野生牙鲆驯化养殖技术

人工驯化养殖野生牙鲆改变了它的自然生存环境和摄食等生活习性,通过对海捕野生牙鲆进行驯化养殖管理,使野生牙鲆在人工养殖环境下能够正常摄食并存活,以备来年春天育苗作为亲鱼使用。     

牙鲆Paralichthys Olivaceus (T&S)亲鱼的越冬、自然产卵和苗种生产

<正> 目前我国牙鲆苗种生产几乎完全依靠捕获天然亲鱼采卵孵化。本试验是将天然牙鲆亲鱼驯化越冬后使之自然产卵,为今后牙鲆的全人工苗种大量生产打下基础。一、天然牙鲆亲鱼越冬前的驯化 1.诱导摄食本试验所用牙鲆亲鱼是1990年5月18日～5月25日在秦皇岛海域用流刺网和袖网捕获13尾亲鱼中存活下来的9尾(♀6尾,全长48～70cm,体重1650～2950g;♂3尾,全长54～60cm,体重1850     

舟山野生牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(Temminck et Sehlegel)的人工驯养试验

对不同渔获方式捕捞的舟山野生牙鲆进行不同方式的驯养试验.结果表明:(1)拖网捕获的活体野生牙鲆数量较少,在室内水泥池中可以驯养成活,但成活率较低,仅为54.5%,驯食的最佳饵料为活体脊尾白虾;(2)推缉网捕获的牙鲆幼鱼数量较多,全长8～15cm的幼鱼在池塘中养殖1年的成活率为46.2%,选择部分作为亲鱼培育,2周龄的成活率为86.4%,3周龄亲鱼养殖成活率达89.4%,目前拥有亲鱼3周龄鱼320尾、2周龄鱼60尾.     

牙鲆育苗技术

牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)是重要的海水养殖鱼类。笔者结合多年生产实践,现将有关育苗技术介绍如下:1亲鱼培育 可采用野生采捕或人工养殖的个体达到性成熟(年龄满2龄,雌性全长360mm以上,雄性全长300mm以上)的亲鱼。培育时根据牙鲆的生理特点进行控温和控     

河北渔业辉煌“十一五”——白斑狗鱼规模化全人工繁育技术研究与应用

<正>2007-2010年,河北省水产研究所等单位通过对白斑狗鱼人工养殖亲鱼繁殖习性的研究及亲鱼的培育,完成了全人工条件下的整个繁育过程。即对来自原产地(新疆额尔齐斯河)野生白斑狗鱼卵进行了人工孵化、苗种培育及驯化养殖,并从中     

半滑舌鳎亲鱼培育及采卵技术研究

2003～2005年通过对半滑舌鳎亲鱼的优选和强化培育,在人工温光调控条件下,获得了良好的产卵效果。本文对半滑舌鳎亲鱼室内培育方法、性腺发育规律、产卵习性、产卵规律及产卵期产卵量、受精率、孵化率、卵子质量等的变化作了较为详细的叙述。结果表明,半滑舌鳎野生亲鱼经人工驯化、强化培育和调控温度、光照等技术,可使亲鱼自然产卵,并有规律的连续产卵,产卵期长达40～50d;产卵量在整个产卵期间呈抛物线式变化;受精率和孵化率随产卵期的推移逐渐增高,以产卵盛期时最高,说明此时卵子质量最好。在本实验条件下,培育到3龄的人工亲鱼又可成熟自然产卵,但产卵效果明显不如野生亲鱼。     

细鳞鲑亲鱼驯化及培育技术研究

根据细鳞鲑的生物学及生殖生理特性,在亲鱼的驯化及培育期间,模拟野生状态下的生境,在水环境及饵料结构上完全符合野生状态的环境条件,在不同发育阶段,采用不同的饵料进行强化培育,增强亲鱼体能,促使性腺发育,在进行人工催产时根据性腺发育程度,采取分阶段不同剂量注射混合激素,产后进行护理恢复性强化培育。实验结果亲鱼成熟雌性平均93.50%,雄性成熟平均99.43%;雌雄亲鱼成熟同步率达到100%。产后雄性亲鱼死亡率平均为2.75%,雌性亲鱼死亡率平均为3.01%。     

牙鲆养殖技术及发展

牙鲆在我国俗称比目鱼、偏口，是冷水性、底栖、肉食性经济鱼类，也是重要的海水养殖鱼类。它具有生长快、肉质细嫩、易消化、高蛋白、低脂肪、低热量等特点，含有丰富的维生素B１、B２及维生素D。其饵料多为低质杂鱼，而我国沿海又产有大量低质野杂鱼，为牙鲆的养殖提供了丰富的饵料资源。一、牙鲆亲鱼的培育野生海捕或人工养殖的牙鲆鱼均可作为亲鱼。我国黄、渤海产的天然牙鲆性成熟年龄为：雌性个体要年满２周龄，体长在３５厘米以上；雄性略早，体长达３０厘米左右即可性成熟。而人工养殖的牙鲆性成熟略早。牙鲆亲鱼通过控温、控光等…     

野生与人工养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼微量元素组成的差异比较

分析了野生与人工养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼肝脏、背肌及卵中硒、铁、锰、铜、铬、镉和铅等微量元素的含量。结果表明,野生褐牙鲆亲鱼肝脏中硒、铁含量均显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05),铜含量则显著低于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05),其他各元素间均未见显著差异(P>0.05);野生褐牙鲆亲鱼背肌中除硒和锰的含量显著高于养殖亲鱼外(P<0.05),其他各元素含量均基本保持恒定(P>0.05);野生褐牙鲆亲鱼卵中硒、铁和锰的含量均显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05),其中硒的含量约为养殖亲鱼的1.7倍,铁的含量约为养殖亲鱼的2.0倍,而锰含量则为养殖亲鱼的2.8倍。养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼卵中镉含量与野生亲鱼相比高出78%(P<0.05)。两种亲鱼卵中铜、镉、铅3种重金属含量均未见显著差异(P>0.05)。     

黄海所“漠斑牙鲆引进繁育及养殖模式研究”课题通过专家鉴定

近日,黄海水产研究所主持完成的“漠斑牙鲆引进繁育及养殖模式研究”课题通过了专家鉴定。该课题是在农业部“948”项目、青岛市科技计划项目和山东省科技兴海项目的资助下完成的。该项目成功地引进了漠斑牙鲆亲鱼,完成了亲鱼暂养、驯化和培育,并采用综合调控技术,有效地调控了亲鱼自然、批量产卵,获得大批量优质受精卵;系统地进行了漠斑牙鲆繁育发育生物学、实验生态学、种质资源、工厂化苗种培育及配套技术、养殖模式及技术工艺等方面的研究;开展了早期形态及生长发育规律、仔稚鱼生态习性、淡水驯化、规模化育苗及养殖技术等方面的试验研…     

Influence of Hatchery Protocols on Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Japanese Flounder Juveniles

The Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus is a commercially important fish that is stocked extensively from hatchery rearing programs in Japan. To examine the genetic variability of hatchery-raised juveniles of the Japanese flounder that are used for stocking into natural waters, we analyzed a portion of the mitochondrial genome. The mtDNA region extending from the 3'half of the cytochrome b gene to the central domain of the control region was PCR amplified and analyzed using 11 restriction endonucleases. We identified 34 polymorphic cleavage sites out of a total of 61 sites, which resulted in 67 different haplotypes in a total of 265 offspring, examined from eight hatchery stocks. Haplotype diversity of offspring at each of the eight hatcheries ranged from 0.49 ± 0.09 (SE) to 0.94 ± 0.03 (SE). Also, we observed 40 polymorphic sites out of a total of 59 sites, which resulted in a total of 50 haplotypes in 60 wild flounder. Haplotype diversity of the wild population was 0.98 ± 0.01 (SE). The use of subcultured fishes as broodstock appears to be one of the most important causes of reduced genetic diversity in hatchery-raised flounder juvenile. Our results suggest that the use of wild fish for broodstock is an effective way to maintain genetic variability in Japanese flounder offspring.     

三种常用消毒药物对牙鲆幼鱼的急性毒性试验

选用二氧化氯、高锰酸钾和硫酸铜这三种常用消毒类药物对牙鲆幼鱼进行急性毒性试验,幼鱼体长6.0～9.0cm,平均体重7.0g。结果表明,三种药物对牙鲆幼鱼的安全浓度分别为0.876mg·mL-1、0.397mg·mL-1和0.329mg·mL-1。牙鲆幼鱼对三种药物的敏感性由强到弱依次为:硫酸铜>高锰酸钾>二氧化氯。     

Parental Contributions in a Japanese Flounder Hatchery Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Haplotypes

We analyzed a portion of the mitochondrial genome of hatchery Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus to compare the genetic characteristics between maternal parents and their offspring. The maternal parents consisted of 11 subcultured fish (broodstock taken from hatchery-raised fish) and 41 wild fish. A 1098 base pair region extending from the 3'half of the cytochrome b gene to the central domain of the control region of mtDNA was amplified by PCR and analyzed using 11 restriction endonucleases. We also analyzed the number of copies of tandem repeats in the control region from the sizes of the PCR products. Each female parent had a unique haplotype, but only 31 of them were observed among the 66 offspring examined. From these results, we estimated that about 60% of the maternal parents in the hatchery contributed to the offspring we surveyed. The distribution of the family sizes of the wild fish was Poisson, which is consistent with expectation from a randomly mating population. In contrast, the distribution of family sizes of the subcultured fish deviated from a Poisson distribution. One of the sources of the deviation was that none of the six oldest fishes contributed to offspring production, which is consistent with observation that the spawning peaks later in the spawning season for older fish in flounder hatcheries. Uneven contribution of the female flounders in the hatchery has the potential to reduce substantially the genetic diversity in the offspring. Our results suggest that the misuse of subcultured fish as broodstock is an important cause of reduced genetic diversity in hatchery-raised flounder juvenile.     

Nutritional comparison in muscle of wild,pond and factory cultured Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) adults

Muscle proximate composition, amino acid profiles, fatty acid compositions and selected minerals of wild, pond and factory cultured Japanese flounder adults were compared in this study to elucidate their nutritive values and dietary nutrition requirements. Wild and pond cultured Japanese flounder flesh had higher crude proteins, but crude lipid contents of factory cultured fish were 3.8~4.0 fold greater. Major amino acids in Japanese flounder were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine. Wild fish had higher levels of total amino acids, essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids and half‐essential amino acids and the contents in pond cultured samples were similar. Arachidonic acids (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA), docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), DHA + EPA and n–3 PUFA in wild Japanese flounder were significantly higher than that in factory cultured fish, whereas fatty acid levels were close between pond cultured and wild fish. Japanese flounder were rich in zinc, iron and selenium, but poor in copper, chromium and nickel. Results indicated wild Japanese flounder had higher nutritional value and better meat quality, but the nutritional compositions of pond cultured fish were close to wild Japanese flounder, which suggested that pond culture of Japanese flounder offers broad application prospects.     

Wild fish are not a significant reservoir for Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis (Page, 1987)

Amoebic gill disease (AGD), caused by the protozoan Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis (Page, 1987) is the most important disease affecting salmon farms in Tasmania. Reservoirs for this protozoan parasite are largely unknown. This study investigated wild fish as a potential reservoir of N. pemaquidensis . A total of 325 wild fish, comprising 12 different fish species, were caught from and around salmon farms and examined for the presence of AGD. None of the wild fish were infected with AGD. In a laboratory trial, seahorse, Hippocampus abdominalis , greenback flounder, Rhombosolea tapirina, and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, were challenged with N. pemaquidensis . Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis was detected on the gills on 10 of 15 (66.7%) flounder, nine of 24 (37.5%) seahorses, and six of six (100%) Atlantic salmon. However, paramoebae positive flounder and seahorse lacked the characteristic AGD gill pathology. It is concluded that AGD does not appear in wild fish and wild fish do not seem to be a reservoir of the pathogen.     

Distribution patterns of five pleuronectid species on the continental slope off the Pacific coast of northern Honshu,Japan

Information on the distributions of demersal and benthic fishes is fundamental for stock assessment and management. Spatiotemporal changes in the distribution patterns of five pleuronectid species (flathead flounder Hippoglossoides dubius, Kamchatka flounder Atheresthes evermanni, roughscale sole Clidoderma asperrimum, slime flounder Microstomus achne, and Korean flounder Glyptocephalus stelleri) off the Pacific coast of northern Honshu, Japan, at depths of 150–900 m, were examined using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). Densities of flathead and Korean flounder were highest in the southernmost area, where the fish were small. The body lengths of both of these species increased from 2003 to 2008, suggesting that an abundant year class was recruited in 2003. The density of Kamchatka flounder was highest in the northern area. In roughscale sole and slime flounder, there were no distinctive annual and latitudinal trends in the density distributions. The density distribution of Korean flounder was bimodal; the peaks were at depths of 210 and 410 m. The body length increased as the depth increased from 150 to 410 m, and then decreased from 410 to 550 m. Moreover, “bigger–deeper” trends were observed in flathead, Kamchatka and slime flounder.     

Comparison of stress responses in wild and captive winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus Walbaum) broodstock

Chronic stress is responsible for many problems occurring in fish holding facilities, such as increased susceptibility to disease, reduced growth rate and suppression of the immune response. The goal of this study was to verify if wild winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus Walbaum) suffer from chronic stress when kept several months in captivity. We hypothesized that winter flounder not subjected to chronic stress in captivity would have similar or higher condition indices and similar stress response compared to fish from the wild. Our results showed that the condition index of winter flounder kept in captivity was higher (1.50) than those from the wild (1.33) even after one year of captivity. The intensity of the acute stress response following short‐term exposure to air was similar between wild and captive fish (no significant interaction between the factors ‘stress’ and ‘origin of the fish’). Body water content (an indicator of energy reserves) was lower (76.1%) compared to wild fish (79.8%) after one year of captivity, suggesting that the winter fast had been less energetically demanding in captive fish. These results indicate that no chronic stress was present in captive fish. On the other hand, the mortality during captivity was around 30%, which is high for the aquaculture industry. Further work to address this problem is required.     

野生圆斑星鲽的驯养试验

野生的圆斑星鲽必须经过驯养后才能做为人工养殖亲鱼使用。野生亲鱼开口摄食是驯养成功的关键因素之一,活虾和冰鲜虾是野生圆斑星鲽很好的开口饵料。营造好的驯养环境,与人工繁殖的鲆鲽类混养和及时药物处理可缩短驯养时间和提高成活率。试验共驯养野生的圆斑星鲽27尾,最终成活20尾,成活率为74.1%。     

Weaning of Wild Young-of-the-Year Winter Flounder Pleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) on a Dry Diet: Effects on Growth, Survival, and Feed Efficiency Ratios

Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus is being developed for aquaculture in Atlantic Canada. Weaning, the switch from a live diet to formulated feed, is a critical stage in the culture of any fish species. In this study, we used wild young-of-the-year stock to determine whether juvenile winter flounder can be weaned from live, cultured Artemia onto dry feed. The dry feed used was originally formulated for turbot Scophthalmus maximus and cod Gadus morhua by BP Nutrition, Stavanger, Norway. The performance of live feed and dry pellets was compared in terms of survival, growth and feed efficiency over three months. We were able to wean wild juvenile winter flounder onto dry feed after one week. Increased specific growth rates and feed efficiency ratios in weaned juveniles indicated that prepared diet was a better food source than Anemia . Survival was not influenced by food type.     

Pseudoalbinism and ambicoloration in hatchery-reared pleuronectids as malformations of asymmetrical formation

Morphological abnormalities in eye location and/or body coloration are commonly observed in hatchery-reared juveniles of many pleuronectid species, and have become one of the most serious problems in juvenile production for stock enhancement. In this study, these morphological abnormalities of six pleuronectid species—barfin flounder Verasper moseri, slime flounder Microstomus achne, stone flounder Platichthys bicoloratus, starry flounder Pl. stellatus, cresthead flounder Pseudopleuronectes schrenki, and marbled sole Ps. yokohamae—were successfully classified into four morphological types [normal, two types of pseudoalbinism (normal-eye position or top-eye position), and ambicoloration], following the same classification scheme proposed for other two pleuronectids. Based on our results, the characteristics of each morphological type are quite similar among species. It is confirmed that the normal type has the same ocular side and blind side characteristics as those of wild fish, not only in eye position and body coloration, but also in scales or dentition. The pseudoalbino types have the blind side characteristics of wild fish on both sides, with top-eye type in all characteristics, and normal-eye type in all other characteristics other than eye position. The ambicoloration type has all the ocular side characteristics of wild fish on both sides. Therefore, the pseudoalbinism and ambicoloration of hatchery-reared juveniles of pleuronectid species can be considered malformations of asymmetrical formation. Since this process normally occurs during metamorphosis, the term “metamorphosis-related malformation” is proposed for the abnormal formation of juveniles in pleuronectid species.