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1.
M. BELTRÁN J. FERNÁNDEZ-BORRÁS F. MÉDALE J. PÉREZ-SÁNCHEZ S. KAUSHIK & J. BLASCO 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2009,15(1):9-18
For developing efficient diets, two sets of experiments examined whether the use and allocation of dietary protein can be traced by labelling with stable isotopes (15 N and 13 C) in two culture fish ( Oncorhynchus mykiss and Sparus aurata) . In the first experiment, natural abundance and tissue distribution of these isotopes were determined, by measuring the δ13 C and δ15 N values by isotopic ratio mass spectrometry, in fingerlings (14–17 g) adapted to diets differing in the percentage of fish meal replacement by plant protein sources. For both species, δ15 N and δ13 C were greater in tissues with higher protein and lower lipid content. Delta 15 N of diets and tissues decreased as replacement increased, suggesting δ15 N can be used as a marker for dietary protein origin. The 15 N fractionation (δ15 N fish − δ15 N diet) differed between groups, and could thus be used to indicate protein catabolism. In the second experiment, fish (75–90 g) of each species ingested a diet enriched with 15 N-protein (10 g kg−1 diet) and 13 C-protein (30 g kg−1 diet). These proportions were suitable for determining that the delta values of tissue components were high enough above natural levels to allow protein allocation to be traced at 11 and 24 h after feeding, and revealed clear metabolic differences between species. 相似文献
2.
Abstract – Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen ( δ 13 C and δ 15 N) were examined in wild and aquaculture origin Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar , to evaluate their utility to identify escaped farmed fish. Samples of muscle tissue obtained from wild Conne River, Newfoundland, salmon were significantly more enriched in nitrogen ( δ 15 N: mean = 12.75; SD ± 0.38‰) but depleted in lipid corrected carbon ( δ 13 C': mean = −20.51; SD ± 0.23‰) by comparison with aquaculture specimens obtained from Bay d'Espoir, Newfoundland ( δ 15 N = 10.96 ± 0.19‰; δ 13 C' = −19.25 ± 0.17‰) resulting in a complete separation of the two groups. Aquaculture specimens differed in δ 13 C' from analyses of commercial salmon diet by 0.24‰, within the enrichment range associated with trophic transfers, while the δ 15 N values in salmon muscle were enriched by 5.01‰. Although differences occurred in direct comparisons of white muscle and adipose tissue ( N = 49), the average δ 13 C' and δ 15 N signatures varied in absolute amounts by only 0.5‰, supporting the use of adipose tissue as a nonlethal means to determine isotopic signatures of Atlantic salmon. 相似文献
3.
Effects of lipid extraction on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of fish tissues: potential consequences for food web studies 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Abstract – We examined whether solvent-based lipid extractions, commonly used for stable isotope analysis (SIA) of biota, alters δ 15 N or δ 13 C values of fish muscle tissue or whole juvenile fish. Lipid extraction from muscle tissue led to only small (<1‰) isotope shifts in δ 13 C and δ 15 N values. By contrast, ecologically significant shifts (+3.4‰ for δ 13 C and +2.8‰ for δ 15 N) were observed for whole juvenile fish. Sample variance was not affected by lipid extraction. For tissue-specific SIA, two sample aliquots may be required: a lipid-extracted aliquot for stable carbon isotope analysis when differing lipid content among tissues is a concern, and a nonextracted aliquot for δ 15 N determination. Whole organism SIA is not recommended because of the mix of tissues having different turnover times; for very small fish, we recommend that fish be eviscerated, decapitated, and skinned to minimise differences with samples of muscle tissue. 相似文献
4.
Noriyuki Takai Noriyuki Hirose Takuya Osawa Kazuyuki Hagiwara Takahito Kojima Yuji Okazaki Tomohiro Kuwae Toru Taniuchi Kiyoshi Yoshihara 《Fisheries Science》2007,73(3):593-608
ABSTRACT: It is important to clarify trophic dynamics in marine ecosystems for management of the fishing ground. Organic carbon sources and trophic position of pelagic fishes in the coastal waters of the south-eastern Izu Peninsula, Japan, were examined on the basis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope distributions. The δ13 C of the fishes was mostly distributed from −19 to −16‰ for nektonic fishes (13 species of adults and immatures) and planktonic fishes (10 species of larvae and juveniles), close to the δ13 C values of particulate organic matter and planktonic decapods. These δ13 C signatures for the inhabitants of the water column were in contrast with the high δ13 C values (mainly −16 to −13‰) for demersal fishes of Scorpaeniformes and benthic polychaetes collected in the surf zone. These results indicate that nektonic and planktonic fishes depend on phytoplankton for carbon supply. The δ15 N signatures suggest that the trophic position ranged 3.1–4.5 for the nektonic fishes and 2.9–3.7 for the planktonic fishes, premised on trophic level 3 for larval Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus . Thus, planktivorous fishes should be mainly assigned to trophic levels 3 and 4 in this area. 相似文献
5.
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic evidence for ecotonal coupling between boreal forests and fishes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
R. L. France 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》1997,6(2):78-83
Abstract— As a result of water turbulence effects on boundary layer diffusion resistance and carbon isotopic discrimination, the δ13 C values (ratios of 13 C: 12 C) of attached algae may often overlap those of terrestrial plants, thereby making it impossible to distinguish between the relative importance of these two potential food sources for aquatic animals. The present study used a dual isotope approach (δ13 C and δ15 N) to refine measurements of the incorporation of allochthonous organic matter into freshwater fishes. The dependence of five species of littoral fishes on terrestrial detritus for part of their energy sustenance was demonstrated. The littoral zones of boreal Canadian Shield lakes are, therefore, not isolated from their surrounding riparian forests in terms of carbon flow as present day timber management guidelines erroneously assume, but instead exhibit a measurable degree of ecotonal land-water coupling. As a result, clearcut logging of riparian forests to the lakeshore edge, permissible by law in most Canadian provinces containing boreal forests, may have to be reassessed as a forest harvesting strategy. 相似文献
6.
Patterns of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the baleen of common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata from the western North Pacific 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
ABSTRACT: Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were determined in the baleen plates of 17 common minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata from the north-western Pacific Ocean off Japan, as well as prey species (krill Euphausia pacifica , Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus and Pacific saury Cololabis saira ) collected in the stomach contents, to investigate the trophic relationship between the minke whales and their prey. A few δ15 N-depleted peaks occurred along the length of baleen plates for 10 males irrespective of stomach content (anchovies and sauries). Similar δ15 N-depleted peaks were also found for one female and two immature individuals. It was likely that these δ15 N-depleted peaks formed in early summer. The stable nitrogen isotope ratio (δ15 N) values in Pacific saury (9.3 ± 1.4‰) did not differ significantly from that in Japanese anchovy (8.8 ± 0.9‰). In contrast, δ15 N in krill (7.2 ± 0.5‰ in July and 8.0 ± 0.2‰ in September) were significantly lower than in the Pacific saury. Thus, these peaks may reflect the dietary change from krill to fishes in the feeding migration of the whales. Growth rate of the baleen plate was estimated to be 129 mm/y, and it appeared that a dietary record of about 1.4 years remained in the baleen plate. For two immature whales, the maximum value of δ15 N occurred at the tip of baleen. This δ15 N enrichment may possibly be useful for discriminating weanlings and older whales. 相似文献
7.
Abstract – Many populations of vertebrates display alternative reproductive strategies involving delays in maturation processes and migrations to more productive habitats. Notably for females, migratory patterns and diet could influence reproductive traits such as ova size and number. To test this hypothesis, we targeted anadromous and freshwater-resident female brown trout of various sizes during their return to spawn in tributaries, and carried out stable isotope analyses (δ15 N and δ13 C) on ova to identify their feeding areas and diet. The study was performed in the Oir River (France), a small coastal system where trout migrations to sea and within the river basin have been monitored for the last 20 years. General trends were observed in reproductive traits, such as the positive correlation between female fork length, fecundity and ova size. Fecundity was size-dependent whatever the migratory origin of females, but major divergences were seen for ova size and isotopic ratios. Freshwater residents displayed a constant increase in ova size and a 15 N-enrichment in ova, suggesting an investment in larger ova and a shift to piscivory as the fish become larger and older. Conversely, anadromous females had smaller ova compared with freshwater-resident females of similar body size and achieved higher fecundity as they grew bigger. Our results suggest the existence of a continuum of reproductive traits for freshwater-resident females whereas anadromous females clearly show a break with this continuum. This major dissimilarity could be explained by the difference in growing environments in terms of food availability and quality. 相似文献
8.
Abstract Stable isotope analysis was used to determine trophic position and the relative contributions of terrestrial-derived carbon (TDC) and marine-derived carbon for Chinook, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), pink, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum), and chum, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum) salmon fry in near-shore marine habitats. Chum fry were enriched in δ 13 C relative to pink fry, and enriched in δ 15 N relative to both Chinook and pink fry. Between 5.5 and 39.7% of the carbon in the three species was TDC. The TDC was higher in chum fry (28.7 ± 4% SD) than in pink fry (24.9 ± 4.4% SD), but TDC did not differ between Chinook fry (27.8 ± 9.5% SD) and either chum or pink fry. The fry of these three species of Pacific salmon may form a trophic hierarchy with chum fry occupying the highest trophic position and the three species may also partition resources according to carbon source. 相似文献
9.
Evaluation of shrimp polyculture system in Thailand based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
HISASHI YOKOYAMA JUNYA HIGANO a KUMIKO ADACHI YUKA ISHIHI YOSHIHIRO YAMADA b 《Fisheries Science》2002,68(4):745-750
ABSTRACT: To quantify the contribution by cocultured animals to waste assimilation in an intensive shrimp farm in Thailand, the food web structures of the macrobenthos in a reservoir pond, a shrimp culture pond and water treatment ponds were examined using the stable C and N isotope ratio technique. Seawater for aquaculture was drawn from a creek, and stored in a reservoir pond, used for farming the banana prawn Fenneropenaeus merguiensis in culture ponds, and then recycled through treatment ponds where the green mussel Perna viridis was cultured to remove organic wastes discharged from the farming. The clam worm Nereididae sp. and the mud creeper Cerithideopsilla cingulata in the culture pond had δ 13 C values of −21.0‰ and −18.4‰, respectively, suggesting that shrimp feed (mean δ 13 C = −20.7‰) was the main food source for these species. The δ 13 C analysis also suggested that sediments (−23.7‰) in the reservoir pond and particulate organic matter (POM) (−24.0‰) and/or sediments (−25.0‰) in the treatment pond supplied carbon for most macrobenthic animals. However, green mussels in the treatment pond had a mean δ 13 C value of −20.5‰, suggesting that shrimp feed was the main food source for this species. 相似文献
10.
Basin geochemistry and isotopic ratios of fishes and basal production sources in four neotropical rivers 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Abstract – We analysed stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), plants, detritus and fishes to estimate the relative importance of dominant production sources supporting food webs of four Venezuelan rivers with divergent geochemical and watershed characteristics. Based on samples taken during the dry season at each site, fishes from two nutrient-poor, blackwater rivers had significantly lower δ 13 C values (mean = −31.4‰ and −32.9‰) than fishes from more productive clearwater and whitewater rivers (mean = −25.2‰ and −25.6‰ respectively). Low carbon isotopic ratios of fishes from blackwaters were likely influenced by low δ 13 C of DIC assimilated by aquatic primary producers. Although floodplains of three savanna rivers supported high biomass of C4 grasses, relatively little carbon from this source appeared to be assimilated by fishes. Most fishes in each system assimilated carbon derived mostly from a combination of microalgae and C3 macrophytes, two sources with broadly overlapping carbon isotopic signatures. Even with this broad overlap, several benthivorous grazers from blackwater and whitewater rivers had isotopic values that aligned more closely with algae. We conclude that comparative stable isotopic studies of river biota need to account for watershed geochemistry that influences the isotopic composition of basal production sources. Moreover, isotopic differences between river basins can provide a basis for discriminating spatial and temporal variation in the trophic ecology of fishes that migrate between watersheds having distinct geochemical characteristics. 相似文献
11.
Carbon sources of Amazonian fisheries 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
E. Benedito-Cecilio C. A. R. M Araujo-lima B.R. Forsberg & M.M. Bittencourt L. C. Martinelli 《Fisheries Management and Ecology》2000,7(4):305-315
Variation in the seasonal and spatial isotopic composition of plant C4 (aquatic macrophytes) and C3 (forest, C3 aquatic macrophytes and algae), and that of fish [ Prochilodus nigricans Agassiz, Mylossoma duriventre (Cuvier), Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier), Semaprochilodus insignis (Schomburgk) and S. taeniurus Steindachner in the Amazon floodplain were analysed to test whether the fisheries deliver plant carbon to the population of Manaus in the same proportion as it is available in the floodplain. The contribution of C4 plants was significantly lower in 13 C during the season of high water levels and increased toward the west of the basin. Mylossoma duriventre and C. macropomum changed δ13 C levels, while the δ13 C of P. nigricans and C. macropomum shifted spatially. The contribution of C4 to the fisheries yield was small. C3 plants (excluding phytoplankton) also contributed less than expected. This was explained by the importance of detritivores to the yield of the fisheries and the dependence of these species on algal carbon. 相似文献
12.
ABSTRACT: Carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios in tissue of the bivalve corbicula ( Corbicula japonica ) and particulate organic matter (POM) were measured along a salinity gradient in the Kushida Estuary, Japan. The bivalve exhibited a gradual isotopic enrichment from the uppermost estuarine site (δ13 C = −24.8‰ and δ15 N = 8.6‰) to the marine site (δ13 C = −16.1‰ and δ15 N = 11.8‰). Using the concentration-weighted mixing model, the bivalves' food source is estimated from the isotope values for the bivalves and POM from terrestrial plants, marine phytoplankton and benthic microalgae. The results indicated that the contributions of benthic micro algae and phytoplankton were small, while terrestrial particulate matter is significantly important for the corbicula diet, although the contribution varies among sampling sites. 相似文献
13.
Stable Isotopic Evaluation of the Relative Assimilation of Natural and Artificial Foods by Golden Shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas in Ponds 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13 C) were used to estimate the relative contributions of natural and prepared feeds to the nutrition of golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas in ponds. Concurrent feeding trials were conducted in tanks (110 L) and ponds (0.04 ha) to determine the response of golden shiners to three isotopically distinct prepared diets both in the presence (pond) and absence (tank) of natural food. Seston was the primary indicator of the δ13 C of natural foods available in the ponds, but δ13 C's of free-swimming, unfed golden shiners provided an additional index. Fish receiving experimental diets were maintained in floating nets within the same ponds. After 6 wk, fish in tanks fed all three diets had acquired the diet label to some degree, while fish in ponds also tracked their respective feeds except for those fed diet 3. This diet contained a large amount of corn meal, which appeared to be poorly assimilated by golden shiners. The use of natural foods by golden shiners fed all three prepared feeds ranged from 40–83% and was inversely correlated with the relative assimilation of the prepared feeds. 相似文献
14.
The intestinal absorption and tissue distribution of D(U14 C)-glucose (14 C-glc), 3-O-methyl-D(U14 C)-glucose (14 C-OMG) and L(U14 C)-isoleucine (14 C-ile) were studied in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, using a forced-feeding technique. The appearance of radioactivity in faeces, blood, liver, white muscle and brain was monitored over 48 h. The recoveries of radioactivity 48 h postfeeding in the fish tissues studied were 36, 57 and 48% for 14 C-glc, 14 C-ile and 14 C-OMG, respectively. White muscle and liver contained most radioactivity on the whole tissue basis. Concentrations of 14 C-glc and its derivatives in the liver and the brain exceeded those of 14 C-ile and its derivatives, but the reverse was found in the white muscle. These differences may reflect differences in the metabolism of glucose and isoleucine. All tissues studied showed some differences in the accumulation of 14 C originating from 14 C-OMG and 14 C-glc. As 14 C-OMG is a nonmetabolizable glucose analogue, these differences may be the result of glucose metabolism at tissue level. 相似文献
15.
ABSTRACT: Glucose has been implicated in functioning as a form of carbon translocated from symbiont zooxanthellae to the host coral cell. The present paper describes the lipid biosynthesis from [14 C]-glucose in the coral tissue. To study the incorporation of [14 C]-glucose into lipids, the branch tips of the coral Montipora digitata were incubated with [14 C]-glucose or another radiolabeled substrates. The lipid biosynthesis from [14 C]-glucose was dependent on light, and was decreased by dark conditions or by photosystem II inhibitor, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. Of the lipid classes, the light dependency was more pronounced with the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols (TG) and wax compared with phospholipids. Examination of [14 C]-label distribution in the glycerolipids suggested that [14 C]-glucose supplied mainly the fatty acid moiety of newly synthesized TG, while [14 C]-glucose provided evenly the fatty acid moiety and the glycerol skeleton of phospholipids. The comparison of [14 C]-labeling of lipid from host coral tissue and symbiont zooxanthellae suggested that [14 C]-glucose entered the coral cell and was processed in parallel in the zooxanthellae and host cells. Furthermore, the coral cells used various [14 C]-labeled sugars for lipid synthesis with similar lipid labeling profile as was the case for glucose. The current study thus supports the view that the low-molecular-weight compound, sugars and amino acids, once translocated from zooxanthellae to host cell were metabolized toward lipogenesis as well as glycerol. 相似文献
16.
Nam -Il Won Tomohiko Kawamura Toshihiro Onitsuka Jun Hayakawa Satoshi Watanabe Toyomitsu Horii Hideki Takami Yoshiro Watanabe 《Fisheries Science》2007,73(5):1123-1136
Abstract: The community and trophic structures of the subtidal habitat of the abalone Haliotis diversicolor were examined in Nagai, Sagami Bay, Japan. Conventional community indices showed no significant differences among three sampling stations. The overall continuum of stable isotope ratios was structured into three different trophic linkages: (i) brown algae-dependent benthic food chain; (ii) red algae-dependent benthic food chain; and (iii) planktonic food chain. Brown algae and red algae likely play different roles with respect to carbon sources in the habitat. Conventional fractionation values indicated that the abalone H. diversicolor (δ13 C = −12.4 ± 1.0‰, δ15 N = 9.3 ± 0.5‰) feeds on the lamina of Undaria pinnatifida during juvenile and adult stages (8.0–65.6 mm shell length). Stable isotope signatures suggested that the juveniles of other abalone species as well as some amphipods and a sea cucumber Holothuria decorata are competitors of H. diversicolor , whereas some Muricidae gastropods such as Thais bronni and Ergalatax contractus are predators. The isotopic differences among macroalgal species and the subsequent transfer to consumers indicate that stable isotopic analysis is an effective means of studying food webs in an open rocky shore community with little influence from external primary production such as terrestrial vegetation. 相似文献
17.
M. M. Vaz M. Petrere JR L. A. Martinelli A. A. Mozeto 《Fisheries Management and Ecology》1999,6(2):121-132
The diet of detritivorous fish was analysed at four distinct habitats in a tropical river during the wet and dry seasons. Two methodologies were used to determine the diet of the fish: (1) the direct analysis of the stomach contents; and (2) the use of stable carbon isotopes. Both methods indicated food partitioning among the fish. The stomach contents showed what the fish had ingested when captured and the 13 C isotope indicated what it had assimilated over a long period of time. The 13 C isotope suggested the existence of sectional differences in the feeding of the detritivorous fish along the river. Plants employing the C4 photosynthesis pathways seem to have little influence on the diet of these fish. This method proved to be more appropriate for the detection of the main food sources of the captured fish. 相似文献
18.
T. G. Northcote C. H. Hendy C. S. Nelson J. A. T. Boubee 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》1992,1(1):61-72
Abstract– Stable oxygen and carbon isotopic analyses were made for water at 24 sites, mainly from the Waikato watershed (North Island, New Zealand), and for carbonate from fish sagittal otolith material at each of the sites, mainly from the common smelt ( Retropinna retropinna (Richardson)), to test their potential use in identification of resident and anadromous/migratory stocks suggested in an earlier pilot study. Results provide strong evidence that 18 O is precipitated in otoliths close to isotopic equilibrium with rearing waters. The smelt rearing and residency waters examined have characteristic oxygen and carbon isotopic 'signatures', and the 18 O composition of the smelt otoliths mirrors this within about 1%0, making it possible to use the technique for determining resident and/or migrant history of the fish. The 13 C otolith composition, though usually tracking that of probable rearing and/or residency waters, has a larger and more variable offset, possibly of metabolic origin, making its use less reliable as a habitat signature. 相似文献
19.
Miguel-Angel Franco-Nava Jean-Paul Blancheton Genevi ve Deviller Jean-Yves Le-Gall 《Aquacultural Engineering》2004,31(3-4):135-155
The control of adverse effects and the possibility of removing suspended solids from recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are the principal challenges facing aquaculture engineers. However, their dynamics and transformations are not yet well known. In this study, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes values (δ13C and δ15N) were used as tracers of particulate matter in a seabass RAS. An isotopic mixing model was employed to estimate the contributions of particulate sources. Feed (−22.1‰ for δ13C and 11.9‰ for δ15N), feces (−24.0‰ for δ13C and 6.4‰ for δ15N) and biofilm (−25.1‰ for δ13C and 12.9‰ for δ15N) were identified as main sources of particulate matter. The particle traps collected a mixing of 29% of uneaten feed and 71% of feces, when drum filter eliminated all remaining uneaten feed, shifting the isotopic signatures of suspended solids from −23.8 and 7.9‰ to −24.9 and 8.3‰ for δ13C and δ15N, respectively. The fish muscle (−18.6‰ for δ13C and 15.4‰ for δ15N) could reflect the isotopic variability of feed ingredients accumulated over time. The isotopic shifts indicate that the contribution of three sources depends on: (1) fish metabolism; (2) water treatment devices; and (3) bacterial bio-fouling into biofilter. 相似文献
20.
Abstract – The aim of this study was to explain the growth differences of the two sympatric sparsely rakered whitefish ( Coregonus lavaretus (L.)) forms in the subarctic Lake Muddusjärvi by comparing their habitat and food selection to available benthic food resources. The average number of gillrakers was 22.9 for large sparsely rakered whitefish (LSR) and 16.8 for small sparsely rakered whitefish (SSR). LSR dwelled primarily in the littoral zone at depths < 10 m, whereas SSR used mostly profundal habitats in depths > 10 m. LSR and SSR consumed mainly benthic macroinvertebrates, their abundance, biomass and diversity was highest in the littoral, decreasing towards the profundal. As the individual size of fish increased, LSR was able to shift to larger food items, which were available in the littoral. Possibility of SSR to ontogenetic food shift was scarce in the profundal, where availability of larger benthic macroinvertebrates was low. Because of abundant food resources in the littoral, growth rate of LSR was faster than that of SSR. 相似文献