Genetic variants of the unsaturated fatty acid receptor GPR120 relating to obesity in dogs

G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 120 is an unsaturated fatty acid receptor, which is associated with various physiological functions. It is reported that the genetic variant of GPR120, p.Arg270His, is detected more in obese people, and this genetic variation functionally relates to obesity in humans. Obesity is a common nutritional disorder also in dogs, but the genetic factors have not ever been identified in dogs. In this study, we investigated the molecular structure of canine GPR120 and searched for candidate genetic variants which may relate to obesity in dogs. Canine GPR120 was highly homologous to those of other species, and seven transmembrane domains and two N-glycosylation sites were conserved. GPR120 mRNA was expressed in lung, jejunum, ileum, colon, hypothalamus, hippocampus, spinal cord, bone marrow, dermis and white adipose tissues in dogs, as those in mice and humans. Genetic variants of GPR120 were explored in client-owned 141 dogs, resulting in that 5 synonymous and 4 non-synonymous variants were found. The variant c.595C>A (p.Pro199Thr) was found in 40 dogs, and the gene frequency was significantly higher in dogs with higher body condition scores, i.e. 0.320 in BCS4–5 dogs, 0.175 in BCS3 dogs and 0.000 in BCS2 dogs. We conclude that c.595C>A (p.Pro199Thr) is a candidate variant relating to obesity, which may be helpful for nutritional management of dogs.     

Bone morphological analyses in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats

The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat, a model for obese type 2 diabetes, shows bone quantitative abnormalities, namely low bone mineral density (BMD). The objective of this study was to evaluate bone morphological changes, in particular identifying the bone qualitative abnormalities, in the SDT fatty rat. Male SDT fatty rats showed increases in total trabecular area and trabecular number and decreases in trabecular thickness in cancellous bones of the proximal tibia, indicating trabecular miniaturization. The SDT fatty rat is useful for investigation of pathophysiological changes in bone quality in diabetic osteoporosis.     

Pathological findings and probable causes of the death of Stejneger’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon stejnegeri) stranded in Japan from 1999 and 2011

One hundred and twenty stranding events of Stejneger’s beaked whales were reported in Japan between 1999 and 2011. The purpose of this study is to introduce pathological data and to discuss probable causes of death for 44 Stejneger’s beaked whales among them. The significant pathological findings were the pulmonary edema, parasitic granulomatous nephritis, emaciation, amyloidosis, suppurative bronchopneumonia and so on. The probable causes of death were categorized as noninfectious in 43 of the cases, which included drowning, starvation and secondary amyloidosis. One individual was diagnosed with septicemia, which was the only example of an infectious disease. Because we could not always perform advanced analyses, such as microbiology tests, biotoxin examinations or contaminant analyses, the finality of our findings may be impaired. However, the present study has broad implications on the causes of death of Stejneger’s beaked whales of the seas around Japan, which are valuable for the future studies and for the detection of emerging diseases.     

松油烯与马来酸酐的环加成反应的条件研究

研究了松油烯与马来酸酐的D iels-A lder环加成反应和松油烯的异构转化率。使用相对于α-松油烯过量的马来酸酐,在65~70℃、100~105℃和135~140℃时α-松油烯的异构转化率分别为15%、38%和69%。采用异核远距离关联(HMBC)等核磁共振测试手法解析了环加成产物的结构,归属了各原子的化学位移。     

我国耕地数量变化与保护政策关系的实证分析

以耕地数量的统计数据耕地、保护政策的颁布和实施为基础,借助经济计量学理论以及Eviewes5.1软件,运用协整分析、Granger因果关系检验和脉冲响应等分析方法,分析了改革开放以来我国耕地数量变化与耕地保护政策之间的互动关系。结果显示:耕地数量变化与耕地保护政策之间存在一种长期均衡关系,说明二者之间存在着某种机制在制约着变量的运动,使二者之间短期内的偏离不会太远,长期则会走向均衡;耕地数量变化与耕地保护政策之间存在单向的因果关系,即耕地数量变化与是耕地保护政策的Granger原因,而耕地保护政策不是耕地数量变化的Granger原因;脉冲响应以及方差分解表明,耕地数量变化对耕地保护政策具有较为持续的促进作用,且作用程度随着滞后期的加大而加强;耕地保护政策具有较强的惯性,主要受其自身以前水平的影响,因此耕地保护政策对耕地保护政策的促进作用不太显著。这也从一个侧面佐证了Granger因果检验的结果。因此,应制定长期而非短期的策略,强化耕地保护政策理论研究,加大耕地保护政策的制定、执行和监督力度,这是解决耕地过快减少问题的重要途径。     

精准喷雾控制装置的设计与制作

为了实现精准喷雾,设计并制作了一套基于51单片机的精准喷雾自动/手动两种模式切换的控制装置。在自动模式下,单片机根据现场信号输入模块提供的作物病虫害情况分别打开或关闭对应的电磁阀;手动模式下,由面板手动开关分别控制各个电磁阀打开或关闭。经田间试验测定,该喷雾控制装置能够在自动或手动模式下实现精准喷雾作业控制。     

甜玉米株高的多世代遗传分析与QTL定位

【目的】研究甜玉米株高的遗传模式和QTL定位,为玉米高产、耐密和抗倒伏育种提供理论依据。【方法】以株高有显著差异的甜玉米自交系T14和T4为亲本配制杂交组合,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型和P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F26个世代联合分析的方法,对甜玉米株高性状进行遗传分析;以330个F2单株为作图群体,采用复合区间作图法和群体分离分析法(BSA法),在F2和F2:3家系中检测株高QTL。【结果】玉米株高受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因控制,在各个分离世代都以主基因遗传为主;在F2群体中,检测到的3个QTL位于第1染色体,2个QTL位于第5染色体上,对表型变异的贡献率为7.8%~28.8%;在F2:3家系中,检测到的4个QTL位于第1染色体,4个QTL位于第5染色体上,对表型变异的贡献率为4.8%~27.4%。【结论】在F2和F2:3家系中检测到的株高QTL都集中在第1和第5染色体上,形成了2个明显的株高QTL簇,这一结果与2对主基因+多基因的遗传模型相吻合。     

基于灰色神经网络与马尔科夫链的城市需水量组合预测

【目的】针对城市需水量预测系统具有非线性和随机波动性的特点,建立基于马尔科夫链修正的组合灰色神经网络预测模型,以提高模型的预测精度。【方法】比较分析灰色GM(1,1)模型、BP神经网络模型以及二者线性组合的灰色神经网络预测模型的预测效果,建立基于马尔科夫链修正的组合灰色神经网络预测模型,并以榆林市2000-2009年的用水量实际数据为研究对象,通过实例比较分析模型的检验预测精度。【结果】经马尔科夫链修正处理后,建立的基于马尔科夫链修正的灰色神经网络组合模型的预测精度更高,预测误差的绝对值均小于4%,且均方差σ为1.00,小于组合灰色神经网络模型与GM(1,1)模型、BP神经网络模型预测误差值的均方差。【结论】基于马尔科夫链修正的组合灰色神经网络需水量预测模型,对城市需水量的预测优于灰色神经网络及各单项预测模型,不仅预测精度高,而且能同时反映出数据序列发展变化的总体趋势和系统各状态之间的内在规律,适合描述随机波动性较大的预测问题。     

siRNA干扰ATGL基因表达对猪脂肪细胞脂肪分解的抑制作用

【目的】探讨猪脂肪甘油三酯水解酶(adipose triglyceride lipase,ATGL)基因在脂肪细胞脂解中的作用。【方法】构建针对猪ATGL基因CDS区113和1 358位点的慢病毒干扰载体,包装后用其感染猪成熟脂肪细胞,检测ATGL和激素敏感脂酶(hormone-sensitive lipase,HSL)基因mRNA及其蛋白的表达情况;用甘油试剂盒检测细胞甘油释放量。【结果】成功构建了ATGL基因的慢病毒干扰载体,用其感染猪成熟脂肪细胞后,RT-PCR分析和Western印迹检测结果表明,试验组脂肪细胞ATGL的表达显著下调,HSL的表达没有明显变化;甘油释放量显著降低,其中针对ATGL基因CDS区113位点的siRNA1对ATGL mRNA的干扰效率达55%,甘油释放量降低了49%。【结论】成功构建了猪ATGL基因慢病毒干扰载体,其能显著降低ATGL基因mRNA及其蛋白在猪成熟脂肪细胞中的表达,降低脂肪细胞的甘油释放量,表明ATGL在猪脂肪细胞脂解中有着重要作用,且113位点是ATGL基因CDS区的最佳干扰靶位点。     

人类胚胎干细胞与小鼠囊胚嵌合的探讨

【目的】探讨人类胚胎干细胞(Human embryonic stemcells,hESCs)能否在小鼠胚胎环境中生存并参与其各个组织器官的分化,为hESCs与小鼠囊胚嵌合的可行性研究提供依据。【方法】将154枚受精后3.5 d(3.5days postcoitum,3.5 dpc)ICR品系小鼠囊胚随机分为3组:试验组(注射hESCs)、模拟注射组(注射针仅刺破透明带及滋养层细胞,但不注射细胞和溶液)及对照组(未注射),于注射后培养24 h统计囊胚完全孵化率。将稳定转染增强绿色荧光蛋白(Enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP)的含有9~15个hESCs的小细胞团块,显微注射入3.5 dpcICR品系小鼠囊胚腔内,注射后分别于3,24,48,69,77,94和116 h,在普通荧光显微镜下观察EGFP阳性细胞的定位与动态分布情况,并将嵌合体胚胎移植入假孕母鼠子宫内,分别于移植后第4天和第6天处死孕鼠,普通荧光显微镜下观察EGFP阳性细胞在整个小鼠胚胎中的分布情况。【结果】注射后24 h,试验组和模拟注射组的囊胚完全孵化率分别为73.6%和77.1%,均极显著高于对照组(38.3%)(P<0.01),有88.9%(32/36)的胚胎中的hESCs迁移并定位在小鼠内细胞团(ICM)及其临近的滋养层细胞上;体外培养48 h后,EGFP阳性细胞数进一步减少;116 h后,只有1枚胚胎仍残留3~4个EGFP阳性细胞,且散在分布于ICM克隆之外。体内发育试验结果显示,将43枚注射后的嵌合体囊胚移植入6只代孕母鼠子宫内,获得了22枚脱膜,有17枚脱膜中含有胚胎,其中形态正常胎儿14枚,没有胚胎含有EGFP阳性细胞。【结论】hESCs很难与小鼠囊胚正常嵌合。