筏式虾夷扇贝养成期不同密度生长与经济效益分析

为分析养殖过程中各项成本(扇贝成本、劳动力成本、养殖设备成本等),讨论筏式虾夷扇贝不同养殖密度条件下的经济效益。2013年5月9日—2014年4月9日,在一龄虾夷扇贝养成至二龄贝期间,设置10枚/层、15枚/层、20枚/层、25枚/层和30枚/层5个密度组,测量统计扇贝壳高和累积死亡率等指标评价其生长情况和经济效益。不同养殖密度生长测量结果表明:低密度养殖组别(10枚/层、15枚/层)平均壳高大于高密度养殖组别(20枚/层、25枚/层和30枚/层)(P0.05),低密度养殖组别累积死亡率低于高密度养殖组别(10枚/层15枚/层、20枚/层25枚/层30枚/层)(P0.05),一龄至二龄养成期间,低密度养殖在壳高性状和降低死亡率方面具有明显优势;不同养殖密度生长指标结合经济成本分析结果表明:在一龄虾夷扇贝总量一定和养殖浮筏数量一定两种经济模型下,10枚/层密度组的经济效益最高;综合分析表明:筏式虾夷扇贝低密度养殖在生长性状和经济效益两个方面都有显著优势,可以有效转变当地养殖企业及个体户"多养多收益"观念,引导低密度生态养殖模式的建立。     

太平洋牡蛎人工育苗及养殖现状

1 虾夷扇贝苗种培育现状 我国虾夷扇贝育苗始于1980年，大连水产学院从日本引进虾夷扇贝亲贝进行育苗。烟台市于1982年12月，在蓬莱市原马格庄海珍品增殖站，由山东省海水养殖研究所引进日本虾夷扇贝亲贝24个进行试验。1987、1988年在北沟镇养殖单位进行虾夷扇贝养殖试验。     

虾夷扇贝苗种培育现状及对策

1虾夷扇贝苗种培育现状我国虾夷扇贝育苗始于1980年,大连水产学院从日本引进虾夷扇贝亲贝进行育苗。烟台市于1982年12月,在蓬莱市原马格庄海珍品增殖站,由山东省海水养殖研究所引进日本虾夷扇贝亲贝24个进行试验。1987、1988年在北沟镇养殖单位进行虾夷扇贝养殖试验。2000年以后,虾夷扇贝育苗技术趋于完善,育苗及海上保苗生产获得快速发展。目前,蓬莱市共有虾夷扇贝育苗场家300多家,主要分布在刘家沟镇的墟里、海头、解宋营、朱家庄、南吴家,潮水镇衙前及新港街道办的     

虾夷扇贝与风向标扇贝种间杂交的初步研究

针对虾夷扇贝在养殖过程中出现的问题,本研究以风向标扇贝和虾夷扇贝为亲本进行了种间杂交实验,培育出了虾夷扇贝（♀）×风向标扇贝（♂）（PY♀×PC♂）及风向标扇贝（♀）×虾夷扇贝（♂）（PC♀×PY♂）两种杂交一代,并对其早期发育及幼虫期和稚贝期生长进行了比较。结果显示,PY♀×PC♂杂交一代的受精率、孵化率和幼虫期的生长和存活率介于双亲之间,而壳高和壳长的生长均高于双亲,表现出显著的杂种优势;PC♀×PY♂杂交一代的受精率、孵化率、幼虫期生长和存活率均低于双亲,表现为杂种劣势。在养殖第1年,PY♀×PC♂杂交一代的壳高、壳长、壳宽和体质量增长率均高于双亲,杂种优势显著。研究表明,卵子来源对后代的表现具有极其显著的影响,以雌性虾夷扇贝与雄性风向标扇贝进行种间杂交从而改良虾夷扇贝种质是可行的。     

石灰虫、苔藓虫和才女虫对不同群体虾夷扇贝的寄生选择研究

<正>虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yesoensis)属软体动物门、双壳纲、翼形亚纲、珍珠目、扇贝科、虾夷扇贝属,主要分布在日本的北海道、本州北部水域。虾夷扇贝主要摄食个体较小的浮游植物、细菌及有机碎屑等。虾夷扇贝寿命较长,可活10年左右,20世纪80年代由辽宁省海洋水产研究所引进并繁殖。虾夷扇贝为我国重要经济贝类,目前最主要的养殖方式为底播增殖。此种养殖模式具有生长快、成本低、经济效益好等优     

浮筏养殖虾夷扇贝的自然稀疏效应

为了研究虾夷扇贝浮筏养殖自然稀疏效应和科学养殖密度,2009年8月—2010年7月,对不同密度梯度的3个贝龄虾夷扇贝进行浮筏养殖现场实验。在自然稀疏条件下,逐月调查浮筏养殖不同贝龄的虾夷扇贝壳长生长、湿重增长和累计死亡率,并估算了适宜的扇贝浮筏养殖密度。结果表明,在不同养殖密度条件下,3 个贝龄扇贝周年壳长生长都没有显著差异;1龄贝壳长增长最快,年均增长29.53 mm;2龄贝壳长年均增长23.50 mm;3龄贝壳长增长较慢,年均增长15.47 mm;3个贝 龄扇贝周年湿重增长都没有显著差异,3龄贝和2龄贝湿重增长较快,3龄贝的年均增长约54.07 g,2龄贝的年均增长约37.80 g,1龄贝的年均增长约14.69 g;2 龄贝、3龄贝各养殖密度梯度之间累计死亡率都没有显著差异,3龄贝死亡率介于76.30%～83.33%,2龄贝死亡率介于88.89%～91.78%,养殖密度为150个/层的1龄贝与80个/层和50个/层的1龄贝累计死亡率差异显著。依据自然稀疏模型,浮筏养殖适宜密度3龄贝为4～5个/层;2龄贝为8～16个/层,1龄贝为29～124个/层。     

虾夷扇贝稚贝海上保苗与商品苗运输

虾夷扇贝是一种大型冷水性贝类，营养价值高，养成效益好，自1980年引进我国后已在辽宁、山东开展大规模的育苗及养成。由于近年来海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝、牡蛎等浅海贝类养殖效益极不稳定，虾夷扇贝的育苗与养成越来越引起重视。现将近几年从事虾夷扇贝稚贝海上保苗和商品苗运输的经验报告如下：     

贝类养殖技术之七虾夷扇贝健康养殖须重视的几个关键因素

自80年代以来,虾夷扇贝浮筏养殖在辽宁省长海县发展迅速,目前养殖面积已达10万余亩,并成为当地名特优海水养殖的重要品种,在海洋渔业经济发展中占有十分重要的地位。虽然虾夷扇贝养殖技术得到了快速推广,但在操作过程中,由于某些技术环节的疏忽,养殖期间死亡率不断提高,商品贝的规格、品质、肥满度等有所下降,从而影响了该产业的经济效益。笔者根据多年调查研究及实地考察,分析了当前虾夷扇贝养殖存在的诸多问题,认为要使该产业持续健康发展的关键问题在于必须重视推广虾夷扇贝健康养殖模式。一、虾夷扇贝养殖存在的主要问题1.养殖浮筏布局…     

辽宁省海洋水产研究所引进虾夷扇贝

获悉，辽宁省海洋水产研究所于1980—1982年先后4次从日本引进虾夷扇贝亲贝，进行人工育苗获得成功。最近几年经过科学试验，突破了虾夷扇贝人工育苗和增养殖的一系列技术关键。育苗和养殖试验结果表明，每立方水体培育稚贝为70万个，壳高600微米，每台筏挂养9，00个饲养一年，     

采用聚乙烯风衣作为扇贝育苗附着基的试验

本文报告了采用聚乙烯网衣作为虾夷扇贝,海湾扇贝稚贝附着基的附着效果,对变态幼虫至稚贝斯的生长和成活稚贝及附着期中间育成率等进行了对比试验,结果表明,采用网衣队基变态幼虫附着速度比棕帘慢,变态幼虫至稚贝的附着率及其日生长平均值分别为：采用网衣附着基,虾夷扇贝稚贝附着率为５１．９％,平均日生长为１８．２８μｍ,棕帘为５４％,１９．０μｍ,而海湾扇贝网衣为４９．９８％,２１．４μｍ,棕帘为５９％,２１．     

莱州湾脉红螺筏式养殖的初步研究

１９９４年１２月放养平均壳高３．９ｃｍ，平均体重１０ｇ的脉红螺苗４万个，经过１３个月海上筏式养殖，平均壳高达７．４３ｃｍ，平均体重８３．５ｇ，亩产达到２７２０ｋｇ，总成活率９４．４％，亩纯收入３５４５０．９０元，约是扇贝养殖的４倍。放养密度以１０个／层产量最高，贻贝为最佳饵料品种。应加强４￣１０月脉红螺快速生长期的管理，专家鉴定认为，本研究居国内领先水平。     

Induced triploidy in the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians, and its effects on growth and gametogenesis

Triploidy was induced in the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians, by treating newly fertilized eggs with cytochalasin B. Treatment for 20 min duration 10 min after fertilization resulted in 66% triploidy of scallops in the 0.05 mg/l cytochalasin treatment group and 94% triploidy of scallops in the 0.1 mg/l cytochalasin treatment group, detected by measuring the relative DNA content of scallop granulocytes using flow cytometry. Individually labelled scallops of known ploidy were grown in the Damariscotta River estuary in south-central Maine, U.S.A. from May 24 to September 15, 1982. Mean adductor muscle weight in triploid scallops was 73% greater than that of diploid controls and mean total body tissue wet weight was 36% greater. Shell inflation was significantly greater in triploids, while shell height and length were unaffected. The indexes of weight and glycogen content of the adductor muscle were significantly greater in triploids at the end of the growing season. The majority of triploid scallops failed to ripen during the summer months, while diploid scallops ripened and spawned.     

Polyculture of sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) suspended from salmon cages

Commercial and developmental operations for the culture of the seascallop, Placopecten magellanicus, are present in AtlanticCanada and New England. In an experiment designed to examine the commercialfeasibility of polyculture of scallops with Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar), we measured growth andsurvival of sea scallops grown in suspension at two salmon aquaculture sites innortheastern Maine (Johnson Cove (JC) and Treats Island (TI)). Sea scallop spatwere grown in pearl nets and deployed on drop lines containing ten nets inAugust 1994. One drop line of ten nets was sampled about every four months andscallops were counted, measured and weighed. Scallop tissues were also analysedfor paralytic shellfish toxins (PSP). The maximum level of PSP recorded duringthe study was 1174 g STX equiv.·100 gtissue^–1 (excluding adductor muscle weight). After one year,shell heights were 53.6 and 56.4 mm, growth rates were 0.11 and0.12 mm per day and wet adductor muscle weights were 3.3 and 4.1g (TI and JC, respectively). These growth rates were comparable tosea scallops grown in suspension culture to a nearby scallop aquaculture siteand other areas in Atlantic Canada. Reduced rates of survival were found duringthe latter part of the experiment and were attributable, in part, to heavyfouling, predators and high stocking density. The potential for supplementalincome, diversification of the salmon aquaculture industry, and feasibility ofculturing scallops at adjacent sites to salmon operations does exist.     

Comparison of shell strength in wild and cultured scallops (Pecten maximus)

Shell strength development of the scallop Pecten maximus collected from wild stocks and from suspended cultures was described over the culture period when most of the growth takes place (20–110 mm shell height). Shell strength, shell height and shell thickness were determined in scallops of age groups 2–5 years. Wild and cultured scallops showed a strong divergence in shell strength development in scallops older than age group 3, which was not reflected in the concurrent development of shell height and thickness, indicating that factors other than shell height and shell thickness explain the differences in observed shell strength. In wild scallops, shell height, shell thickness and age accounted for about 65% of the variation in shell strength, while the same variables accounted for about 30% in cultured scallops. Wild scallops had stronger shells than the cultured scallops of the same size (53–68 mm shell height) grown at the same site, suggesting that factors related to suspended culture could explain the weak shells in cultured scallops. The results indicate that conditions related to suspended culture can have a negative impact on shell strength development in P. maximus. As the shell is the primary protection against decapod predation in scallops, a better understanding of what affects the shell strength is of importance for the development of release strategies in bottom culture of P. maximus.     

华贵栉孔扇贝数量性状的相关性及通径分析

为查明华贵栉孔扇贝（Chlamys nobilis）数量性状间的相关性,随机选取526只扇贝,对其形态性状（壳高、壳长、绞合线长和壳厚）和质量性状（总质量、贝柱鲜质量、鲜肉质量、干肉质量和贝柱干质量）进行测量,采用多元回归与通径分析方法研究了5个易测数量性状（壳高、壳长、绞合线长、壳厚和总质量）对鲜肉质量、贝柱鲜质量和贝柱干质量的影响。结果表明,总质量与鲜肉质量、贝柱鲜质量和叭柱干质量呈极显著的正相关（P〈0．01）。多元回归与通径分析显示,这5个易测数量性状指标中,总质量对3个经济性状的正面影响非常大,其他指标的影响较小甚至不明显。     

虾夷扇贝体形性状对软体重和闭壳肌重的影响效果分析

利用虾夷扇贝表型性状资料，分析性状间的相关关系及其相关程度，建立相应的回归方程，为扇贝的选择育种奠定基础。试验随机抽取126只体形规则的3龄大连獐子岛海区底播增殖的虾夷扇贝，其中雌雄各63只，测定其壳长(X1)、壳高(X2)、壳宽(X3)、活体重(Y)、软体重(Z)和闭壳肌重(W)，分别计算相关系数，采用通径分析方法计算了以体形性状为自变量对软体重和闭壳肌重作依变量的通径系数、决定系数及相关指数，定量的分析了体形性状对虾夷扇贝解剖性状的影响。结果表明虾夷扇贝壳长、壳宽、壳高与活体重、软体重和闭壳肌重的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)；壳高、壳宽是影响雌性软体重的主要因素，壳长、壳宽是影响雄性软体重的主要因素，而混合组受3个壳尺性状的共同影响；影响虾夷扇贝闭壳肌重的主要因素是壳宽，壳长、壳高的作用不显著；决定系数分析结果与通径分析结果有一致的变化趋势；多元回归分析，剔除不显著因子，建立了壳长、壳高、壳宽对软体重、闭壳肌重的回归方程：1). 雌性 Z= -128.573 +1.355X2 +1.407 X3；W= -8.216 +0.869X3；2). 雄性 Z =138.493+1.082 X1+2.524 X3；W= -11.855 + 0.955 X3；3). 混合 Z = -133.939 +0.606 X1+0.679X2 + 1.709X3；W= -9.525+ 0.896 X3。通过性状间的相关分析对两性状间的关系进行明确的定量，有利于制定合理的多性状选择方案，为虾夷扇贝选育提供理想的测度指标。     

鼠尾藻的生物学特性及筏式养殖技术研究

报道了鼠尾藻的生物学特性及人工筏式养殖技术。经106天的筏式养殖，藻体平均长度从5.5cm长到79.1cm；每绳重量从860g长到3500g，而对照组只长到1750g。试验组每667m^2产值约6000元。     

Handling time and predation behaviour by the crab, Cancer pagurus, preying on cultured scallop, Pecten maximus

We investigated handling time, persistence time and shell‐breaking techniques by crab, Cancer pagurus (L.) (13–15 cm carapace width), offered cultured scallops, Pecten maximus(L.), within the recommended release size for bottom culture. Three shell height groups were used: 50–55, 60–65 and 70–75 mm. The results showed that the crabs managed to open scallops from all the three size groups. The median handling time in the 50–55 mm group (788 s) was significantly different from the median handling time of the 60–65 mm (2482 s) and 70–75 mm (2980 s) groups. The median persistence time increased significantly with each scallop size, from 89 s in the 50–55 mm group to 97 s in the 60–65 mm and 125 s in the 70–75 mm group. We observed a change in the shell‐breaking techniques from a dominance of smashed scallops in the 50–55 mm group to more punched and chipped scallops in the 60–65 and 70–75 mm groups. The shift in predation behaviour when crabs were offered 50–55 mm scallops compared with the larger groups is discussed in relation to strategies in the release of scallops to seabed cultures.     

栉孔扇贝中国种群与日本种群杂交一代的早期生长发育

对两个不同地理种群的栉孔扇贝的两个群体———中国种群(C)和日本种群(J)的纯种后代及其正反两个杂交组合(C♀×J♂和J♀×C♂)的杂种个体,早期(10月龄)同地同期生长发育进行了测定和统计分析比较。结果表明,两个种群正、反交杂种一代在壳高、壳长、壳宽、活体重及成活率5个生长发育指标上均表现不同程度的杂种优势,反交杂种F1′除成活率外,其余各项生长发育指标显著优于正交杂种;中国和日本两个亲本群体各个性状的测定性能表现为壳宽差异显著和成活率差异极显著外,其它各项指标均没有显著差异。实验证明杂交是提高扇贝生产性能和抗逆性的重要途径。     

虾夷扇贝家系的建立及不同家系的早期生长研究

采用♂：♀=1：3的交配方法建立了33个虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis全同胞家系，对其壳长、壳高、壳宽和活体重进行了周年观测，对家系间和家系内的生长变异进行了比较分析。结果表明，不同家系间在不同性状上差异极显著。在同批家系中，06S-1、06S-24和06S-25号等家系壳高的生长较快，优势明显；06S-1、06S-25、06S-18和06S-30号等家系活体重的生长速度较快，差异显著；33个家系壳高月增长量大小顺序与活体重月增长量变化规律相近；06S-24、06S-25、06S-30、06S-1和06S-18号家系在各时期各性状上均表现出了明显的生长优势，是生长性状优良的家系，而06S-2和06S-5号家系生长一直最慢，各性状的表现也最差。全同胞家系间生长的差异性，表明家系间差异较显著，遗传变异资源丰富，可为后期的选育提供大量选种材料。