2种饵料模式对稻田养殖中华绒螯蟹幼蟹养殖性能和生理代谢的影响

为优化稻田养殖中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹的饵料模式,本研究分别采用配合饲料和传统饵料(豆粕、麸皮、玉米和小麦)投喂稻田养殖中华绒螯蟹幼蟹152 d,每种投喂组各3个重复,比较2种饵料模式对幼蟹养殖性能、蛋白质代谢、消化酶、抗氧化和免疫指标的影响。结果显示,配合饲料组的雌蟹和雄蟹体质量均高于传统饵料组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);就养殖性能而言,2种饵料模式下,配合饲料组正常幼蟹的平均体质量及产量、1龄早熟蟹平均体质量及其产量、总产量和成活率均略高于传统饵料组,饵料系数显著低于传统饵料组(P<0.05);就蛋白质代谢而言,配合饲料组雌蟹和雄蟹血淋巴中的总蛋白含量显著高于传统饵料组(P<0.05),而传统饵料组雄蟹血淋巴中的尿素氮含量和肝胰腺中的谷草转氨酶活力显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05);配合饲料组雌蟹和雄蟹肝胰腺中的脂肪酶均显著高于传统饵料组(P<0.05),而雄蟹的α-淀粉酶活力显著低于传统饵料组;配合饲料组的雌蟹血淋巴中总抗氧化能力、碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶活力和肝胰腺中酸性磷酸酶活力均显著高于传统饵料组(P<0.05)。综上所述,投喂配合饲料可以提高稻田扣蟹的养殖性能、促进蛋白质沉积和脂类吸收、增强幼蟹抗氧化和免疫能力、提高蟹种质量。     

不同饵料投喂模式对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长和生理生化的影响

为研究池塘养殖过程中不同饵料投喂模式对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹生长和生理生化的影响, 实验以中华绒螯蟹幼蟹为研究对象, 比较了喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)组(Diet1 组)、配合饲料组(Diet2 组)以及两者 1 1 ∶ 混合组(Diet3 组) 3 种饵料投喂模式下幼蟹生长、消化酶、抗氧化酶及免疫酶活性的变化。每个处理组设置 3 个重复, 实验周期为 120 d。结果表明: (1)养殖结束时, Diet2 组幼蟹的终末体重、增重率、特定生长率和肝胰腺指数均显著高于 Diet1 和 Diet3 组; (2) Diet2 和 Diet3 组幼蟹肝胰腺和躯体的粗脂肪含量显著高于 Diet1 组, 而灰分含量呈相反趋势; (3)幼蟹肝胰腺 α-淀粉酶活性在 Diet3 组最高(P<0.05), 而脂肪酶活性在 Diet2 组最高 (P<0.05); (4) Diet1 组幼蟹血清过氧化氢酶活性最高, 而 Diet2 组和 Diet3 组总抗氧化能力和丙二醛含量均显著高于 Diet1 组; (5) Diet1 组幼蟹肝胰腺过氧化氢酶酶活性最高, Diet2 组雌蟹超氧化歧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力活性最高 (P<0.05), Diet3 组雄蟹总抗氧化能力活性最高(P<0.05); (6) Diet2 组和 Diet3 组幼蟹血清中酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著高于 Diet1 组, 而在雌雄蟹肝胰腺中, 三组间酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活力不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。 因此, 在中华绒螯蟹池塘养殖模式下, 在合理的种植水花生的基础上投喂配合饲料有利于幼蟹生长、消化和脂肪积累, 以及增强幼蟹抗氧化和免疫能力。本研究可为配合饲料投喂模式的推广以及将水花生作为植食性饵料添加到中华绒螯蟹幼蟹配合饲料中的开发提供科学参考与理论基础。     

饵料蛋白质对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹消化酶活性及胰蛋白酶mRNA丰度的影响

设计了蛋白质含量为45%、35%和25%的三种饵料,以鲜活饵料作对照,研究饵料蛋白质对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹(6±0.5g)消化酶活性的影响.分别于饲养后第10天、20天和40天时取其肝胰腺,测定胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性,结果表明(1)肝胰腺胰蛋白酶活性在投喂鲜活饵料时,整个实验过程中无明显差异(P＞0.05);三个实验饵料组蛋白质至第20天时对胰蛋白酶活性才产生显著影响,其中25%蛋白饵料组显著低于其它三个饵料组(P＜0.05).(2)投喂鲜活饵料的仔蟹肝胰腺中淀粉酶比活力在第10d时为49.39 U·mg-1,此后逐渐递减;比较三个蛋白饵料组淀粉酶活性,发现淀粉酶活性自第10天起即受饵料蛋白质的显著影响(P＜0.05),至第20天时45%蛋白饵料组比活力为23.85 U·mg-1,较其它两个蛋白饵料组及对照组相比显著降低(P＜0.05),而第40天时对照组和25%蛋白饲料组的淀粉酶比活力显著高于45%和35%二个蛋白饵料组(P＜0.05).(3)胰蛋白酶mRNA丰度以25%蛋白饵料组为最低,仅0.140,与35%蛋白饵料组较为接近(P＞0.05),而对照饵料组和45%蛋白饵料组的mRNA丰度分别为饲料3组的4.5倍和3.5倍,显著高于25%和35%两个蛋白饵料组(P＜0.05).结果提示仔蟹饵料蛋白质对肝胰腺胰蛋白酶具有显著促进作用,mRNA丰度的变化反映了饵料蛋白质水平导致胰蛋白酶活性的变化是由基因转录水平的差异造成的.     

配合饲料替代杂鱼对中华绒螯蟹生长发育、体成分及脂肪酸组成的影响

通过分别投喂配合饲料和天然杂鱼,研究配合饲料替代杂鱼对中华绒螯蟹生长发育、体成分及脂肪酸组成的影响。试验池塘设在上海市崇明县水产技术推广站特色水产养殖基地,每种饵料设3个平行。试验时间为2010年4月至11月,养殖结束后统计各试验组的存活率、体质量、产量,并随机取样测定各试验组雌雄蟹的肝胰腺指数、性腺指数、出肉率,同时测定肝胰腺、性腺和肌肉中水分、总脂、粗蛋白含量及脂肪酸组成。结果显示,杂鱼组和配合饲料组蟹的存活率、体质量、肝胰腺指数、性腺指数、出肉率等指标均无显著差异(P>0.05);杂鱼组雌雄蟹肝胰腺及雄蟹肌肉中水分含量极显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.01);杂鱼组雌雄蟹肝胰腺、性腺及雌蟹肌肉中总脂含量均显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.05);杂鱼组雌雄蟹肝胰腺中粗蛋白含量均显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05),但杂鱼组雌蟹卵巢中粗蛋白含量极显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.01)。配合饲料组雌蟹肝胰腺游离脂肪酸含量显著高于杂鱼组(P<0.05),磷脂含量杂鱼组显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05);配合饲料组雌蟹卵巢和肌肉甘油三酯含量均显著高于杂鱼组(P<0.05或P<0.01),游离脂肪酸和磷脂含量则杂鱼组显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05或P<0.01);雌蟹肌肉中胆固醇含量配合饲料组极显著高于杂鱼组(P<0.01)。两组饵料雄蟹肝胰腺各脂类组成无显著差异;精巢中甘油三酯及游离脂肪酸含量为杂鱼组显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.01),磷脂含量为杂鱼组显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.05);雄蟹肌肉胆固醇含量配合饲料组显著低于杂鱼组(P<0.05)。杂鱼组雄蟹肝胰腺和肌肉中LOA含量极显著或显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.01或P<0.05),而杂鱼组雄蟹肌肉中ARA含量显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05);杂鱼组雌蟹卵巢中LNA、ARA和DHA的含量极显著或显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。研究结果表明,适宜的配合饲料替代杂鱼全程养殖中华绒螯蟹成蟹对其生长发育无显著负面影响,而对其体成分组成及脂肪酸组成有一定影响。     

伊乐藻对中华绒螯蟹生长和营养品质的影响

本研究分析了有伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)组和对照组(无伊乐藻)中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)在生长、肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸组成等方面的差异,探讨伊乐藻对中华绒螯蟹生长和营养品质的影响。结果显示,有伊乐藻组中华绒螯蟹体重、壳长和壳宽增长率与肥满度均显著高于无伊乐藻组(P0.05),但肝胰腺指数和性腺指数差异不显著(P0.05)。伊乐藻组中华绒螯蟹肌肉的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量均显著高于无伊乐藻组(P0.05);伊乐藻组的雌蟹肝胰腺中的鲜味氨基酸含量也显著高于无伊乐藻组(P0.05),而伊乐藻组和无伊乐藻组的雄蟹肝胰腺氨基酸含量差异不显著(P0.05)。伊乐藻组和无伊乐藻组的中华绒螯蟹肌肉脂肪酸组成和含量差异不显著(P0.05),但伊乐藻组中华绒螯蟹的肝胰腺饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量均显著高于无伊乐藻组(P0.05)。综上所述,伊乐藻不仅有利于中华绒螯蟹的生长,而且能改善中华绒螯蟹的营养品质。     

3种投喂模式对中华绒螯蟹性腺发育和生化组成的影响

2015年4—10月在江苏常州金坛市指前镇芦家村省级高效设施渔业示范点6口面积0.667hm~2试验塘(编号1~6#)中,投放中华绒螯蟹和日本沼虾苗种,密度分别为2.25×10~4只/hm~2和150kg/hm~2,分别投喂配合饲料、冰鲜杂鱼和饲料与冰鲜杂鱼混合,每种投喂模式设两个重复,定期测定肝胰腺指数、性腺指数、出肉率、总可食率和体成分的生化组成。试验结果显示,在体质量接近的条件下,3种投喂模式对成蟹的性腺指数和肝胰腺指数无显著影响(P0.05),9月杂鱼组雌雄个体的性腺指数和肝胰腺指数略低于配合饲料组和混合投喂组,而混合投喂组的性腺指数略高于其他两组。不同投喂模式对各组织中华绒螯蟹的干质量中生化组成影响较小,仅杂鱼组雌蟹肝胰腺中脂肪含量为71.44%,显著低于饲料组(86.94%)和混合组(87.67%)(P0.05)。不同投喂模式对各组中华绒螯蟹组织湿质量中生化组成无显著影响(P0.05)。综上,用投喂配合饲料替代杂鱼投喂成蟹,可以提高雌蟹肝胰腺中的脂肪含量,而对性腺发育和生化组成无不利影响。     

不同脂肪源饲料对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长、消化酶活力和脂肪酸组成的影响

选用初始体重为(2.15±0.10)g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)雄性幼蟹,随机分为5组(每组12只幼蟹),饲喂100%鱼油组(简称F1组)、100%豆油组(F2组)、100%亚麻油组(F3组)、50%鱼油+50%豆油组(F4组)、50%鱼油+50%亚麻油组(F5组)不同脂肪源配制的5种等氮等能饲料。实验蟹单个体养殖,实验周期为112 d。结果表明,F5组体重、增重率和特定生长率都显著高于其他饲料组(P0.05),各组的蜕壳间隔和肝胰腺指数没有显著差异(P0.05)。肝胰腺组织消化酶活力测定结果表明,F1组幼蟹肝胰腺的类胰蛋白酶活力显著高于其他各组(P0.05);F3组的胃蛋白酶活力显著高于其他各组(P0.05);F1组、F2组和F4组的脂肪酶活力显著高于其他两组(P0.05);各组的淀粉酶活力差异不显著(P0.05)。脂肪酸测定结果表明,肝胰腺和肌肉中的亚油酸(LOA)(C18:2n-6)、亚麻酸(LNA)(C18:3n-3)、EPA(C20:5n-3)和DHA(C22:6n-3)等主要脂肪酸含量与饲料脂肪酸组成呈正相关关系,F1组的高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)含量显著高于其余各组(P0.05),F2组的LOA含量显著高于其余各组(P0.05),F3组的LNA含量显著高于其余各组(P0.05)。本研究结果表明,以50%的豆油或亚麻油替代鱼油能促进中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的生长,但可能使幼蟹的成活率降低。以豆油或亚麻油替代鱼油会影响幼蟹胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活力和肝胰腺、肌肉脂肪酸组成。     

长江、黄河、辽河水系中华绒螯蟹野生扣蟹的形态学及生化组成

探讨长江、黄河和辽河水系中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis,以下称河蟹)野生扣蟹的异同,对于河蟹种质资源评价和养殖生产具有重要的现实意义。本研究采用形态学测量和生化分析方法,测定和比较了长江、黄河和辽河三水系野生扣蟹(以下简称长江蟹、黄河蟹和辽河蟹)的形态学、肝胰腺指数(HSI)、常规生化成分、脂类和脂肪酸组成差异。结果表明,(1)三水系野生扣蟹的形态学特征差异较大,三水系雌雄扣蟹分别有12和18个形态学指标差异显著,但其差异系数均未达到亚种间的差异阈值,聚类分析将三水系野生扣蟹分为两组,长江和黄河水系为一组,辽河水系为另一组。(2)筛选判别贡献率较大的7~10个指标,对三水系雌雄扣蟹分别建立判别方程,综合判别准确率达87.5%。(3)长江雌蟹HSI最高,辽河雄蟹HSI最低;辽河雌蟹肝胰腺的水分和蛋白含量较高,长江雌蟹水分、粗蛋白和总糖含量最低;辽河蟹躯体肌肉水分含量最高,而长江蟹躯体蛋白和脂肪含量最高,但总糖含量最低。(4)就脂类组成而言,除了雄体肝胰腺外,长江蟹组织中的甘油三酯含量均显著高于其他两个水系,黄河蟹游离脂肪酸和胆固醇百分含量相对较低,但磷脂含量最高。(5)黄河蟹肝胰腺和躯体肌肉中18:1n9和18:2n6含量最低,但其20:5n3和22:6n3含量最高,三水系肝胰腺中的脂肪酸差异大于肌肉间的差异。因此,三水系河蟹野生扣蟹的形态学和生化组成均存在较大差异,可以据此进行综合鉴别。     

中华绒螯蟹2龄早熟、晚熟选育群体和非选育群体蟹种免疫性能的比较

免疫性能是评价中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis,以下简称河蟹)蟹种质量的重要指标,采用攻毒实验和非特异免疫指标测定方法,以常规养殖未经遗传选育的养殖群体蟹种为对照组,评价了河蟹2龄早熟、晚熟选育群体第2代(G2)扣蟹的攻毒成活率和非特异性免疫指标。结果显示:(1)嗜水气单胞菌攻毒注射后,整体上未选育组扣蟹的死亡率略高于两选育群体,但是雌雄个体间具有一定的性别差异,2龄晚熟群体雄蟹和2龄早熟群体雌蟹攻毒后死亡率分别最低;(2)就肝胰腺中非特异性免疫指标而言,无论雌蟹还是雄蟹,2龄早熟群体肝胰腺中的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性显著高于2龄晚熟组(P0.05);此外,两个选育组雄体肝胰腺中的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均显著高于对照组,2龄早熟G2雌体肝胰腺中的丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)均显著高于其它两组雌体;(3)就血清中非特异免疫指标而言,无论雌蟹还是雄蟹,2龄早熟G2扣蟹血清中的ACP活性均显著高于对照组,2龄晚熟G2扣蟹血清中的谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性均显著低于其它两组扣蟹,此外,2龄早熟G2雌蟹血清中的γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT)和T-AOC活性均显著高于2龄晚熟G2。综上,两个选育群体子二代扣蟹具有较强免疫性能及抗病力,其中2龄早熟群体扣蟹的免疫性能和抗氧化能力略强于2龄晚熟选育群体。     

中华绒螯蟹、日本绒螯蟹及其杂交种性腺发育和生化组成的比较

研究了中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)、日本绒螯蟹(E.japonica)及其杂交种成蟹性腺指数、肝胰腺指数、出肉率、总可食率及其常规生化成分,结果显示:(1)中华绒螯蟹的精巢指数显著高于其它两种群蟹,但其肝胰腺指数、出肉率和总可食率均无显著差异;中华绒螯蟹的卵巢指数也显著高于日本绒螯蟹和杂交蟹,而杂交蟹的肝胰腺指数显著高于其它两种群蟹。(2)中华绒螯蟹、日本绒螯蟹和杂交种精巢中水分、蛋白和脂肪含量分别最低,日本绒螯蟹精巢中碳水化合物含量最高;杂交种肝胰腺蛋白、脂肪和碳水化合物含量均最高,日本绒螯蟹肌肉中脂肪含量显著低于其它两种群。(3)日本绒螯蟹卵巢水分含量显著高于其它两种群蟹,蛋白、脂肪和碳水化合物含量显著低于其它两种群;日本绒螯蟹肝胰腺的水分和蛋白含量最高,但脂肪含量最低,杂交种肝胰腺中脂肪含量最高、水分含量最低;日本绒螯蟹肌肉中的水分含量最高,其它生化成分含量最低;中华绒螯蟹肌肉的水分含量最低,其它生化成分含量最高。整体上,中华绒螯蟹具有早熟特性,不同种群绒螯蟹性腺中的主要生化成分含量可能与其发育阶段有关,杂交蟹肝胰腺中脂肪含量较高,日本绒螯蟹肌肉中脂肪含量较低。     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Effect of Lead on Survival,Osmoregulation, and Histological Changes of the Gills of the White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone, 1931

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of lead for different life stages of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and to determine the effect of its sublethal concentrations on osmoregulatory capacity (OC) as well as the possible histological alteration in the gills of juvenile shrimp. The 24‐, 48‐, and 96‐h LC₅₀ values for lead to L. vannamei increased progressively with increasing life stage, from nauplii < zoeae < mysis < postlarvae < juvenile. After 15‐d exposure to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, the OC values of exposed shrimp were reduced by 39, 73, and 157%, respectively compared to control animals. Compared to controls, the lead concentrations in gill tissues increased significantly by 127,500, 137,500, and 141,000% in shrimps exposed to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, respectively. After lead exposure, hemocytic congestion in efferent vessels and multiple hyperplasia were observed in gill filaments, resulting in narrowed hemolymphatic lacuna. The histopathological effects increased with increasing Pb concentration.     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Effect of Temperature on Growth,Energy Budget,and Physiological Performance of Green,White, and Purple Color Morphs of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

As an intertidal species, Apostichopus japonicus is subject to diel and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Color variation is a distinct characteristic of A. japonicus, and a new color morph, purple A. japonicus, was recently found on the coast of Rushan, Weihai City. This study was conducted to compare the performance of green, white, and purple color morphs of A. japonicus at different water temperatures to help improving aquaculture technology and management. In this study, green, white, and purple color morphs of juvenile A. japonicus (1.5 ± 0.1 g) were cultured at 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 C for 60 d, according to the suitable temperature range for sea cucumber growth. Temperature was shown to have a significant effect on growth, energy budget, and physiology of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Specific growth rates, feed conversion efficiencies, and the proportion of energy allocated to growth of all three color morphs were optimal at 18 C. Activities of the enzymes related with oxidative stress, immune response, and digestion were determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and trypsin activities generally reached a maximum in all three color morphs at 18 C. The purple color morph of A. japonicus was higher in growth rate, food conversion efficiency, and proportion of energy allocated to growth than green and white color morphs at 18 and 22 C, consistent with its higher trypsin and SOD activity, indicating the mutual effect of growth and physiology. At 18, 22, and 26 C, the green color morph had the highest level of lysozyme activity and purple color morph had the lowest, indicating possible infection by external pathogens of green color morph, which might be caused by high temperature. These results suggested that the optimum temperature for culture of the three color morphs was approximately 18 C, the purple had a better adaption to high temperature, and the green and white color morphs may be more susceptible to thermal stress than the purple color morph.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Recruitment strategy of swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus, in Hiuchi-Nada, Japan

The recruitment strategy of swimming crabs, Portunus trituberculatus, was investigated by field observations and numerical experiments in Hiuchi-Nada, Japan. Calculated dispersal patterns of zoeal and megalopal stages in a three-dimensional numerical model reproduce observed patterns accurately. The temporal change of vertical migration patterns between the 1st and 2nd zoeas and the 3rd and 4th zoeas plays an important role in the process of recruitment of P. trituberculatus from spawning ground to nursery ground.     

Effect of transfer time,temperature, and size on burrowing capacity of juvenile clams,Mulinia edulis,from hatchery

Studies under laboratory and field conditions have shown that juvenile Mulinia edulis clams measuring 5–15 mm are able to tolerate transfer times of over 24 hr and burrow successfully. Burrowing generally followed an asymptotic curve over time, with a rapid initial phase for smaller juveniles, which slowed over time. In laboratory conditions, at low temperatures (8°C), juvenile burrowing was initially rapid (50–70% at first 2 min). In summer temperatures (15.5°C), the burrowing capacity of three sizes of juvenile clams was tested. Size determines differences in burrowing dynamics, where juveniles of 8.9 mm shell length (SL) take longer to burrow than smaller juveniles (4.9 and 6.3 mm SL). For longer transfer times in laboratory conditions (>12 hr), burrowing was slower. The results indicate a faster burrowing rate in smaller (<10 mm) juvenile clams than in larger ones. Transfer times over 24 hr in field experiments show burrowing levels of over 50% after a 60‐min evaluation, with larger juveniles (>10 mm) requiring longer for burrowing. Based on our results, we suggest sending seeds out to grow in natural environments at SL <10 mm, temperatures below 12°C, and transfer times shorter than 12 hr. These results are valuable for improving future transfer techniques from hatchery to growout for small‐scale aquaculture of this new native species in South America.     

Effect of Salinity on Embryonic Development,Hatchability, and Growth of African Catfish,Clarias gariepinus,Eggs and Larvae

Abstract

Effects of salinity on embryonic development and growth of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, eggs and larvae were studied. Eggs were incubated at 27-29°C in 2,4,6,8, and 10 ppt sodium chloride. Rate of embryonic development was delayed in all salt solutions by 15, 15,28 and 30 minutes, in 2,4,6, and 8 ppt sodium chloride, respectively, when compared with the control group (0% salt); total mortality occurred at 12 hours after gastrula stage in the 10 ppt concentration. Percentage hatching was 45.1,47.7, 59.5,49.2, and 26.6% while percentage deformity was 10.4, 16.1, 52.0, 28.6, and 71.6% in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppt salt treatments, respectively. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in the hatching percentage and in deformity percentage between 4, 6, and 8 ppt. Rate of yolk absorption was significantly faster in the control and 2 ppt salt treatments, but slower in 4, 6, and 8 ppt. Rate of increase in length was slower with increasing salinity. The optimum salinity for African catfish eggs and was between 0-2 ppt and acceptable up to 6 ppt. The results suggest that increasing salinity delayed hatching and development of African catfish eggs and larvae, respectively, as well as increased the deformity of the larvae.