栉孔扇贝面盘幼虫和稚贝的滤水率昼夜节律

采用静水法研究了在水温18±0.5℃、饵料密度1.0×104 cell/ml下栉孔扇贝面盘幼虫滤水率的昼夜节律;在水温24℃±0.5℃、饵料密度3.0×104 cell/ml下栉孔扇贝稚贝(壳长1.177～2.017 mm)滤水率的昼夜节律.栉孔扇贝面盘幼虫和稚贝的滤水率分别于17:00、21:00、01:00、05:00、09:00和13:00测定.栉孔扇贝面盘幼虫和稚贝的滤水率均具有明显的昼夜节律,且二者相似.在白天滤水率较低,最低值出现在09:00～13:00,幼虫为0.002 6 ml/h · ind,稚贝为0.1231 ml/h·ind;在夜间有较高的滤水率,最大值出现在凌晨21:00～01:00,幼虫达0.025 8 ml/h·ind,稚贝达0.509 6 ml/h·ind.统计分析表明,栉孔扇贝稚贝和面盘幼虫的滤水率昼夜差异显著(P＜0.01).     

栉孔扇贝对环境变化适应性研究一盐度、pH对存活呼吸、摄食及消化的影响

取体长分别为3和5 cm的栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)置室内水泥池流水暂养1周后,进行盐度和pH变化对其存活、呼吸、摄食及消化影响的实验.结果表明, 栉孔扇贝96 h的半致死盐度为25.在不同盐度的海水中暴露24 h的实验结果为,栉孔扇贝随盐度的降低,出现耗氧率升高,随后逐渐下降,到盐度15时不再耗氧而死亡;滤水率和淀粉酶活性随盐度降低而降低,盐度为15时完全不滤水,淀粉酶完全失去活性.小个体栉孔扇贝耐低盐能力较大个体的略大些.pH降至7.8以下时开始对栉孔扇贝的存活产生影响,降至7.6时,48 h后死亡率为35%左右;7.2时达50%;降至7.0时扇贝不能存活.大个体栉孔扇贝对海水pH变化略敏感于小个体.     

栉孔扇贝对环境变化适应性研究一温度对存活,呼吸,摄食及消化？…

取体长分别为３和５ｃｍ栉孔扇贝（Ｃｈｌｙｍｙｓ ｆａｒｒｅｒｉ）置室内水泥池流水暂养１周后进行实验。结果表明，栉孔扇贝９６ｈ的半致死温度为２７～２８℃，导致其耗氧率突然升高和滤水率急剧下降的温度为２６℃，体内淀粉酶活性下和的温度为２７℃。因此确定，栉孔扇贝的适宜极限高温为２７℃。在水温２７℃持续９６ｈ后，扇贝呼吸量迅速增大，随后减弱，摄食和消化能力逐渐降低；在２７℃持续５ｄ，死亡率为５０％，７ｄ时     

栉孔扇贝生殖活动前后的滤食和生长

在桑沟湾用模拟现场流水法对栉孔扇贝的摄食生理进行了比较研究。结果表明，栉孔扇贝在进行生殖活动前后滤水率无明显的差异，但进行生殖活动前的摄食量较大。尽管栉孔扇贝的滤水率和摄食量随着个体的增大而增加，它的吸收率却与个体大小无关。在３００￣６００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ的水流范围内栉孔扇贝的滤水率没有明显的变化，水流小于３００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ时扇贝的滤水率则明显降低。根据实验数据，用计算机模拟得出了栉孔扇贝在生殖活动前     

栉孔扇贝生理能量学研究

在室内实验条件和现场模拟条件下对栉孔扇贝的耗氧率、排泄率、摄食率、同化率和能量收支进行了较为系统的研究。结果显示 ,在适宜的温度范围内 ,栉孔扇贝的耗氧率、排氨率和摄食率均与温度成正比 ,与体重成幂函数关系 ,体重与耗氧率、排氨率和摄食率的关系均可用幂函数关系式Y=aWb表示。在 8～ 2 8℃温度范围内栉孔扇贝的耗氧率、排氨率和摄食率均随温度的升高而增大 ,2 3℃时耗氧率和摄食率达到最高值 ,2 8℃时下降 ,而排氨率则呈持续升高的趋势 ,其变化幅度分别为 0 4 8～ 9 0 9mg/ g·h、0 0 5～ 1 0 1mg/ g·h和 1 0 7～ 11 6 6mg/ g·h。栉孔扇贝的摄食率随藻类密度的增加而增加 ,符合关系式 :IR =4 78C0 36 6 (R2 =0 97,P <0 0 5 )。栉孔扇贝的同化率与饵料密度呈负相关关系 ,而与饵料质量呈正相关关系 ,其相关关系分别为 :AE =4 7 6 5C- 0 30 9(R2 =0 96 )和AE =5 1 6 8lnX - 112 38(R2 =0 97)。栉孔扇贝的个体大小是影响能量收支各组分比例的主要因素 ,随个体增大呼吸能增大 ,生长能减小。在能量收支方程中 ,呼吸能占总摄食能的 4 4 2 %～5 1 7% ,排粪能为 31 4 %～ 36 8% ,生长能为 12 7%～ 2 1 7% ,排泄能小于 2 %。     

低温对栉孔扇贝能量收支的影响

研究低温下栉孔扇贝 (Chlamysfarreri)摄食、呼吸代谢、排泄及能量分配情况 ,为栉孔扇贝的反季节养殖提供生物学依据。在实验室条件下采用静水法 ,测定 3、5和 8℃时栉孔扇贝的能量收支。结果显示 ,在 3～ 8℃时 ,栉孔扇贝的耗氧率、排氨率、摄食率及生长率 (净生长率、毛生长率 )随温度的升高而增大 ;3℃时 ,栉孔扇贝虽然能摄食 ,但是生长率却很低 ;温度对能量分配影响较大 ,生长、排泄分配率随温度的升高而增大 ,呼吸、排粪的分配率与温度呈负相关。在能量收支方程中 ,生长能所占比例变化较大 ,为 17.61%～ 5 3 .2 7% ,代谢能为 2 1.4 8%～3 5 .91% ,排粪能为 2 2 .5 2 %～ 4 5 .99% ,排泄能所占的比例最小 ,低于 3 %。     

栉孔扇贝对环境变化适应性研究－温度对存活、呼吸、摄食及消化的影响

取体长分别为 ３和 ５ ｃｍ 栉孔扇贝（Ｃｈｌｙｍｙｓ ｆａｒｒｅｒｉ）置室内水泥池流水暂养 １周后进行实验。结果表明，栉孔扇贝 ９６ ｈ的半致死温度为 ２７～２８℃，导致其耗氧率突然升高和滤水率急剧下降的温度为 ２６℃，体内淀粉酶活性下降的温度为２７℃。因此确定，栉孔扇贝的适宜极限高温为２７℃。在水温２７℃持续９６ ｈ后，扇贝呼吸量迅速增大，随后减弱，摄食和消化能力逐渐降低；在 ２７℃持续 ５ ｄ，死亡率为 ５０％， ７ ｄ时全部死亡；在相同温度下，个体小的较个体大的耐高温程度要强一些。     

盐度和饵料密度对栉孔扇贝稚贝滤水率的影响

采用静水法研究了恒定温度(24±0.5℃)、饵料密度(3.0×104cell/ml)、不同盐度(20、25、30和35)和恒定温度(24℃±0.5℃)、盐度30、不同饵料密度梯度(3.0×104、4.5×104和 6.0×104cell/ml)对栉孔扇贝稚贝(壳长1.177～2.017 mm)滤水率的影响.结果表明,栉孔扇贝稚贝的滤水率(FRS)开始随着盐度的升高而升高,在25～30之间存在最大值,然后随盐度的升高而下降,与盐度(S)间的相关关系为FRS ＝-30.893S2+1 691.5S-19 610 (r =0.847,以整体干重计算)或FRS＝-0.022S2+1.223 6S-14.522 (r = 0.928,以个体数量计), 通过公式推算在盐度27.8时FRS达到最大值,为3.54L/g*dw*h(2.49×10-3 L/ h*ind);投饵密度(Q)对栉孔扇贝稚贝的滤水率(FRQ)有显著影响(P< 0.05),二者之间的相关关系为FRQ=-0.069 3Q2+0.648 4Q-1.083 5(r = 0.722),其变化趋势亦呈现先升高后下降的抛物线趋势,推算金藻密度为4.7×104cell/ml时滤水率最大,为0.43×10-3 L/ h*ind.     

栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）在模拟自然水环境中滤水率的测定

在模拟自然海区的生态环境的条件下，对桑沟湾内主要养殖种类栉孔扇贝的滤水率进行了测定，对其不同体长扇贝的滤水率进行了实验比较。在水温２４－２６℃。盐度３１－３２‰范围内，昼间光照５００Ｌｕｘ左右条件下，用叶绿素和颗粒有机物作为测定指标，结果表明，此种扇贝的滤水率随个体增大，单位个体的滤水率越大，而单位干组织重的滤水率越小；同一规格扇贝，密度越大，滤水率越低。在本实验过程中，昼夜间的滤水率变化不甚明显     

栉孔扇贝能量收支的研究

报道了在模拟自然条件下栉孔扇贝能量收支研究的实验结果。实验数据显示,在实验的温度范围内（８～１７．２℃）栉孔扇 贝的个体耗氧率和个体排氨率随壳长的增大和水浊的升高而增大,呈下相关关系。栉孔扇贝的个体大小是影响能量收支各组分比例的主要因素。随个体的增大,扇贝的呼吸能增大,而生长能减小。在能量收支方程中,呼吸能占的比例最大（４４．２％～５１．７）,其次是排粪能（３１．４％～３６．８％）,第三为生长能（     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.