三个地理种群鲂的形态差异与判别分析

采集了北江、钱塘江、金沙河水库3个地理种群的鲂（Megalobrama skolkovii）414尾样本,用传统形态学和框架分析法,运用单因素方差分析、聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析法比较研究了37个形态比例性状。结果表明：3个种群的口裂长／头长、吻长／头长、口宽／头长、上颌厚／头长、全长／体长、体厚／体长、头长／体长、尾柄长／体长、尾柄高／体长、尾柄长／尾柄高、1—2／体长、1—3／体长、2—4／体长、2—5／体长、3—5／体长、4—5／体长、4—6／体长、4—7／体长、5—6／体长、6—8／体长、6—9／体长、7—8／体长,及7—9／体长23个性状差异显著（P〈0．05）（1：吻端;2：头部后缘;3：胸鳍起点;4：背鳍起点;5：腹鳍起点;6：背鳍基部末端;7：臀鳍起点;8：尾鳍背部起点;9：尾鳍腹部起点）;聚类结果显示,北江与金沙河水库首先聚为一类,认为北江群体与金沙河水库群体形态最为相似;主成分分析构建了9个主成分,累计贡献率为60．26％;以Bayes逐步判别分析方法选用18个判别效果较好的比例性状建立了3个鲂地理种群的判别函数,判别率为99．03％。结果显示,可以通过形态比例性状来判断鲂的3个地理群体的归属。     

北方须鳅4个地理种群的形态差异与判别分析

用聚类分析、主成分分析、判别分析等方法比较了图们江、松花江、鸭绿江、黑龙江4个地理种群北方须鳅Barbatula nuda的14个形态性状,探讨了不同地理种群间的形态差异。单因素方差分析显示：4个地理种群北方须鳅的头高/体长差异显著（P〈0.05）,头长/体长、尾柄长/体长、背吻距/体长、背尾距/体长差异极显著（P〈0.01）;主成分分析与聚类分析结果基本一致,黑龙江和鸭绿江差异最小,其次是图们江和松花江,而黑龙江与图们江,鸭绿江与松花江种群间差异较大;判别分析获得了6个比例性状,构建了区分上述4个种群的判别函数,综合判别准确率达87％。研究显示,北方须鳅的4个地理种群间形态特征产生了一定的差异,可以运用判别分析将其进行初步区分。     

陕西省水产研究所首次放流携带芯片的秦岭细鳞鲑

<正>2013年12月,陕西省水产研究所在太白县石头河一级支流白云峡水域开展秦岭细鳞鲑人工标记增殖放流试验。试验利用芯片追踪放流后苗种在野外的生长情况,这在陕西省尚属首次。据陕西省水产研究所负责人介绍,此次共放流秦岭细鳞鲑苗种310尾,全部采用PIT芯片进行标记,苗种的放流时间、放流时的身体情况以及体长、体重、联系方式等数据都将记录在芯片上。无论这条苗种游到何方,身体里的芯片都将记录它的资料。芯片也就成了这条苗种的身份证,便于水产研究所工作人员及时跟踪掌握放流苗种的生长繁育情况,回捕了解苗种在野外环境的适应能力,估算统计种群数量。从而为下一步开展大规模人工增殖放流提供科学依据,对陕西省水生野生动物的保护起到积极作用。     

淮河流域似鳊不同群体的形态差异分析

研究似鳊群体间形态差异及与生境的关系,为淮河流域鱼类物种多样性研究和资源保护提供基础资料。选择淮河干流望岗及支流潢河、宿鸭湖,2015年7-8月采集似鳊群体,测量16项形态学可量性状,得到16项比例性状数据;运用SPSS20.0软件对比例性状数据进行单因素方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和判别分析。结果显示,望岗群体与潢河群体形态差异较小,两者均与宿鸭湖群体形态差异较大;相比望岗群体和潢河群体,宿鸭湖群体的胸鳍、腹鳍明显短小,表现出一定的退化;头部更瘦削,尾柄更加粗壮;望岗与潢河生境相似,宿鸭湖与它们生境差异较大,推测3个似鳊群体间的形态差异与其生境有关。胸鳍长/体长、腹鳍长/体长可作为在形态上区分3个似鳊群体的主要依据。     

易捕鲤选育系（F2）分离情况及形态学特征

对1995年和1996年秋季的易捕鲤选育系(F2)的分离情况及形态学特性进行测定,结果表明:易捕鲤选育系(F2)按外部表型可分离出四种形态:大头鲤体型占15.55—16.39%、易捕鲤F2占75.31—75.98%、鲤体型占3.67—3.72%、镜鲤体型占4.80—5.12%。形态学特征中易捕鲤F2体型与大头鲤相近,全长/体长1.16—1.23、体长/体高3.05—3.06、体长/头长3.09—3.13、体长/尾柄长6.37—6.46、尾柄长/尾柄高1.21—1.53、头长/吻长3.43—3.63、头长/眼径4.87—5.08、头长/眼间距2.21—2.49。     

河北渔业辉煌“十一五”——曼氏无针乌贼人工繁育及养殖技术研究

<正> 2006-2007年,河北省水产研究所应用海洋动物生理学、海洋生物学、水产养殖学、水产增殖学等多学科技术,对曼氏无针乌贼的人工繁育和池塘养殖技术进行了试验研究。 采用系列技术措施使乌贼亲体越冬培育成活率达到60%;人工繁育出体长1.5cm苗种5.9万     

松江鲈人工繁育在天津市首次获得成功

<正>日前,由天津市水产研究所夏苏东博士主持,联合天津市立信水产养殖有限公司共同承担的天津市水产局项目"松江鲈鱼人工繁育技术研究"通过专家验收并结题。该项目引进松江鲈鱼亲鱼60对,获得受精卵10万粒,成功繁育出平均体长5.3cm的健康幼鱼3万多尾。项目组对松江鲈鱼的亲鱼培育、催产、孵化及苗种培育中的关键技术开展相关研究,确定了亲鱼培育、受精卵孵化与仔稚鱼培育的适宜条件,研发并制作了孵化装置,确定不同阶段的饵料,总结了天津地区松江鲈鱼人工繁育技术。松江鲈鱼在天津地区首     

山区鲟鱼人繁技术初探

<正>由于贵州为典型的喀斯特山区,水资源丰富,具有特殊的水资源特点,水温常年保持在15~22℃,因此导致山区鲟鱼需采取特殊的繁育策略。2012年,贵州省水产研究所人工繁育出第一批鲟鱼苗20余万尾,填补了贵州鲟鱼人繁的空白。由于受鲟鱼成熟期长、技术难度大等因素影响,贵州省水产研究所长期利用温控,选择适宜的催产策略,摸索室内人工控温对山区鲟鱼繁殖能力的影响。     

小黄鱼亲鱼驯养及苗种繁育

正2014年10月,从宁波象山石浦港湾采集到野生小黄鱼2000余尾,经生物学鉴定确认其种类后,暂养于网箱上,12月初移至浙江省海洋水产研究所试验场进行室内越冬。2015年5月初,开展小黄鱼人工繁育试验,成功繁育出全长5厘米小黄鱼3万余尾。现将试验情况介绍如下。一、小黄鱼亲鱼越冬越冬池大小为4米×9.5米×1.5米的水泥池,放养密度为50尾/米3,小黄鱼跳跃力极强,应保持水     

乌原鲤形态性状与体质量的关系

为探究乌原鲤(Procypris mera Lin)形态性状与体质量的关系,采集广西水产科学研究院珍稀濒危鱼类繁育基地16月龄的乌原鲤142尾,4月龄乌原鲤83尾,测定其体质量(Y)、全长(X₁)、体长(X₂)、躯干长(X₃)、体高(X₄)、体宽(X₅)、头长(X₆)、头高(X₇)、眼径(X₈)、吻长(X₉)、尾柄长(X₁₀)和尾柄高(X₁₁)共12个性状,利用相关性分析、通径分析和多元回归分析,筛选影响乌原鲤体质量的主要形态性状,并建立形态性状与体质量的多元回归方程。结果表明,16月龄乌原鲤各性状的变异系数均小于4月龄乌原鲤。通径分析表明,体高、体宽和眼径是影响16月龄乌原鲤体质量的主要形态性状;体高、体宽和头高是影响4月龄乌原鲤个体体质量的主要形态性状;但总决定系数均小于0.85,还需测量乌原鲤更多的形态性状指标。多元回归分析建立了16月龄乌原...     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.