广东沿海牡蛎体Pb含量水平及时空变化趋势

为了了解广东沿海Pb含量水平的时空变化特点,l989-1997年,实施"南海贻贝观察”对广东沿海12个地点牡蛎体Pb含量进行了连续监测.广东沿海牡蛎体Pb含量范围为0.22×10-6～2.06×10-6(湿重),总平均值为0.77×10-6.牡蛎体Pb污染指数的范围和平均值分别为0.11～1.03和0.39,总体上属轻污染水平.牡蛎体Pb含量的空间分布呈粤西海区≥珠江口海区＞粤东海区.广东沿海牡蛎Pb含量水平在1989-1993年间呈微弱下降趋势,1994年Pb含量明显升高,此后Pb含量基本持平.     

广东沿海近江牡蛎体砷含量水平、地理分布特点和变化趋势

１９８９～１９９５年广东沿海近江牡蛎体砷的测定数据和有关历史资料表明,所有牡蛎样品的砷含量在（０．３１～２．５１）×１０－６之间,总平均值为１．３０×１０－６,均低于海洋生物污染评价标准值,属正常本底水平。牡蛎体砷含量的地理分布呈粤东和粤西西部高、珠江口和粤西东部低的格局。１９８１～１９９１年,牡蛎体砷的平均含量呈下降趋势,１９９１年以后,牡蛎体砷的平均含量虽有波动,但年际间没有明显差异。     

广东沿海环境中汞的变化趋势↑（*）——南海“贻贝观察体系”的研究之一

为了监测八十年代末以来广东沿海海洋环境中Ｈｇ的变化趋势，作者利用海洋双壳类牡蛎作为指示生物，测定了自１９８９年至１９９３年间广东沿海１４个观测站位的牡蛎体中的Ｈｇ。结果表明，牡蛎体中的Ｈｇ呈逐年下降之势，即从１９８９年的０．０４６×１０－６降为１９９３年的０．０２８×１０－６。Ｈｇ的主要化学形态为有机汞，作者还对Ｈｇ的季节变化特点，空间变化特点进行了分析     

1989~2010年广东沿海牡蛎体镉含量时空分布特征及其健康风险评价

为评价广东沿海牡蛎体镉(Cd)含量的时空分布特征及其食用健康风险,实验根据2001-2010年广东17个海湾的牡蛎体Cd含量监测结果及1989-1999年的历史数据,分析了广东沿海总体及粤东、珠江口、粤西3大海区牡蛎体镉含量的时空分布特征;并采用风险商法评价其健康风险.1989-2010年广东沿海累计268频次的监测结果表明:牡蛎体Cd含量变化范围为未检出～10.80 mg/kg(均值1.14 mg/kg,以湿重表示,下同),检出率97.01％;其中98.64％符合中国、美国牡蛎体或贝类的Cd含量限量标准(≤4 mg/kg).珠江口海域达标率为三大海域最低(86.5％),是今后生物监测与海洋环境管理的重点.2001-2010年牡蛎体Cd含量的健康风险依次为儿童-青少年(5～17岁)＞老年人(60岁以上)＞成年人(18～59岁);连续食用广东沿海牡蛎10年,其Cd含量在70年内不会对人体构成Cd摄入过量的风险.     

1989—2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内锌的时空分布特征与污染水平分析

根据历史和调查资料,对1989—2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内锌(Zn)的时空分布特征和污染水平进行了分析与比较。结果表明,牡蛎体内Zn的浓度总平均值为211.5 mg/kg,从总体看其浓度出现频率呈对数正态分布。在时间上,牡蛎体内Zn总体平均浓度的分布呈阶段性变化,具体表现为1989—2007年Zn的浓度呈微弱降低的趋势,基本维持在197.0 mg/kg的水平;2007—2009年牡蛎体内Zn的浓度有明显升高的趋势,之后Zn的浓度有所降低。在空间上,粤东和粤西沿海牡蛎体内Zn浓度的变化均呈先降低后增加的趋势,且基本与广东沿海牡蛎体Zn平均浓度的变化趋势相同,而珠江口牡蛎体Zn的浓度水平相对较高并表现出趋于稳定的变化规律。单因子指数和非致癌性风险指数评价结果均表明,牡蛎体内Zn的总体不存在明显的污染,但从当前保护环境角度应当尽快设立我国水产品中Zn含量的限定标准。     

大连市甘井子区北部沿海浮筏养殖水环境的初步观测

本文以１９９５年８～９月“太平洋牡蛎病害防治技术”的水环境调查资料为基础，初步分析了甘井子区北部沿海，在夏季高温期水体中理化要素（Ｔ、Ｓ、ＤＯ、ＣＯＤ、透明度），营养盐（ＮＨ３－Ｎ，ＮＯ２－Ｎ，ＮＯ３－Ｎ，ＰＯ４－Ｐ），及浮游生物量（叶绿量ａ）的含量和分布特征，介绍了各要素含量基本处于海水海水正常浓度水平，属于一类海水水质，海区营养水平为中等营养水平，是适宜的浮筏养殖区，但养殖规模应用有所限制。     

福建中南部沿海海水养殖僧帽牡蛎体内石油烃的时空分布特征

近年来,随着沿海城市工业的飞速发展,船舶含油废水、工业排污水和城市生活污水等排放的影响,海洋受到石油烃的污染越来越严重。本文就2009—2014年相关数据,对福建中南部沿海的莆田、泉州、漳州和厦门四个海区中养殖的僧帽牡蛎石油烃总量水平的分布特征进行了探讨。结果表明:僧帽牡蛎中石油烃平均含量:围头湾泉州湾厦门湾佛昙湾东山湾大港湾旧镇湾湄洲湾诏安湾,其中泉州海区的围头湾养殖僧帽牡蛎中石油烃超标严重。2009—2014年间各个海区养殖僧帽牡蛎中石油烃含量基本都是呈波浪型变化,其中2010年和2013年养殖僧帽牡蛎中石油烃含量较高。2009—2014年间福建中南部沿海养殖僧帽牡蛎总体上受到石油烃不同程度的污染。单因子污染指数(I)在0.08~23.30之间,六年监测的54份僧帽牡蛎中有26%样品受到重度污染,37%样品受到轻度污染,其余样品未受污染。     

汕尾引进太平洋牡蛎养殖初获成功

太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)是牡蛎中的优良养殖品种。原产地在日本，国外如澳大利亚、法国、韩国和美国等国家已先后从日本引进并已得到大力推广，增养殖生产广泛展开；国内山东、浙江、福建和广东从80年代初也已先后从日本引进并开展增养殖生产，广东省开展养殖的海区只有南澳县及饶平县的柘林湾。其适温适盐性广，而广东省沿海适于开展太平洋牡蛎养殖的海区十分广阔，其生产开发前景良好。     

“罗湖桥”牌沙井蚝油的研制

广东深圳养殖的牡蛎(蚝)，以近江牡蛎(Ostrea rivularis gould)为主。沙井、南头至深圳海区是近江牡蛎生长得天独厚的天然环境，是广东最大养蚝场之一。沙井、南头海区所养殖的蚝，体大、肥嫩爽滑、味道鲜美。“罗湖桥”牌沙井蚝油，就是采用沙井、南头海区所养鲜蚝，取其汤汁浓缩提炼而成，     

广东海南两省海库潮间带生物量

广东海南两省海库潮间带生物量关则良，揭振英，周元建（湛江水产学院，５２４０２５）关键词潮间带，生物量，ＳＡＳ系统ＢＩＯＭＡＳＳＩＮＣＯＡＳＴＡＬ，ＴＩＤＡＬＺＯＮＥＯＦＧＵＡＮＧＤＯＮＧＡＮＤＨＡＩＮＡＮ￥ＧｕａｎＺｅｌｉａｎｇ；ＪｉｅＺｈｅｎｇｙｉ...     

广东沿海养殖牡蛎中多氯联苯残留水平及人体饮食暴露风险评估

文章利用气相色谱质谱法测定了广东沿海主要养殖区(汕头、汕尾、深圳、珠海、江门、阳江、湛江)养殖牡蛎体内30种多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenys,PCBs)的含量,评价了其污染水平和致癌风险。结果表明,广东养殖牡蛎中普遍检出PCBs,检出率为97.6%,其质量分数为nd~8.62 ng·g^-1(湿质量,下同),平均值为(0.57±1.23)ng·g^-1,其中以深圳水域养殖牡蛎体内的PCBs含量最高,珠海次之,汕头、阳江、江门、湛江及汕尾较低。不同地区养殖牡蛎中PCBs的组成模式类似,均以五氯代和六氯代PCBs为主。与国内外部分沿海海域贝类相比,广东省养殖牡蛎中PCBs含量处于较低水平。广东省养殖牡蛎中PCBs残留量低于中国《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》及欧盟国家的贝类卫生标准,食用牡蛎的致癌风险及危害商数均小于美国环保局(EPA)推荐的可接受风险水平,致癌风险处于可接受风险水平。     

福建沿海牡蛎养殖群体的多重种类特异性PCR分析和形态参数比较

应用多重种类特异性PCR方法对福建沿海养殖牡蛎的6个自然苗群体（福鼎FD、连江LJZ、福清FQ、莆田门、石狮SSZ、厦门XM）和4个人工苗群体（宁德ND、连江LJR、石狮SSR、诏安ZA）进行种类鉴定,并应用方差分析和Tukey多重比较对10个养殖群体的4个壳形态参数进行比较分析。每个群体随机选取30个个体,共分析10个养殖群体300个个体。多重种类特异性PCR分析结果显示,自然苗群体中共发现熊本牡蛎17个,其余为葡萄牙牡蛎;人工苗群体均为葡萄牙牡蛎。福建沿海养殖牡蛎种类为葡萄牙牡蛎和熊本牡蛎,其中葡萄牙牡蛎为优势种类。应用方差分析和Tukey多重比较分析结果表明,葡萄牙牡蛎的壳形态参数明显大于熊本牡蛎;FD和SSZ群体间差异不显著（P〉0．05）,SSR和xM群体间差异不显著（P〉0．05）;FD与FQ、ND和LJR群体间差异显著（P〈0．05）。     

牡蛎养殖过程中副溶血弧菌与水质因子间的关系

为了研究牡蛎养殖过程中副溶血弧菌与水质因子之间的关系,2009年3月到11月从广东阳西某牡蛎养殖场采集牡蛎样品检测其副溶血弧菌的感染情况,并检测水体温度、盐度、pH和溶解氧。实验结果表明:副溶血弧菌总量的检出率为94.38%。水温和副溶血弧菌总量呈正相关,盐度和副溶血弧菌总量呈负相关,pH和溶解氧与副溶血弧菌总量的相关性不明显。对水温和盐度与副溶血弧菌总量的对数进行回归分析,水温和副溶血弧菌浓度的拟合回归方程为LgVP=0.093T-0.685(R2=0.336);盐度和副溶血弧菌浓度的拟合回归方程为LgVP=1.199+0.116S-0.004S2(R2=0.217);水温和盐度对副溶血弧菌浓度的拟合回归方程为LgVP=-1.941+0.116T+0.058S-0.001S2(R2=0.414)。研究结果可为牡蛎养殖过程中副溶血弧菌的风险分析提供参考依据。     

Effects of the winter Monsoon on the growth,mortality, and metabolism of adult oysters in Kinmen Island,Taiwan

The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is cultivated intertidally in Kinmen Island by both a traditional way of growing oysters on the surface of stone blocks, nicknamed “rock oysters”, and a recently introduced and more efficient way of hanging them in clusters on horizontal nylon lines, i.e. “hanging oysters”. We investigated the growth and mortality of both types of oysters from late July to early December 2003, and measured condition index (CI) and rates of oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion for the hanging oyster. Growth of oyster shells stopped in early October for the hanging oysters and early December for the rock oysters. Mortality rates were higher for hanging oysters than rock oysters. Hanging oyster's O/N ratio and CI, determined by a home-made CI meter that measured the volume of oyster's inner shell cavity with high precision, decreased significantly in October. Hanging oysters were apparently in poor physiological condition during the winter Monsoon, which is characterized by cold and persistently strong wind. On Kinmen Island the monsoon season begins in late September and is accompanied by declining seawater temperature and high seston loads in oyster farms. Chlorophyll a concentrations and seston food quality decreased significantly in early October after the winter Monsoon began. The hanging oyster's poor acclimation to the local climate was probably caused by the import of its spat from southwest coast of Taiwan where it is warmer than Kinmen Island in fall and winter. We recommend that oyster growers collect spat locally or from areas of similar climate.     

Oyster Crassostrea virginica Spat Settlement as it Relates to the Restoration of Fish River Reef in Mobile Bay, Alabama

Abstract.— Oyster spat settlement at four oyster reefs in Mobile Bay, Alabama, USA, was studied from August through October 1998 and May through mid November 1999. Spat collectors at the reefs were replaced every 2 wk and spat-set estimated as number of oysters per meter square per day. Water quality data at Fish River Reef was monitored using remote sensors. Spat-set data revealed significant variation between the four sites and between the 2 yr. Spat settlement was 5 to 10 times greater at the other three reefs than at Fish River Reef. Dates and intensity of oyster settlement at Fish River Reef were different from dates and intensity of oyster settlement at Shell Bank Reef, both on the eastern side of the bay. However, settlement was similar between Cedar Point Reef and White House Reef, both on the western side of the bay. Spat set appears to occur 3 wk after a rapid decline in water temperature, provided adequate oxygen concentrations are present at the time of settlement. Data collected suggest that intensity of settlement at Fish River Reef is considerably less than at other reefs in this study but could be adequate to reestablish the reef, if cultch and environmental conditions are suitable. The data also suggest that the source of larval oysters at Fish River Reef is different from the source of larval oysters at the other sites tested in the present study.     

福建省3种养殖鱼食用健康风险评估

为评估福建省3种养殖鱼类富集环境、饲料中污染物而产生的食用健康风险,对沿海养殖石斑鱼(Epinephelinae)、双斑东方鲀(Takifugu bimaculatus)及大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)体内主要持久性污染物:无机砷、甲基汞、铅、镉、铜、多环芳烃、多氯联苯、六六六和滴滴涕进行检测。计算各污染物的暴露边界值(MOE)和总致癌风险指数(RTC),评估3种养殖鱼的食用健康风险状况。并通过相关性分析,探讨污染源与鱼体富集污染物之间的相关性。结果表明,各污染物的平均暴露边界值在2.53×10^-6~0.136之间,小于1的限量值;平均总致癌风险指数在2.17×10^-5~2.83×10^-5之间,未超过可接受风险水平10^-4,证明福建养殖的石斑鱼、双斑东方鲀及大黄鱼食用健康风险在可接受范围内。通过比较鱼体内各种污染物的健康风险值及分析主要风险因子的分布与变化特征可知,福建沿海3种养殖鱼类主要食用健康风险因子为甲基汞、多氯联苯和多环芳烃。除饲料中汞含量与鱼体内汞浓度表现出一定相关性外,各主要风险因子在污染源中的含量与鱼体内的浓度均无显著相关性。因此食用健康风险评估有助于引导民众树立正确消费理念、指导水产养殖安全生产。     

Pathology and mass mortality of Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), in 2005 at the East Frisian coast, Germany

In 2005, Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas , were collected from May to September along the East Frisian coast and processed for histology. Because of mass mortalities in September, additional samples of moribund oysters and apparently healthy blue mussels, Mytilus edulis , were subjected to virological and ultrastructural investigation. The oysters displayed a variety of pathological conditions including viral gametocytic hypertrophy which is reported here for the first time from the German coast. Haemocyte aggregations in the digestive tract, in the intestinal mucosa and submucosa, in the mid-gut gland and in the ventricle of the heart were commonly observed at some stations. In association with mass mortalities, severe gill necrosis occurred which may have contributed to the high mortality rates. Total mortality rates of up to approximately 60% were seen. All size classes and thus age classes of oysters were affected, with highest mortality rates within the youngest age classes which had just reached sexual maturity (shell lengths <40 mm). The smallest dead oysters had shell lengths of 10 mm. The phenomenon was mainly restricted to C. gigas stocks in harbours, probably because of favourable conditions for infection, i.e. limited water exchange, less food availability, reduced oxygen content and higher pollution levels.