中东太平洋长鳍真鲨年龄与生长

长鳍真鲨(Carcharhinus longimanus)为大洋性中上层鲨类, 由于其全球资源被过度捕捞, 已被列入 IUCN 濒危物种名录。开展长鳍真鲨年龄鉴定与生长规律的研究, 可为其资源恢复及物种保护提供理论依据。本研究以中东太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓兼捕渔获物中的 87 尾长鳍真鲨为样本(雄性 43 尾, 雌性 44 尾), 结合脊椎骨年龄鉴定结果和生物学数据分析该海域长鳍真鲨年龄及生长规律。赤池信息量准则(AICC)分析表明, 长鳍真鲨脊椎骨半径(r)与全长(L)的关系符合线性回归模型。von Bertalanffy (VB)生长模型为总体观测数据最适模型, 表达式为 L_t=398[1-e^{-0.04(t+6.81)}] , 结合反向逆推个体早期全长数据, 雌性逆推全长的最适模型为 VB 模型 L_{t female} =330.8[1-e^{–0.05( t+5.84)} ] , 雄性为 Gompertz 模型L_{t male} = 363e^{–1.49e( -0.08t )} 雌、雄个体 50%性成熟年龄 t₅₀ 分别为(8.8±1.2)龄和(8.6±1.2)龄, 50%性成熟全长 L₅₀ 分别为(191±9.1) cm 和(173±12.9) cm。     

东太平洋热带海域大青鲨繁殖生物学特征

人青鲨（Prionace glauca）是一种大型中上层鲨鱼，隶属于真鲨目、真鲨科、人青鲨属．广泛分布在全球热带和温带海域，最大全长可达到300cm，在南海和东海亦有记录。该鱼生活在海洋上层和沿岸海域。大青鲨是金枪鱼延绳钓渔业的重要兼捕对象，占兼捕猫鱼总渔获尾数的50％，是大西洋公海金枪鱼延绳钓兼捕渔获物中的优势鱼种，     

中东太平洋鲨鱼生物多样性时空分布格局

利用2012—2019年中国金枪鱼延绳钓渔业观察员计划获取的数据,采用α多样性指标分析了中东太平洋海域鲨鱼的物种多样性,并利用广义加性模型分析了其栖息地偏好。结果表明,中东太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业兼捕鲨鱼共20种,主要种类为大青鲨(Prionace glauca)和镰状真鲨(Carcharhinus falciformis)。中东热带太平洋和东南太平洋海域的鲨鱼物种组成相似,但中东热带太平洋鲨鱼物种均匀度更高,且热带海域的鲨鱼生物多样性高于温带地区。鲨鱼的物种丰富度和Shannon多样性指数受栖息地环境影响,存在较大的时空差异。鲨鱼群落更倾向于栖息在具有较高生产力水平(叶绿素浓度0.10 mg·m~(-3))和海平面距平偏低(海平面距平值0 m)的温水(海表面温度25℃)海域。研究利用α多样性指数识别了以中东太平洋赤道水域(10°N～5°S、110°W～130°W)为主的鲨鱼物种多样性热点区域,有助于了解大洋生态系统鲨鱼物种多样性的时空分布特征,为制定针对鲨鱼的养护管理措施提供科学参考。     

运用生产力-易捕率指数对10种热带太平洋鲨鱼种群的研究

热带太平洋是全球产量最高的金枪鱼渔场,大洋性鲨鱼种群遭受金枪鱼渔业的影响受到国际社会的高度关注。由于缺少渔业统计资料,一般难以运用标准的资源评估方法对这些兼捕的种类进行评估。笔者运用种群生产力-易捕率分析（productivity-susceptibility analysis,PSA）方法,对热带太平洋10种鲨鱼遭受金枪鱼延绳钓渔业影响的风险程度进行比较分析,并计算风险指数（vulnerability）。风险指数从低到高的种类依次为锤头双髻鲨（Sphyrna zygaena）、路氏双髻鲨（S.lewini）、无沟双髻鲨（S.mokarran）、尖吻鲭鲨（Isurus oxyrinchus）、狐形长尾鲨（Alopias vulpinus）、长鳍真鲨（Carcharhinus longimanus）、大青鲨（Prionace glauca）、镰状真鲨（C.falciformis）、浅海长尾鲨（A.pelagicus）、大眼长尾鲨（A.superciliosus）,表明大眼长尾鲨种群受延绳钓渔业影响而遭受过度捕捞的潜在风险最高,垂头双髻鲨的风险最低。该研究结果可以为热带太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业的管理和生态系统保护提供科学参考。     

印度洋金枪鱼渔业中鲨鱼兼捕率

鲨鱼作为金枪鱼渔业中主要兼捕种类之一,其兼捕率却较少见报。本文利用印度洋1950～2010年金枪鱼渔业生产统计数据,分析了不同作业渔具的鲨鱼兼捕率。结果表明,印度洋金枪鱼渔业中鲨鱼平均兼捕率为9.30%,其中流刺网、线钓、延绳钓、围网以及其他作业渔具兼捕率分别为22.14%、16.27%、2.59%、0.43%和56.95%,且流刺网的鲨鱼兼捕量为最高。该区域兼捕鲨鱼共计19种(包括未定种),每种作业渔具未定种的捕捞量占比最高。建议在印度洋海域有针对性地发展选择性渔具,加大鲨鱼物种鉴别和数据统计能力,综合利用兼捕物种,增加经济价值。     

海洋环境因子和渔具对吉尔伯特群岛海域镰状真鲨误捕率的影响

为了减少延绳钓渔业中镰状真鲨的误捕率,本研究利用2009年10月-12月和2010年11月-2011年1月在吉尔伯特群岛海域作业的延绳钓渔业调查数据:钓钩深度数据,温度、盐度、溶解氧浓度和叶绿素浓度垂直剖面数据,作业参数,渔获统计数据等,采用逐步回归的方法建立钓钩预测深度计算模型,利用Wilcoxon检验对2种钓具和2种钓钩钩型之间镰状真鲨误捕率进行显著性检验,利用统计和聚类分析的方法分析镰状真鲨的捕获环境.结果显示,(1)实验钓具和18/0圆型钓钩可显著降低镰状真鲨的误捕率;(2)镰状真鲨误捕率最高的深度、温度、盐度、叶绿素、溶解氧范围分别为40.0 ～79.9 m,24.0 ～ 24.9℃、29.0 ～ 29.9℃,35.40～35.99,0.120 ～0.199μg/L和4.50 ～ 4.99 mg/L.研究建议,(1)在生产中增加18/0圆型钓钩和80 m以深的钓钩投放量;(2)减少镰状真鲨误捕率最高的深度、温度、盐度、叶绿素和溶解氧范围内的钓钩数量.     

中西太平洋延绳钓兼捕大青鲨渔获率、性比及叉长分析研究

大青鲨(Prionace glauca)是一种分布广泛的大型中上层远洋性鲨鱼,在以金枪鱼等经济鱼种为目标的延绳钓渔业中渔获率较高。根据中国远洋延绳钓渔船2015—2018年在中西太平洋(Western Central Pacific Ocean,WCPO)海域共51个航次采集的兼捕大青鲨数据,分析了该海域兼捕到的大青鲨渔获率、性别及叉长(Fork length,FL)特征。结果显示,大青鲨兼捕的捕捞努力量渔获量(Catch per unit effort,CPUE)在170°30'E—124°50'W、33°30'N—34°40'S范围内分布较高;2015—2018年间大青鲨兼捕CPUE波动较大,以2017年最高,兼捕CPUE与月份之间无显著性差异(P>0.05);大青鲨的雌、雄个体分布范围基本一致,优势叉长区间均为160~220 cm,各自所占比例为89.26%和85.19%,雌、雄个体的叉长分布存在显著性差异(P<0.05),雌雄比例为1.75。     

大西洋中上层鲨鱼资源状况的初步探讨

据1994—2001年4个航次在金枪鱼延绳钓渔船对热带大洋性中上层鲨鱼资源进行调查，并分析国际大西洋金枪鱼资源保护委员会提供的关于中上层鲨鱼的渔业数据。结果表明：延绳钓渔业共兼捕13种鲨鱼，其中，尖吻鲭鲨和大青鲨是优势种类。尖吻鲭鲨在第1、第2和第4航次的CPUE分别为每千钩0．3502、0．1754和0．0642尾，呈下降趋势。大青鲨在第1～3航次的的CPUE达到每千钩5～7尾，而在第4航次下降为每千钩0．8尾。研究报告了中国金枪鱼船队自1993年开始在大西洋兼捕尖吻鲭鲨和大青鲨的渔获量，并根据捕捞死亡系数和大西洋总渔获量数据，初步探讨了尖吻鲭鲨和大青鲨年平均资源量，影响CPUE的因素和大西洋中上层资源状况。     

热带大西洋与热带太平洋拟锥齿鲨生物学特征比较

拟锥齿鲨(Pseudocarcharias kamoharai)是金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中较常见的兼捕物种。它处于海洋生态结构的顶端,对海洋生态系统的稳定和多样性起着非常重要的作用。根据我国金枪鱼渔业国家观察员2011~2015年在热带大西洋海域(6.38°S~15.17°N、42.02°W~18.53°W)调查时采集的1 426 ind拟锥齿鲨和2006~2015年在热带太平洋海域(16.88°S~10.85°N、148.71°E~96.80°W)调查时采集的1 037 ind拟锥齿鲨,按不同性别对其生物学特征进行初步研究和比较。结果表明:热带太平洋、热带大西洋两海域拟锥齿鲨雄性和雌性之间在平均叉长、优势叉长方面均存在显著性差异(P0.05),热带太平洋海域的拟锥齿鲨优势叉长和平均叉长值更大;两洋区雄性和雌性拟锥齿鲨叉长与全重关系均存在显著性差异(P0.05);两洋区拟锥齿鲨的雌雄性比分别为1∶0.80和1∶1.71,具显著性差异(P0.05);在拟锥齿鲨的摄食等级、肝重指数和繁殖特征上两洋区无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

金枪鱼延绳钓渔获性能研究进展

金枪鱼延绳钓渔获性能主要按目标鱼种和兼捕物种渔获效率进行评价。对其研究有助于改进延绳钓渔具渔法, 提高目标鱼种捕捞效率和减少兼捕。本文以时间顺序为主对国内外关于金枪鱼延绳钓渔获性能研究的文献进行梳理, 从钓具选择性、钓钩深度、饵料选择性、环境因素以及钓具浸泡时长等方面概括了金枪鱼延绳钓渔获性能的研究进展, 并提出存在的不足和建议, 为金枪鱼延绳钓渔获性能的研究提供参考。前人研究取得的成果有: (1)不同鱼种最佳作业深度和钓具浸泡时长不同; (2)较大尺寸的圆形钩能减少兼捕; (3)拟饵也具有选择性, 鱼类饵料和蓝色染色饵料有利于减少兼捕; (4)具体水层的环境因素对延绳钓渔获性能影响较大。建议今后金枪鱼延绳钓渔获性能研究应: (1)确定钓钩最佳沉降速度和深度; (2)分水层建立不同物种渔获性能预测模型; (3)针对不同的目标鱼种探索最佳尺寸和钩形; (4)研究不同气味和颜色的饵料或拟饵对物种选择性的影响; (5)考虑诱饵、钓钩类型和尺寸和钓具浸泡时长对渔获率、死亡率、兼捕率和兼捕物种释放后存活率的潜在协同效应。     

不同比例复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫及抗氨氮能力的影响

对从凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肠道中分离出的鲍鱼希瓦氏菌(Shewanella haliotis)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和双壳气单胞菌(Aeromonas bivalvium)3株有益菌株,利用正交设计得到9种复合比例,通过饲料中添加上述9种比例混合的菌体(菌数总量为109 cfu/g)饲喂凡纳滨对虾,经过28 d养殖实验,评价其对凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫指标的影响。随后,利用氯化铵调节水体氨氮浓度至26.67 mg/L,经过16 d的氨氮毒性实验,研究不同比例复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾抗氨氮能力的影响。研究结果表明,9个复合益生菌实验组的增重率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组(P0.05),并且以3株菌菌数6︰1︰3比例效果较好;不同配比的复合益生菌能够显著提高酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力(P0.05),并表现出了不同的影响效果,其中,3株菌菌数(菌数总量为109 cfu/g,下同)2︰3︰3、4︰2︰3及6︰1︰3比例对ACP活力具有显著促进作用(P0.05),3株菌菌数4:2︰3和6︰1︰3比例对ALP活力具有显著促进作用(P0.05);3株菌菌数2︰1︰1比例对T-SOD活力具有显著促进作用(P0.05);各比例的复合菌对溶菌酶活力的影响不显著(P0.05);氨氮浓度26.67 mg/L条件下,不同比例复合菌组对虾累计存活率显著高于对照组(P0.05),其中以3株菌菌数4︰3︰1和6︰3︰2比例组累计存活率较高,即抗氨氮效果较好。     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Movement of the fluvial form of masu salmon, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus masou masou</Emphasis>, in a mountain stream in Kyushu,Japan

Using mark-recapture methods, the movements of the fluvial form of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou masou) in a mountain stream on the island of Kyushu, Japan, were studied. Most (78%) of the masu salmon were recaptured in the pool in which they had been originally caught and tagged. Of those that moved between pools, the proportion of individuals that moved during the breeding period was not significantly higher than the proportion that moved during the non-breeding period. However, during the breeding period, a higher proportion of larger salmon moved than did smaller fish. The proportion of mobile large males during breeding period was higher than that for small males. Also, it was found that a few individuals showed long-range movement in the autumn. As a long-term movement, 78 individual fish (65%) that were recaptured more than three times showed high sedentary tendencies. Sixteen individual mobile fish (13%) moved and returned to the original pool. Fluvial form of masu salmon in Kyushu show a high sedentary nature; however, large mature males seem to actively move in search of female during breeding period.     

Cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel anti-HIV lectin from the cultured cyanobacterium, Oscillatoria agardhii

OAA, the potent anti-HIV protein from Oscillatoria agardhii NIES-204 belongs to a new lectin family, shows strict binding specificity for high-mannose N-glycans, and has an extremely high association constant in the picomolar range for recombinant gp120, an envelope protein of HIV. In this study we have cloned the gene encoding OAA from the genomic DNA of the cyanobacterium, and efficiently expressed the recombinant lectin (rOAA) in Escherichia coli. The rOAA expressed as a His-tagged fusion protein was recovered in a soluble form and purified in high yield (48 mg/1 l-culture) by metal chelate chromatography. The fusion protein was cleaved with factor Xa, and the resulting rOAA was isolated in a final yield of 14.8 mg/1 l-culture by reversed-phase HPLC. Both the N-terminal sequence and the molecular mass of rOAA were found to be identical with those of OAA. The rOAA was fully functional with the same properties as OAA, as evidenced by hemagglutination activity, hapten-inhibition test, and binding specificity for high-mannose-type N-glycans. This rOAA should be applicable as a specific probe for high-mannose N-glycans and should contribute to elucidation of the molecular basis of its strict carbohydrate-binding specificity and potent anti-HIV activity.     

Mortality of scallop spat in cultivation, infested with tube dwellingbristle worms, Polydora sp.

Between 1995 and 1997, a traditional Norwegian oyster poll with an attachednursery was used for the production of scallop (Pecten maximus) spat.During summer 1997, four batches of 2 mm scallop spat were placed in thenursery. In June, hydroids (Obelia) caused problems with fouling andaccumulation of sediment in the nursery. Thereafter, the scallop spat wereheavily infested with tube dwelling polychaets (Polydora sp.). Thepolychaets were both introduced with poll water and reproduced inside thenursery. Infested spat suffered high mortalities. Although the spat could have been affected by the hydroids, as well as shortage of food, Polydorainfestations were considered the main cause of the mortalities. Dead andinfested spat were continuously sorted out and discarded, but the infestationproblems persisted. As a result, the scallop spat did not represent anycommercial value for the company, and in September, the nursery wasemptied. In total, approximately one million spat – representing onethird of Norway's intensive scallop spat production in 1997, was lost.     

Parasites, pathological conditions and mortality in QX-resistant and wild-caught Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata

Differences in the survival of QX-resistant fifth generation (QXR₅) and wild-caught (Wild-Caught) Sydney rock oysters were assessed over the QX-disease risk period in the Pimpama River, SE Queensland. Cumulative mortality of Wild-Caught oysters (31.7%) was significantly greater than QXR₅ oysters (0.0%) over the 118 days of the experiment. PCR and histological results showed that Wild-Caught oyster did not die from QX disease. Histology revealed oysters were infected with disseminating hemocytic neoplasia, a Steinhausia-like infection, a Rickettsia-like organism infecting epithelial cells of the gill, digenean flukes encysted in the gonadal tissue and a gill response to an unknown toxin. The cause of mortality is attributed to disseminating hemocytic neoplasia.     

Enrichment of Artemia nauplii in PUFA, phospholipids, and water-soluble nutrients using liposomes

Different liposome formulations, includingseveral combinations of membrane composition,type of vesicle (multilamellar and largeunilamellar vesicles), preparation method, andvehiculated nutrient, have been assayed asbioencapsulation products to enrich Artemia nauplii with nutrients for feeding fish larvae.The stability of the liposome preparationsunder conditions of use as enrichment producthas been tested using water soluble fluorescentmarkers as leakage indicators. The content ofthe fatty acids and lipid classesbioencapsulated in Artemia nauplii withliposomes has been analyzed by gas and thinlayer chromatography, respectively, andcompared with other enrichment products. Theeffect of the liposome enriched Artemianauplii used as food for fish larvae has beenevaluated in sea bass cultures. Liposomes withhigh content in polyunsaturated fatty acidsleak out more than 50% of their aqueous phasein less than 2 hours, unless they arestabilized with cholesterol and formed as largeunilamellar vesicles. Such vesicles hold70% of the encapsulated material for 8 hours.Liposome enriched nauplii in this study reflectthe influence of the enrichment products,however, they are far from the commercialemulsion (Super Selco) in terms ofdocosahexaenoic acid content, except for thenauplii enriched with liposomes made of purekrill phospholipid extract by the method ofdetergent solubilization. The liposome enrichednauplii show a higher amount of polar lipids incontrast to the feed enriched with emulsions.The larvae fed liposome enriched nauplii haveonly a slightly lower docosahexaenoic acidcontent than those fed emulsion enrichednauplii. The results obtained confirm thesuitable potential use of liposomes as foodsupplement in larviculture. Problems andadvantages are discussed.     

鳢流行性溃疡综合征病原分离鉴定与病理形态学观察

为寻找冬春季鳢(Channa maculata)烂身病的病原,应用组织压片、组织切片、扫描电镜技术、HE常规染色法和Grocott六胺银染色法、霉菌分离纯化及ITS的序列分析等对冬春季患疑似溃疡综合征的烂身病鳢进行了病原学与病理学研究。病变组织压片观察到大量直径10～20μm,分枝较少、纤细菌丝。扫描电镜观察到肌肉组织中延伸出大量的纤细的丝状真菌。患病鳢皮肤和肌肉表现为变性、坏死与炎性细胞浸润,溃疡灶肌肉内可见大量的慢性肉芽肿结节和炎性细胞浸润。结节基本结构由类上皮细胞和多核巨细胞、炎性细胞、霉菌菌丝(横断面呈圆形,斜断或纵断呈丝状)组成,霉菌位于结节中央。Grocott六胺银染色观察到结节中有大量棕色菌体。无菌分离培养可观察到典型丝状霉菌;霉菌在灭菌池塘水20℃过夜, 12 h后可观察原代孢子群形成,真菌ITS序列分析表明其与侵袭丝囊菌(Aphanomyces invadans)同源性为100%。侵袭丝囊霉菌(A. invadans)是杂交鳢溃疡综合症病的主要病原,为鱼类流行病学调查和疾病防治的深入研究奠定基础。     

Feeding of scleractinian coral, Galaxea fascicularis, on Artemia salina nauplii in captivity

Satisfying nutrient requirement of corals is still a major constraint for maintaining corals in marine aquariums. Corals are polytrophic in nature. Heterotrophic feeding on zooplankton is one of the corals’ strategies to overcome nutrient deficiency. Artemia salina nauplii are commonly used as biocarriers for many fish larvae in aquaculture and can also serve as a biocarrier for coral in aquariums, provided coral acceptability, optimal feeding rate, and digestibility of the nauplii are well understood. Feeding rate and digestibility of coral fed on A. salina nauplii at 100, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000, and 10,000 ind. l⁻¹ under light and dark conditions was assessed in this study. The maximum feeding rates of Galaxea fascicularis under light and dark conditions was 113.6 ind. polyp⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 76.9 ind. polyp⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively. The daily feeding rates of G. fascicularis varies and depends on nauplii density. Light plays an important role in coral feeding. Nevertheless, the quantity of A. salina nauplii consumed by the coral under light and dark conditions was not significantly different (P > 0.05). A. salina nauplii are well accepted by G. fascicularis. Complete nauplii digestion was observed after 180 min. Digestibility of A. salina nauplii by G. fascicularis was positively correlated with digestion time.     

Comparison of age estimates from scale, opercular bone, otolith, vertebrae and dorsal fin ray in Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Catla catla (Hamilton) and Channa marulius (Hamilton)

The present study was undertaken with a view to compare the precision and reliability of the age readings obtained from different bony structures of some important freshwater teleosts viz., Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Catla catla (Hamilton) and Channa marulius (Hamilton). Standard procedures were followed to prepare and study the age structures. In L. rohita and C. marulius percent agreement between reader's age estimates was highest for scales, i.e. 96.3% and 90.5%, respectively and in C. catla percent agreement was highest (93.3%) for opercular bone. When scale ages were compared with other alternative structures viz., otoliths, opercular bone, vertebral centra and dorsal fin rays, percent agreement was found highest between scale and opercular bone age estimates (77.8%) in L. rohita and between scale and otoliths (94.8%) in C. marulius. In case of C. catla highest percent agreement was found between opercular bone and scale age estimates. In L. rohita each of the ageing structure showed significant (P < 0.05) underestimation of age in comparison to scales. In C. catla mean age estimates from opercular bone were comparable (P > 0.05) to the values obtained from all other structures except dorsal fin rays. In C. marulius mean age estimates from scales were comparable (P > 0.05) to those from all other structures except from dorsal fin rays. Results indicated scales to be the most suitable structure for ageing L. rohita and C. marulius and opercular bone for C. catla. However, in C. catla also scales may be used as a non-destructive method of age estimation with satisfactory results.