瓯江干流丽水段渔业资源现状分析与修复研究

根据2009年瓯江干流丽水段的渔业资源调查,运用数学统计法对渔业资源现状进行分析,探讨其变化的主要原因,同时提出了渔业资源修复措施.结果表明,丽水段浮游生物的种类、细胞密度和生物量相对于1972年均有一定程度的增加,且组成发生了一定的变化;底栖动物种类、密度和生物量均有减少,水丝蚓所占比例增大;鱼类的种类、数量和可捕量较1972年大幅降低,珍稀鱼类种类减少甚至濒临灭绝,许多鱼类出现低龄化和小型化问题.水工设施的大量建造、环境污染和过度采砂被认为是造成上述变化的主要原因.提出了通过建立溪流性鱼类保护区、设立增殖放流站和繁育基地、减少环境污染等多种措施来实现瓯江丽水段渔业资源的修复.     

渤海渔业资源结构、数量分布及其变化↑（*）

通过１９８２年～１９８３年和１９９２年～１９９３年分季底拖网调查,分析了渤海渔业生物资源的结构、数量分布及其季节间和１０年间生物量的变动情况及原因。结果表明,渤海渔业生物优势种与１０年前相比发生了较大变化,鱼已代替黄鲫成为渤海鱼类资源最丰富的种类,斑的生物量亦有较大增加,而小黄鱼、蓝点马鲛的生物量则大幅度下降。中上层鱼类占总生物量的比例增加,底层鱼类则下降,软体动物除春季外都下降,甲壳动物各季都有不同程度的下降。渔业资源密集分布区由莱州湾－黄河口一带水域变为秦皇岛和龙口外海水域。总生物量各季都下降,降幅为９．７％～８４．２％。渔业资源质量较１０年前大为降低,经济价值低的小型中上层鱼类已成为渔业资源的主要成分。     

２０１１年春秋季大渡河河口浮游植物群落结构特征研

对大渡河河口春秋季的浮游植物群落结构特征进行了调查,共采集到浮游植物6门、53属、157种;其中,硅藻种类最多,共109种,占总数的69.43％,其次是绿藻和蓝藻.左侧汊河和青衣江浮游植物种类较多.优势度分析显示,大渡河河口浮游植物优势种季节演替明显.浮游植物平均密度和生物量分别为469 040个/L和0.9051mg/L,均以硅藻最高.浮游植物密度春季高于秋季,生物量则春季低于秋季,青衣江浮游植物密度和生物量较干流低.大渡河河口多样性指数春季平均为3.1728,秋季平均为3.3547;均匀度指数春季平均为0.5300,秋季平均为0.5749.秋季浮游植物多样性指数和优势度均高于春季,青衣江两指标均较干流低.     

黄河干流宁蒙段渔业资源调查及保护对策

为了解黄河干流宁蒙段渔业资源现状,于2007年10月对这一河段的饵料生物资源和鱼类资源进行了调查,重点是浮游生物种类组成及数量变化、鱼类区系特点和渔获物组成分析。结果表明：黄河干流宁蒙段浮游生物种类和数量偏少,鱼类资源量呈下降趋势;然后,通过查询相关资料和结合本次调查结果,分析讨论了黄河干流宁蒙段鱼类资源衰退的主要原因,并且为这一河段的鱼类种质资源保护和渔业资源可持续利用提出合理性建议。     

惠州西湖生态恢复中营养盐和浮游生物监测

惠州西湖是典型的热带浅水富营养化湖泊,于2004年底建立示范区,进行了鱼类调控和水生植被修复。2005年1～10月的调查结果表明:示范区总磷、悬浮物、叶绿素a的含量分别比未修复的平湖低64.0%、80.0%、63.5%,水体透明度提高了3倍以上;示范区浮游植物优势种趋向贫-中营养种类,以硅藻为主,平均密度和生物量比未修复的平湖分别低98%和93%;示范区浮游动物种类增加,丰度显著减少,优势种趋向清水态种类,大型种类增多。说明生态修复改善富营养化水质取得了良好的效果。     

三峡水库汛期运行对长江干支流浮游植物的影响

为了探究三峡水库175m蓄水后工程运行对库区浮游植物影响,于汛期对长江干流及其25条支流浮游植物进行了调查,长江干流上游至下游共设朱沱、丰收坝、寸滩等13个采样点,綦江、嘉陵江、五布河等25条长江支流共设94个采样点。结果表明:(1)干流145m淹没河段,硅藻种类比例明显降低,蓝藻、绿藻、甲藻、隐藻种类比例明显升高,但主要种类组成仍为硅藻-绿藻-蓝藻型;现存量升高不明显,硅藻比例明显降低、蓝藻比例明显升高;出现蓝藻优势种类且占比最高,硅藻优势种类占比下降,但仍为最高优势度种类,且最高其优势度基本不变;浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Pielou均匀性指数(J)下降不明显;(2)145m未淹没支流,175m淹没河段重新恢复为自然河流状态,其浮游植物群落也恢复到自然河流状态;(3)145m淹没支流河口,浮游植物种类组成特点明显改变;现存量明显升高,其组成发生较大变化;硅藻优势种类占比、最高优势度明显下降,绿藻、蓝藻、隐藻、甲藻等优势种类相应升高;H′和J明显降低;(4)从上游至下游,干流和25条支流河口硅藻种类比例由最高到最低变化,蓝藻、绿藻种类比例由较低到最高变化。     

涉海建设项目中深水海域渔业资源调查问题的研究

为解决涉海工程深水渔业资源评估的问题,于2014~2015年在南海北部局部海域开展底拖网与灯光罩网联合调查渔业资源活动。结果表明:在深水区底拖网渔获组成与灯光罩网有明显的不同,并受到季节与海域的影响(P0.05)。拖网渔获物中鱼类平均占渔获总尾数的93.36%,头足类占3.53%,甲壳类占3.11%;灯光罩网渔获物中鱼类平均占渔获总尾数的63.33%,头足类占36.65%,甲壳类占0.02%。两种调查的相同渔获物1~6种,主要为鱼类和头足类,在拖网中所占比值较低,平均占渔获总尾数的2.07%,而在灯光罩网中比值极高,平均占渔获总尾数的67.03%。灯光罩网与底拖网调查的渔业资源密度直接比值平均为0.06,灯光罩网与底拖网扣除相同渔获种类后的资源密度比值平均为0.06,相应的质量密度直接比值平均为0.62,扣除相同渔获种类后的比值平均为0.67。研究认为,深水海域的渔业资源量应该是两种渔具调查结果之和,对两种渔具调查中出现的相同渔获物,宜取其评估数据的平均值。由于各站点调查结果差异较大,采用所有站点的平均值来计算评估海域的损害赔偿较为合适。建议对SC/T9110-2007技术规程修订,规范中上层渔业资源调查方法。     

兴凯湖当壁镇湖区夏季浮游植物群落结构变化

2009年夏季对兴凯湖当壁镇湖区浮游植物群落结构进行研究。结果表明,兴凯湖当壁镇湖区浮游植物共计7门41种属,绿藻、硅藻的种类为主,分别占39.0%、24.4%;数量、生物量均值分别为192.97×104ind.L-1、2.4605mg.L-1,硅藻的数量、生物量最多（147.47×104ind.L-1、2.2818 mg.L-1）。优势种中硅藻、绿藻、蓝藻、黄藻门的种类均有,分别为扭曲小环藻（Cyclotella comta）、颗粒直链藻最狭变种（Melosira granulata）;普通小球藻（Chlorella vulgaris）、湖生卵囊藻（O觟cystis lacustris）;小形色球藻（Chroococcus minor）以及黄丝藻（Tribonemnsp.）。调查湖区,浮游植物的多样性较丰富（H＇均值2.09,J均值0.56）。比较2001年研究结果,兴凯湖当壁镇湖区夏季浮游植物的种类组成、数量变化不大;硅藻、隐藻优势种的比例下降,绿藻增加,优势种中丝状藻类比例增加;浮游植物的生物量有所上升,调查湖区鱼产潜力有升高趋势。     

长江天鹅洲白鱀豚国家级自然保护区鱼类资源现状

了解湖北长江天鹅洲白鱀豚国家级保护区的鱼类资源现状,为豚类保护措施的制定提供参考,也为长江渔业资源的保护和管理提供依据。于2017-2019年在保护区水域进行了渔获物和渔业水声学调查。调查共采集到鱼类83种(亚种),结合历史资料,保护区共分布有鱼类154种(亚种),隶属于11目25科85属。历史资料中的71种在此次调查中未采集到,有7种为此次调查新增种类。长江干流和天鹅洲故道的优势种和鱼类密度均存在较大差别。在保护区长江干流江段,黄颡鱼(Tachysurus fulvidraco)和银鮈(Squalidus argentatus)为优势种,在天鹅洲故道,光泽黄颡鱼(Tachysurus nitidus)和贝氏歺又鱼(Hemiculter bleekeri)为优势种。长江干流和天鹅洲故道的鱼类资源平均密度分别为(0.40±0.38)和(0.94±0.81)尾/m~3。调查结果表明,保护区的鱼类资源仍处于衰退的进程中,需针对保护区不同水域采取不同的保护措施。     

长江南京段渔业资源监测与分析(2010-2012年)

2010年至2012年对长江南京段的渔业资源进行了调查,分析了鱼类资源和饵料生物的状况.共监测到鱼类43种,优势种组成稍有变动,鲫、鲤等经济鱼类的数量与生物量有所增长,在渔获物中的优势地位明显提高.鱼类群落中物种间个体均匀分布的程度无显著变化,群落多样性稍有增长,丰富度指数略提高.浮游生物资源总体保持稳定,但底栖动物的生物量、密度均较低.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

The optimal dietary protein level of juvenile silver sillago Sillago sihama at three dietary lipid levels

A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg.     

Vitamin D3 and the renal handling of phosphate in American eels

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D₃) increased plasma inorganic phosphate concentration in American eels,Anguilla rostrata, in a dose-dependent fashion. This response was more marked in phosphate loaded fish. In control as well as phosphate loaded eels the hyperphosphatemic response to D₃ was associated with a sharp reduction in renal phosphate clearance relative to¹⁴C-polyethelene glycol (PEG) clearance. Glomerular filtration and urine flow rates were not affected by D₃. As renal phosphate clearance, even in phosphate loaded eels, never significantly exceeded that of PEG, it is suggested that D₃ reduced the relative clearance rate of phosphate by increasing renal phosphate reabsorption rather than by reducing the tubular secretion of phosphate.