6—DMAP诱导太平洋牡蛎三倍体——抑制受精卵第二极体释放↑（*）

于１９９６～１９９７年,用６－ＤＭＡＰ抑制太平洋牡蛎受精卵第二极体的释放,诱导产生三倍体,最高诱导率为９３．８％。该实验组胚胎孵化率为８１．０％,Ｄ形幼虫畸形率为１７．６％。实验选用Ｌ９（３４）设计,进行三因素三水平的正交试验：６－ＤＭＡＰ浓度,设３００、４５０和６００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ等三水平;诱导时机（观察静止状态的受精卵,以受精卵出现第一极体的百分率指示）,设１０％、３０％和５０％等三水平;诱导持续时间,设１０、１５和２０ｍｉｎ等三水平,试验设三次重复。解剖法获取精卵,人工授精。染色体倍性检查采用染色体计数法。根据正交试验直观分析结果,得出诱导太平洋牡蛎三倍体各因素的最优水平组合：当３０％受精卵出现第一极体时,将受精卵浸泡在含６－ＤＭＡＰ４５０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的海水中１０ｍｉｎ;三因素的主次顺序：６－ＤＭＡＰ浓度→诱导时机→诱导持续时间。６－ＤＭＡＰ的浓度和诱导时机对三倍体诱导率的影响显著;但诱导持续时间影响不显著。部分试验组得到４．２％～１３．６％的四倍体和１０％左右的非整倍体,这种情况可能与受精不同步抑制第一极体释放而导致的染色体多极分离有关。     

三种海胆性腺总脂的脂肪酸组成的研究

本文采用了ＦＦＡＰ石英毛细和气相色谱柱，对光棘球海胆，虾夷马粪海胆及海刺猬的性腺中总脂的脂肪酸组成进行了研究。结果表明这几种海胆含有四十种以上的脂肪酸，分布十分相似。主要的ＨＵＦＡ为１８：４ｎ－３（３．２％－７．４），２０：４ｎ－６（６．４％－１６．７％）及２０：５ｎ－３（６．６％－１２．１％），并含有非常罕见的ｎ－５及ｎ－７烯酸。     

黄颡鱼人工繁殖及苗种培育技术的初步研究

２０００年５～６月共计催产黄颡鱼３批，计重５７ｋｇ，♀２０９尾，♂２２２尾，采用ＰＧ、ＬＲＨ－Ａ２、ＨＣＧ、ＤＯＭ中的２种或３种混和进行２次注射，水湿２５～２８℃，效应时间为１５～２０ｈ，共计产黄颡鱼卵２０．８万粒，经４８～７０ｈ孵化出苗４８ ０００尾，平均催产率、受精率、孵化离分别为３０．４％、５１．５％、４４．５％，经过１５～２０ｄ的培育，投喂水蚤和碎鱼肉浆培育成２～３ｃｍ的黄颡鱼鱼苗２０ ０     

盐度对杂交鳢幼鱼生长及血液免疫指标的影响

在３５ｄ的试验周期内,研究了不同盐度（２、４、６、８）对杂交鳢（斑鳢♀×乌鳢♂）幼鱼生长及血液红细胞数量（ＲＢＣ）、白细胞数量（ＷＢＣ）、溶菌酶（ＬＺＭ）含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性（ＳＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性等免疫因子的影响。结果显示,随着盐度的升高,杂交鳢增重率分别为６７．８１％、６８．２６％、７１．１４％、３２．９６％和１４．２６％,存活率分别为１００％、１００％、１００％、１００％和９３．３％。盐度２、４组增重率和对照组差异不显著,盐度６、８组增重率和对照组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。随着盐度的升高,血液红细胞数量呈下降的趋势,对照组和其他组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而白细胞数量先急剧上升后又恢复到对照组水平,盐度６组达到最高。血液中溶菌酶浓度随着盐度变化出现波动,盐度６组达到最高,且与对照组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）,盐度８组溶菌酶浓度有所回降,但仍显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。超氧化物歧化酶活性变化趋势与溶菌酶浓度变化趋势相似,各组超氧化物歧化酶活性均高于对照组且差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。当盐度升至６时,超氧化物歧化酶活力升至最高。过氧化氢酶活性随着盐度的增加逐步升高,盐度８组达到最高,且各组与对照组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

中华绒螯蟹成熟卵巢的脂类及脂肪酸组成

中华绒螯蟹成熟卵巢中的脂类以２种形态存在,即脂肪滴（Ｌ）和卵黄体（Ｙ）。脂肪滴为中性脂,卵黄体主要是磷脂。成熟卵巢的总脂含量约占卵巢湿重的１７．７８％,且中性脂（ＮＬ）大于磷脂（ＰＬ）。成熟卵巢的ＮＬ依次主要由甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、胆固醇（ＳＬ）和胆固醇脂（Ｅｓ）组成;ＰＬ主要由卵磷脂（ＰＣ）和脑磷脂（ＰＥ）组成,且ＰＣ含量高于ＰＥ。中华绒螯蟹成熟卵巢的ＮＬ和ＰＬ脂肪酸组成明显不同,ＰＬ短链的饱和与不饱和酸（＜１８个碳）含量显著低于ＮＬ（ｐ＜０．０１）,长链的多不饱和酸（＞１８个碳）含量显著高于ＮＬ（ｐ＜０．０１）,而一烯酸含量在这２种脂类中基本上无大变化。ＰＬ和ＮＬ的主要脂肪酸组成皆为：Ｃ１６∶０、Ｃ１６∶１、Ｃ１８∶１、Ｃ１８∶２、Ｃ２０∶４、Ｃ２０∶５和Ｃ２２∶６。     

温度对中国对虾能量分配和元素组成的影响

于１９９５年８月～１０月，在２０℃、２５℃和３０℃下，以日本刺沙蚕为饵料，测定中国对虾的能量分配和元素组成（ＣＮＨ）。结果表明，水温３０℃时呼吸能显著增大（Ｐ＜０．０５），占摄食能的７７．８％。三个温度下平均能量分配比例为：排泄能２．２７％，粪便能３．４６％，蜕壳能４．１９％，生长能２２．２７％，呼吸能６７．７３％。呼吸能的变化对生长能影响显著。元素组成以２０℃含量最高，虾体能值也最大。Ｃ／Ｎ值变化表明，随温度升高，脂肪作为中国对虾能量代谢的能源物质比例增大。     

对我国4种东方鲀营养价值的评价

为科学评价河鲀的营养价值,对我国主要４ 种东方鲀肌肉、肝、睾丸进行了１５ 项营养成分分析比较。３ 年研究结果表明：４ 种东方鲀均富含高蛋白质、高氨基酸等营养成分,出肉率３４ ．３２ ％ ～４６ ．０７ ％ ,可食率３８ ．８０ ％ ～６５ ．２６ ％ ,肌肉含蛋白质１７ ．６３ ％ ～１８ ．７０ ％ 、脂肪０ ．３０ ％ ～０ ．５６ ％ ,肝脂肪含量高达４７ ．４８ ％ ～４９ ．１０ ％ ,肌肉、肝、睾丸中氨基酸种类俱全,尤以肌肉中含量高（２ ．７２９ ×１０５ ｍｇ／ｋｇ） ;必需氨基酸与鲜味氨基酸含量分别比鳜鱼、对虾、鲜贝等名贵水产品高２ ．４９ ×１０４ ～５ ．８３ ×１０４ ｍｇ／ｋｇ 和２ ．１２ ×１０４ ～４ ．５１ ×１０４ｍｇ／ｋｇ 。各项营养成分均以暗纹东方鲀居首,营养价值最高。     

中小规格养殖瓯江彩鲤肌肉营养成分的比较分析

为了解不同规格瓯江彩鲤的肉质差异和营养特点，采用常规方法，对平均体重53．5、170．8和308．5g的3组稻田养殖瓯江彩鲤进行含肉率、脏体比、营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成进行了分析比较。结果表明：较大规格（Ⅲ组）的瓯江彩鲤含肉率54．76％，显著高于较小规格的鱼I组（40．99％）。3组鱼肌肉中含人体必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例均为44％，与非必需氨基酸比值为91％～95％；第一限制性氨基酸均为缬氨酸；Ⅲ组鱼PUFA含量较高，而I组鱼EPA和DHA含量较大；4种鲜味氨基酸总量均超过29％。     

内湖与外河网箱养殖加州鲈的效果分析及技术探讨

１９９９年５月～２０００年４月，对垸内胜利湖和垸外新河的８只网箱养殖加州鲈效果进行了比较。结果表明，外河４只网箱养殖加州鲈平均净单产２８．９～３０．５ｋｇ／ｍ＾２，成活率８６．０％～９１．２％，增重倍数１４．５～１９．０，依次比内湖４只网箱的净产量（２２．４～２４．７ｋｇ／ｍ＾２）、成活率（８１．０％～８５．６％）、增重倍数（１２．０～１５．２ｋｇ／ｍ＾２）分别高４．７～６．１ｋｍ／ｍ＾２、４．０％～５．６％、２．４～３．８ｋｇ／ｍ＾２；此外，相同水域不同放养密度的产量、成活率、增重倍数也有明显差别。     

栅栏技术优化即食调味珍珠贝肉工艺的研究

文章运用栅栏效应的理论，确定了高水分型即食调味珍珠贝肉食品的制作工艺，分析了各种常见栅栏因子对制品感官品质及微生物的影响，优化前处理、烘干工艺、杀菌工艺、pH、水分活度（activity water，Aw）和低温处理等多种栅栏因子，形成有效防止制品腐败变质的栅栏模式。试验结果表明，原料前处理需用3％的食盐进行了清洗；采用0．15％柠檬酸溶液调节pH为5．6～5．7；贝肉调味后需经烫煮；产品水分含量45％～50％，Aw为0．88～0．90；产品真空包装，低温处理24h，再采用巴氏杀菌（80～85℃、30min），能较好地保持产品的品质和风味，延长保存期，保持珍珠贝肉特有的鲜味和营养价值，促进珍珠贝肉的开发利用。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.