and 53%) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (30 and 60%), in comparison with mortalities of 0 and 10% or 3.3 and 6.7% in the fish passively immunized with ASI or HIASI 14 days after S . iniae infection by i.p. injection ( P  = 0.0003 and 0.0023). Results suggest that immunity provided by ASI and HIASI was because of antibody against S. iniae . Inactivation of complement in the HIASI treatment further suggests that ASI antibody plays a primary role in immunity against S. iniae infection.     

Evaluation of the link between gyrodactylosis and streptococcosis of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

Streptococcus iniae and Gyrodactylus niloticus are two common pathogens of cultured Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. We studied concurrent infection of tilapia by G. niloticus and S. iniae and evaluated whether parasitism in tilapia with Gyrodactylus increased susceptibility and mortality following immersion infection with S. iniae. Results showed that death mainly occurred in fish with G. niloticus and challenged with S. iniae (G-S group). The accumulative mortality (42.2%) was significantly higher in the G-S group than in fish not infected by the parasite (6.7%), but exposed to S. iniae. Bacteriological examination revealed S. iniae from > or =92% of dead or moribund fish challenged with S. iniae. Gyrodactylus not only damaged fish epithelium and provided entry for invasive bacteria but also was found to harbour viable cells of S. iniae for 24 and 72 h. Streptococcus iniae was isolated from 60% and 40% of G. niloticus collected from fish infected by intraperitoneal injection or immersion, respectively, at 24 h post-challenge. The present study confirms that parasitism of tilapia by G. niloticus increased host mortality following exposure to the bacterial pathogen S. iniae.     

罗非鱼海豚链球菌16S rRNA基因的序列测定和系统进化分析

为了从分子水平上对1株致病性罗非鱼链球菌进行分类学鉴定,利用原核生物16SrRNA基因通用引物对分离纯化的罗非鱼致病性链球菌进行16S rRNA基因的克隆及序列分析。结果扩增出长约1.5 kp目的片段,测序得到1条长度为1 447 bp核苷酸序列。核苷酸相似性分析表明,序列与NCB I公布的海豚链球菌(Streptococcus iniae,S.iniae)SCCF5L菌株16SrRNA基因核苷酸序列相似性最高(99.4%),暂称为中国广西株(S.iniae-CGX)。同时,亲源关系较近的S.iniae、S.difficilis和S.agalactiae代表菌株构建的系统发育进化树显示,所得菌株与S.iniae代表菌株组成同一进化分支,与S.agalactiae代表菌株组成的另一进化分支距离较近(95.5%),而与S.difficilis代表菌株组成的进化分支距离较远(92.3%)。上述研究证实,本试验从发病罗非鱼脑组织分离到的致病性链球菌为海豚链球菌。     

Multiplex nested-polymerase chain reaction for the simultaneous detection of Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Photobacterium damselae and Streptococcus iniae, four important fish pathogens in subtropical Asia

A multiplex nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based (m-nested PCR) method was developed for simultaneous detection of four important freshwater/marine fish pathogens in subtropical Asia, including Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Photobacterium damselae and Streptococcus iniae . The specificity of the oligonucleotide primers used for PCR detection was confirmed to generate specific amplicons for the corresponding pathogens. Moreover, non-specific amplicons were observed when the primers were tested using pure DNA extracted from 31 related bacterial strains belonging to 23 species or tissue homogenates of infected tilapia. This m-nested PCR approach could detect 19 colony forming unit (CFU) for A. hydrophila , 62 CFU for E. tarda , 280 CFU for P. damselae subsp. piscicida and 179 CFU for S. iniae in infected tilapia kidney homogenates, consistent with the results derived from bacteriological methods. The assay described in this paper is a sensitive and effective method for simultaneous detection of multiple fish pathogens.     

海豚链球菌感染对不同品系罗非鱼血液生化指标和肝脏HSP70 mRNA表达的影响

以吉富罗非鱼、新吉富罗非鱼、埃及尼罗罗非鱼和红罗非鱼为研究对象,饲养100d后,进行海豚链球菌(2.95×108CFU/mL)感染试验,分析攻毒前后各品系罗非鱼的血液生化指标和肝脏HSP70 mRNA表达量的变化规律。另从各桶中取20尾鱼进行同样的攻毒试验,统计攻毒后各时间点的累积死亡率。结果表明,感染海豚链球菌96h后,吉富罗非鱼和新吉富罗非鱼对病原较为敏感,累积死亡率分别达到36.67%和38.33%;埃及尼罗罗非鱼对病原敏感性较差,试验期间未见死亡。吉富罗非鱼、新吉富罗非鱼和红罗非鱼血清皮质醇和葡萄糖水平以及肝脏HSP70 mRNA的表达量在攻毒后明显提高,血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶与溶菌酶活力也呈上升趋势,碱性磷酸酶活力与甘油三酯和胆固醇水平低于攻毒前。埃及尼罗罗非鱼可以利用糖原和脂类产生的能量,提高了HSPS与一些特定免疫蛋白(溶菌酶、球蛋白等)的合成,增强了鱼体的非特异性免疫力。罗非鱼选育过程中,需要将抗病力与生长性能进行有效的结合,在注重生长速度的同时也要增强其抗应激能力,从而为罗非鱼产业的可持续发展提供保证。     

Comparison of the pathogenicity of Francisella orientalis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) through experimental intraperitoneal infection

Francisella orientalis is a highly virulent, emerging bacterium that causes mass mortalities in tilapia. This pathogen also affects numerous other warm-water fish species, including three-line grunt, hybrid striped bass and various ornamental fish. This study sheds light on two new species of fish that are susceptible to F. orientalis. Asian seabass and largemouth bass showed variable levels of susceptibility in a bacterial challenge experiment. After intraperitoneally injected with a dose of 10⁶ CFU/fish, a total of 64.28% and 21.42% mortalities were obtained in Asian seabass and largemouth bass, respectively. Meanwhile, Nile tilapia showed acute mortality of 100%. All fish showed typical lesions of francisellosis, including multifocal granulomas in the spleen and head kidney. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed strong positive signals inside the granulomas of all fish. The bacterial recovery in solid media from infected fish was highest in Nile tilapia (85.71%), followed by Asian seabass (35.71%) and largemouth bass (21.42%). PCR results tested 100% positive for Nile tilapia, and 78.57% and 21.42% for Asian seabass and largemouth bass, respectively. In conclusion, Asian seabass and largemouth bass are susceptible to this pathogen, which warrants new management strategies when employing predation polyculture systems of these species with tilapia.     

Initial Disease Report of Streptococcus iniae Infection in Hybrid Striped (Sunshine) Bass and Successful Therapeutic Intervention with the Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial Enrofloxacin

Streptococcal infection ( Streptococcus iniae ) was diagnosed sequentially in two tanks of hybrid striped bass Morone saxatilis male × M. chrysops female (Sunshine bass) grown in a commercial freshwater recirculation facility in western Massachusetts. The pathogen was isolated in the laboratory, biochemically and morphologically characterized, and antibacterial sensitivities determined. Streptococcus iniae -induced lesions in the Sunshine bass were character at the gross and histopathological levels. Initial treatment with oxytetracycline was unsuccessful. Based on sensitivity results, enrofloxacin-medicated feed was dosed at 10 mg/kg body weight for 10 d, while a subsequent trial was conducted at 5 mg/kg body weight for 10 d. Mortality of fish subsided promptly following initiation of enrofloxacin therapy, yielding a final mortality in the initial tank of 10.83% (control tank 55.5%) and in the second tank of 16.97% (control tank 39.8%). Tissue enrofloxacin residues, detected via a microbiologic bioassay, revealed greater quantities and longer duration of residues in various tissues from the 5-mg as compared to the 10-mg trial, potentially the result of adverse feed palatability. Enrofloxacin appears to have excellent potential as an antibacterial agent for treating susceptible bacterial diseases of Sunshine bass.     

Rapid identification of Streptococcus iniae by specific PCR assay utilizing genetic markers in ITS rDNA

The 16S-23S intergenic spacers (ITS) of ribosomal DNA from ten independent isolates of Streptococcus iniae and one reference strain ATCC29178 were sequenced, aligned and used to design a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer set for rapid and specific detection and identification of S. iniae. This primer set amplified a 377-bp DNA fragment specifically from S. iniae, but not from other common bacterial pathogens of fish or from non-fish pathogens. The PCR conditions were optimized to allow detection of the organism from agar, broth culture or infected fish tissue. The sensitivity of the PCR assay was established by the detection of DNA as low as 0.02 ng or as few as 10 CFU bacterial cells. The establishment of the specific PCR assay provides a useful tool for the identification and diagnosis of fish infection with S. iniae.     

Characterization of apoptosis induced by grouper iridovirus in two newly established cell lines from barramundi,Lates calcarifer (Bloch)

Two new cell lines have been established from the muscle and swim bladder tissues of barramundi, Lates calcarifer, and designated as BM (barramundi muscle) and BSB (barramundi swimbladder), respectively. The cells multiplied well at 28 °C in Leibovitz’s L‐15 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum, and have been continuously subcultured more than 100 times to date. Morphologically, BM cells were mostly fibroblastic, whereas BSB were mostly epithelial. Both cell lines were susceptible to grouper iridovirus (GIV) and displayed characteristics of apoptosis after viral infection. The induction of apoptosis was further assayed in GIV‐infected BM and BSB cells by various methods. The inhibition of cell growth by GIV was demonstrated by MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Morphological observations revealed typical apoptotic features in the infected cells, including cell shrinkage and rounding, chromosome condensation and formation of apoptotic body‐like vesicles. Chromosome fragmentation was detected by DNA laddering and TUNEL assays. Finally, the appearance of phosphotidylserine on the outer leaflet of apoptotic cell membranes was confirmed by annexin V staining. This is the first report of apoptosis induced by GIV in fish cells.     

斑点叉尾TLR5和TLR5S基因在不同病原诱导下的表达特征

分别用迟钝爱德华氏菌Edwardsiella tarda、嗜水气单胞菌Aeromonas hydrophila、链球菌Streptococcus iniae和斑点叉尾(鱼回)呼肠孤病毒(channel catfish hemorrhage reovirus,CCRV)对斑点叉尾(鱼回)Ictalurus punctatus进行感染实验,取感染后0h、12h、24h、48h、72h和7d的头肾、肠、肝脏和脾脏,采用实时定量PCR方法检测了TLR5和TLR5S基因在这4种免疫相关组织中的时空表达特征,探讨它们与斑点叉尾(鱼回)先天免疫反应的关系.结果表明,链球菌和迟钝爱德华氏菌能够引起TLR5和TLR5S强烈的上调表达,其中以感染链球菌12h后TLR5S在头肾中的表达上调量最为显著,与对照组相比提高了132倍(P＜0.01).在感染嗜水气单胞菌后的24h内TLR5和TLR5S基因的表达量上升,但随后却显示出了明显的下调趋势,而斑点叉尾(鱼回)呼肠孤病毒在TLR5和TLR5S基因表达中起到了明显的抑制作用,于大部分组织中表达下调.在感染12h的脾脏中,TLR5基因的表达量仅为对照组的0.017倍(P＜0.01),而TLR5S基因表达量达到最低,仅为对照组的0.01倍(P＜0.01).从不同的组织来看,TLR5在肠中的表达上调幅度最大,而TLR5S在头肾中的表达增幅最明显,如感染链球菌和迟钝爱德华氏菌12h后,TLR5在肠中的表达量分别增加了50.4倍(P＜0.01)和14.8倍(P＜0.01),TLR5S在头肾中的表达量分别上升了52.8倍(P＜0.01)和132倍(P＜0.01).以上结果进一步证明了TLR5和TLR5S基因在斑点叉尾(鱼回)先天免疫反应过程中发挥着非常重要的作用,同时在抗病原侵袭过程中表现出了一定的组织特异性和病原特异性.