丁(鱼岁)雌核发育鱼的异源精子诱导及其与亲本的RAPD比较分析

鱼类人工雌核发育的研究始于20世纪50年代,在随后的50年里发展迅速.雌核发育可以为纯系建立、性别控制、基因定位等研究提供一种有效途径,乃鱼类遗传育种研究工作活跃领域之一[1-3].     

ZY异配型超雄罗非鱼的人工产生

罗非鱼 (Ｏｒｅｏｃｈｒｏｍｉｓｓｐｐ )的雄鱼比雌鱼长得快、长得大 (叶冀雄 ,1983) [1] 。有两种方法可生产全雄或超雄罗非鱼用作商品鱼 :其一是激素法(马仲波 ,1984 ;胡逸农等 ,1979) [2 ,3] ,在鱼苗开始吃食时人工哺拌有甲基睾丸酮的饲料以促使雌鱼雄性化 ,但是对人体和生态环境的影响受到质疑 ;另一种是通过杂交法产生 (江山 ,1984 ) [4 ] ,如奥利亚雄鱼 (性染色体组成是ＺＺ)与尼罗罗非鱼雌鱼 (性染色体组成是ＸＸ)杂交 ,由于染色体Ｚ的雄性性别决定基因强于Ｘ染色体上的雌性基因 ,所以其子代鱼应该全是ＺＸ型雄鱼 ,但如果其它染色体…     

全雄黄颡鱼的养殖技术及效益评价

<正>黄颡鱼,俗称昂刺鱼、丁鱼、角鱼等,种类较多,广泛分布于我国河流、湖泊、沟渠等水域中,是一种优质名贵的经济鱼类。黄颡鱼是肉食性为主的杂食性鱼类。觅食活动一般在夜间进行。该鱼肉质细嫩、少细刺、味道鲜美、营养丰富、药用价值较高,在国内外市场深受欢迎,特别是大规格的鲜活鱼供不应求。黄颡鱼一般情况下雄鱼比雌鱼生长快。调查发现,在相同养殖条件下,第一年雄性黄颡鱼比同胞雌鱼的生长速度快30%左右。在养殖的第二年,其雄鱼生长至150g~200g,而雌鱼却只有50g~75g,雌雄生长差异接近3倍。     

全雌牙鲆规模化养殖对比试验

<正>牙鲆是分布于我国沿海的冷水性底栖鱼类,近几年已经发展成为工厂化养殖的主要养殖品种。牙鲆雌性生长快、个体大,1龄雌鱼比同龄雄鱼重约20%,2龄雌鱼比同龄雄鱼重约50%以上。     

黄颡鱼“全雄1号”

黄颡鱼“全雄1号”是今年农业部审定通过的水产新品种，品种登记号：GS-04-001-2010。它是相关科技人员历时十余年攻关而成的智慧结晶。科研人员先采用性逆转、人工雌核发育等技术获得染色体均为YY的超雄鱼与生理雌鱼，再将两者交配后生产的YY超雄鱼作父本与正常雌鱼母本交配，最终培育出黄颡鱼“全雄1号”。     

彭泽鲫F_1、F_2代雌雄鱼VtgB和ZP2表达及卵黄蛋白原含量差异研究

雌核发育彭泽鲫后代理论上应为全雌群体,前期研究发现实验室养殖彭泽鲫F1代(相比池塘养殖)和实验室高密度养殖F2代(1.28尾/L,相比低密度0.64尾/L)组中出现了高比例的雄鱼。之前研究认为Vtg B和ZP2基因是雌性特异性表达的基因,本试验对F1、F2代雌雄鱼Vtg B和ZP2表达及卵黄蛋白原含量差异进行研究,结果发现,实验室养殖F1代雄鱼性腺中Vtg B和ZP2的表达分别极显著和显著高于雌鱼(P0.01,P0.05);池塘养殖F1代雄鱼性腺中Vtg B和ZP2的表达分别极显著高于和低于雌鱼(P0.01);F2代低密度养殖组中雄鱼性腺中ZP2的表达极显著高于雌鱼(P0.01)。实验室养殖F1代雄鱼肝胰脏中Vtg B和ZP2的表达分别极显著高于和低于雌鱼(P0.01);池塘养殖F1代雄鱼肝胰脏Vtg B和ZP2的表达均极显著低于雌鱼(P0.01);F2代雄鱼肝胰脏中Vtg B和ZP2的表达极显著高于雌鱼(P0.01)。F1代实验室养殖雄鱼全鱼卵黄蛋白原含量极显著低于雌鱼(P0.01);F1代池塘养殖雄鱼性腺、肝胰脏中卵黄蛋白原含量分别极显著高于和低于雌鱼(P0.01);F2代雄鱼性腺、肝胰脏中卵黄蛋白原含量极显著高于雌鱼(P0.01)。本研究表明,彭泽鲫Vtg B和ZP2基因并非雌性特异性表达,且不同的养殖方式、密度影响雌雄鱼Vtg B和ZP2表达及卵黄蛋白原含量。     

牙鲆雌核发育研究进展

牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)是一种重要的海水经济鱼类,其雌性生长速度显著快于雄性。因此,生产全雌牙鲆对提高养殖产量和经济效益具有重要意义。雌核发育是一种特殊的有性生殖方式,在这种生殖方式中,灭活的精子进入卵子,激活胚胎发育,但精核不与卵核融合形成合子,所以雌核发育的个体只具有母本的遗传信息。目前,牙鲆已成为雌核发育技术应用于产业的代表性鱼类。本文对牙鲆人工诱导雌核发育的研究进展进行综述,介绍牙鲆减数分裂雌核发育和有丝分裂雌核发育的诱导方法,以及雌核发育技术在性别控制、克隆制备等育种研究中的应用。最后,作者提出"雌核发育育种体系"构想,并对其在鱼类育种和遗传研究中的应用前景进行展望。     

池塘培育鳡鱼亲鱼试验

鳡鱼（Elopichthys bambusa Richardson），属鲤科，雅罗鱼亚科，鳡属，又称黄鲇、水老虎等，生活在江河、湖泊的中上层，游泳迅速，行动敏捷，是一种主要以小型鱼类为食的凶猛鱼类。我们于2004年进行了鳡鱼人工养殖试验，目前4龄种鱼己达15～18千克，雌、雄鱼经人工催产可顺利挤出成熟卵子和精子，全人工繁殖获得成功。现将有关技术总结如下：     

奥利亚罗非鱼（♀）、鳜（♂）及其子代间遗传关系的研究

罗非鱼生长快、味道好,是人们喜爱的鱼类,现已是世界性养殖鱼类,但它不能忍受低温,因此影响其养殖业的进一步发展。鳜则是名贵性鱼类,但其终生摄食活的鱼虾,这也限制了其养殖的发展。奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromisaurea)属鲈形目、鲡鱼科,鳜(Sinipercachuatsi)属鲈形目、脂科,它们间的杂交为科间杂交。鱼类科间杂交成功率很低,种间杂交有时可获得具有双亲性状的杂种鱼,有时也可发生雌核发育[1]。本研究中奥利亚罗非鱼雌鱼性染色体为ZW,其卵子如能在鳜精子刺激下行雌核发育,则可在短时间获得奥利亚罗非鱼纯系。在本文中,利用RAPD标记,对…     

大黄鱼性别特异SNP标记的开发与验证

大黄鱼是我国养殖量最大的海水经济鱼类,其雌鱼生长显著快于雄鱼,但两性的外部形态差异不明显,也没有异形性染色体,依靠传统方法无法对其活体准确进行生理性别和遗传性别的判别与鉴定,需要开发性别特异的分子标记。本研究从2尾雌鱼和2尾雄鱼、以及分别由50雌鱼与50尾雄鱼组成的2个混合样品的基因组重测序数据比较中筛选与性别显著关联的SNP位点,对其中11个位点分别设计引物在15尾雌鱼和15尾雄鱼中扩增出PCR产物进行Sanger测序验证,鉴定出1个与性别完全连锁的位点(SNP6,15尾雌鱼均为纯合、15尾雄鱼均为杂合)。然后,设计等位基因特异性PCR引物,其中包括2条雌性与雄性通用引物和1条雄性特异引物,在闽—粤东族与岱衢族大黄鱼合计近2 200个个体中进行扩增,结果在全部雌鱼中都只扩增出1个348 bp的条带,而在全部雄鱼中还扩增出1个194 bp的Y染色体特异条带,检出率达到100%。研究表明,大黄鱼属于XX♀-XY♂类型的性别决定。本研究鉴定出一个雄性特异SNP标记,并建立了一种新的大黄鱼遗传性别鉴定技术,为大黄鱼单性育种、基因组选择育种和性别决定分子机制研究提供了重要的技术手段。     

Stabilization of myosin by ionic compounds as affected by F-actin

ABSTRACT:   Suppressive effects of non-ionic (sorbitol, maltose, and trehalose) and ionic (Na-glutamate, Na-acetate, Na-sulfate, and ammonium sulfate) compounds on the thermal inactivation of myosin subframgent-1 (S-1) and myofibril Ca²⁺-ATPase were compared. All compounds suppressed S-1 denaturation. When myofibrils were used (at 0.1 M KCl), sugars and sugar alcohol (non-ionic compounds) suppressed denaturation similar to S-1, while Na-glutamate, Na-acetate, and Na-sulfate weakly suppressed them. Ammonium sulfate accelerated denaturation, but suppressed denaturation when heated in 2 M KCl, at which myosin lost protection by F-actin. It was thus concluded that ionic compounds affected the denaturation of myofibrils in two ways; suppression as established with S-1, and acceleration as a result of loss of protection by F-actin caused by increase in ionic strength.     

Freshwater fish community structured more by dispersal limitation than by environmental heterogeneity

Abstract –  We examined the relative contribution of environmental heterogeneity and dispersal limitation on freshwater fish community composition in 18 Greek protected lakes and reservoirs. Environmental heterogeneity was measured by spatial pattern metrics (calculated by digital map processing, e.g., patch richness density, area-weighted mean patch area), altitude, maximum lake depth and trophic status. Dispersal limitation was measured by straight-line distances among lake centres. Ecosystems were clustered according to species composition. We examined the correlation of similarity in species composition among ecosystems with that of environmental heterogeneity and with straight-line distances, for the entire dataset, as well as for the occurring clusters. Fish species richness increased with ecosystem area and decreased with altitude. The clusters identified (aquatic ecosystems of Northern vs. ecosystems of Western Greece), implied an underlying biogeographical pattern as defined, with Pindus range acting as a natural barrier. Between ecosystems similarity, based on fish species composition, showed a weak to insignificant correlation with environmental heterogeneity, but was significantly correlated to dispersal limitation for the entire dataset as well as within each occurring cluster. Thus, natural barriers, species biogeography and dispersal limitation played a more significant role in shaping freshwater fish communities than environmental heterogeneity.     

海参养殖池中毛蚶生物沉积作用的研究

对毛蚶的生物沉积作用以及对养殖水体中物质的运输的影响进行了研究.实验结果表明,毛蚶能够加速养殖池中悬浮颗粒物的沉积,小个体(壳长2.60～2.85 cm)的生物沉积率为45.9～89.5 mg ·ind-1·d-1;中等个体(壳长3.77～3.97 cm)为101.0～167.0 mg·ind-1·d-1;大个体(壳长...     

Diagnosis of bacterial kidney disease by detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum by real-time PCR

Bacterial kidney disease (BKD), caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs), is a serious threat to salmon in aquaculture as well as to wild populations. We have developed a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Rs in kidney samples. The PCR is based on detection of unique parts of the 16S rRNA gene of Rs and DNA equivalent to 1-10 Rs genomes was detected per reaction. No cross-reactivity with other fish pathogenic or related bacteria could be demonstrated. Analysis of individual kidney samples collected from BKD classified populations identified 39.9% of the fish as positive by real-time PCR compared with 28.0% by polyclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The real-time PCR assay was found to be well suited for complementary use with ELISA for diagnosis of BKD, with the ability to detect clinical as well as covert Rs infections. The infection level determined by the polyclonal ELISA and by real-time PCR was significantly correlated.     

丁鱥雌核发育鱼的异源精子诱导及其与亲本的RAPD比较分析

Gynogenesis is thought to be a useful method to generate fully inbred line and to initiate monosex culture in teleost fish. This article presents results of a study of gynogenesis of tench, Tinca tinca L. from Eltrix River of Xinjiang, China, induced by the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) sperm inactivated with UV irradiation. When cold shocking method was used to prevent exmasion of the second polar body in order to produce gynogenetic diploids, the optimum treated parameters were screened as cold shocking for 20min at 4℃, 5min after insemination. On this condition, 10.23% of the treated eggs survived at feeding stage. A comparative study between the gynogenesis and their parents was made by RAPD technique. 82 random primers of 10 nucleotide long sequence were used in RAPD analysis. The results showed that each primer gives 3- 12 fragments for each sample with the fragment length 330 - 2 460 bp, and the genetic similarity between gynogenesis and their mother was 97.4 %, while the genetic similarity between gynogenesis and their father was 27.4%, and there were no bands only shared by gynogenesis and their father, the common carp. It revealed that the chromosome of their father, the common carp, did not penetrate into the construction of gynogenetic tench.     

刺参蛋白胰蛋白酶解产物生物活性的研究

用胰蛋白酶对刺参蛋白进行水解,研究其酶解液所具有的抗氧化活性及其对肠道菌群的作用。通过测定刺参蛋白酶解液清除DPPH(二苯基苦基苯肼)自由基、Feton体系产生的羟基自由基和邻苯三酚自氧化体系产生的超氧阴离子自由基的能力。同时,研究了刺参蛋白酶解液体外对肠道菌群生长的影响。结果表明,刺参蛋白胰蛋白酶解液具有抗氧化活性和促进乳酸杆菌生长、抑制大肠杆菌和产气杆菌生长的作用。     

栉孔扇贝生物沉积作用的研究

2001年3～9月,在自然养殖状态下对栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)的生物沉积及其对物质输运的影响进行研究.结果表明,栉孔扇贝能加速海洋中颗粒物质的沉积,生物沉积率分别为小个体(壳长30～40 mm)72.31～109.85 mg·ind-1·day-1、中等个体(壳长50～60 mm)103.49～207.77 mg·ind-1·day-1和大个体(壳长60～70 mm)120.05～237.65 mg·ind-1·day-1.栉孔扇贝的生物沉积与其壳长呈正相关线性关系,与其干组织重呈正相关的指数关系,而单位重量的生物沉积则与壳长和干组织重分别为负相关的线性和幂指数关系.海水温度和环境中饵料数量是影响栉孔扇贝的生物沉积的重要因子.