200Hz方波连续音对真鲷幼鱼驯化反应的研究

为了解音响驯化技术对南海北部真鲷(Chrysophrys major)幼鱼的驯化效果,在实验室条件下采用200Hz方波连续音对体长4.4～6.6 cm的真鲷幼鱼进行连续8 d音响驯化,结果表明:对照组(无音响驯化组)真鲷幼鱼试验期间在水池中随机分布,试验组(音响驯化组)真鲷幼鱼在驯化期间出现次数最大的区域逐渐向声源靠近。驯化期间试验组真鲷幼鱼的反应时间逐渐缩短,驯化第4天后反应时间无明显变化,驯化全过程反应时间均快于对照组;驯化期间聚集时间逐渐缩短,驯化第4天后聚集时间无明显变化,从第3天起快于对照组;停留时间从第3天增加明显并远高于对照组;聚集率呈逐渐增加趋势,第4天后聚集率无明显变化,整个驯化过程,试验组聚集率均高于对照组。由此可见,200 Hz方波连续音对南海北部真鲷幼鱼具有明显的驯化效果,且在驯化4 d后真鲷幼鱼即可建立明显的条件反射。     

利用500Hz方波连续音驯化南海真鲷幼鱼的效果

在实验室条件下采用500 Hz方波连续音对体长范围为4.4～6.6 cm的南海真鲷（Chrysophrys major）幼鱼连续进行8 d音响驯化研究,试验数据利用Origin软件的Gaussion模型分析。结果显示,对照组试验鱼在水池中随机分布,试验组试验鱼在驯化第1天至第8天出现频次最大的区域分别距离水池中心点105.40 cm、93.51 cm、88.04 cm、83.40 cm、71.86 cm、83.06 cm、83.23 cm和96.85 cm。试验组反应时间从第5天起缩短趋势已无明显变化,一直处于最短状态,驯化第2天开始低于对照组;聚集时间第4天起缩短趋势变化不明显,一直处于最短状态,驯化全过程低于对照组;停留时间第5天起增加趋势变化不明显,均处于最长时间,驯化全过程高于对照组;聚集率在第4天起达到最佳,驯化全过程高于对照组。由此可见,500 Hz方波连续音对真鲷幼鱼具有良好的驯化效果,并且在驯化5 d后即可建立良好的条件反射。     

不同盐度驯化模式对施氏鲟生长及摄食的影响

采用逐步增盐法（IG）、阶段增盐法（IT）及盐度突变法（is）3种不同的驯化模式对施氏鲟（Acipenser schrenckii）进行盐度驯化，对3种模式下的特定生长率（SGR）、生长效率（GE）、摄食率（FR）及食物转化率（FCR）进行统计，并与对照组（CT）进行比较分析。结果表明，驯化方法对于施氏鲟的成活率具有较大影响，3种不同驯化模式下的成活率由高到低依次是IT（100％）、IS（93．33％）、IG（85％），各盐度驯化组死亡个体规格均较小。盐度对于施氏鲟的生长具有一定的抑制作用，盐度驯化各组在SGR、GE方面均低于对照组，IS组和IG组SGR与CT组无显著性差异（P〉0．05），IT组显著（P〉0．05）低于CT组。IG、IS、IT组与CT组相比，摄食率有所下降，但无显著差异（P〉0．05）。IG、IT、IS各组FCR均低于对照组，但对照组FCR与IG、IS组没有显著差异，与IT组差异显著（P〈0．05）。结论认为，尽管盐度对于施氏鲟的生长具有一定的影响，但是通过IG及IS方法的驯化，施氏鲟在25盐度下仍然保持一定的生长速度。     

人工颗粒饵料驯化鲶鱼苗的初步研究

本文报道了以卵黄囊刚吸收完,平均体重45mg的鲶鱼苗为驯化对象,分别采取（1）从活饵过渡到人工饵料;（2）全程投喂半干人工饵料;（3）全程投喂于人工饵料;（4）全程投喂活饵（对照组）的方法。经30天的驯化,平均体重分别达到451mg、315mg、300mg、60mg。驯化成活率分别达到44．7％、38％、30．7％、70％。     

低氧水体对尖吻鲈Lates calcarifer（Bloch）头肾巨噬细胞（Head-kidney macrophage）

尖吻鲈在水体中含氧量约3．0mg/L状态下（实验组）养殖3天，其吞噬百分率（PA）和吞噬指数（PI）与对照组（含氧量约6．0mg／L）相比无显著变化（P〉0．05）；在第6天和第9天，实验组的PA和PI比对照组有明显降低（P〈0．05）；在第12天，实验组与对照组间的PA和PI差异达到极显著（P〈0．01）。实验的前6天，实验组与对照组间的动物头肾NBT阳性巨噬细胞数目基本相等；而在第9天后，实验组动物的头肾NBT阳性巨噬细胞数目显著减少（P〈0．05）。     

全氟辛烷磺酸钾对真鲷谷胱甘肽质量分数和谷胱甘肽转硫酶活性的影响

为了解全氟辛烷磺酸钾（PFOS）对海洋鱼类抗氧化防御系统的毒性效应及致毒机理,在实验室条件下研究了PFOS胁迫和净水恢复过程中真鲷（Pagrosomus major）鳃组织和肝脏组织内谷胱甘肽（GSH）质量分数与谷胱甘肽转硫酶（GST）活性的变化。结果显示,胁迫开始时鳃中w（GSH）在低浓度组出现诱导,中、高浓度组出现抑制现象,随着胁迫时间的延长,各浓度组处于显著诱导水平（P〈0.01）;肝脏中w（GSH）在胁迫第15天时各浓度组中出现显著的剂量效应,w（GSH）随着PFOS曝露浓度的升高而降低。真鲷2种组织的GST活性变化与各自组织中w（GSH）的变化趋势相近。净水恢复期内个别浓度组的指标恢复到对照组水平,说明真鲷可以修复PFOS胁迫造成的损伤。结果表明,PFOS在试验条件下对真鲷有显著的毒性作用,可能对海洋高等生物存在潜在性危害,应对其海洋环境风险评价加以关注。     

两种环境因子对青蟹蜕壳影响的研究

在室内水泥池条件下，对平均体重在65．3±1．52g的青蟹进行了为期30d的养殖实验，分别测定其在两种不同盐度和有无水流条件下的蜕壳率和存活率。实验结果表明：盐度（‰）15组和25组青蟹成活率差异不显著（P〉0．05），但蜕壳方面盐度15组明显快于盐度25组（P〈0．05）；水流对青蟹的蜕壳无明显促进作用，但有水流情况下水体内NH4-N、NO2-N含量明显低于对照组，DO含量则高于对照组。其存活率也显著高于无水流组（P〈0．05）。因此。软壳蟹养殖应在适当降低盐度情况下，增加一定量的水流。     

限制饲养对肉鸭生产性能和屠体品质的影响

选用1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭200只，随机分为两组，1个试验组，1个对照组，每组2个重复，每个重复50只。对照组1～6周自由采食，试验组1～3周自由采食，4～6周采用限制饲养（限量）。试验结果表明：6周龄时，试验组的饲料转化率比对照组提高了12．9％，差异显著（P＜0．05），但日增重降低了9．13％，差异不显著（P＞0．05）；腹脂率降低34．2％，差异极显著（P＜0．01）；皮脂率降低15．1％，差异显著（P＜0．05）；瘦肉率提高了11．9％，差异不显著（P＞0．05）。     

饥饿及恢复投喂对鮸幼鱼生长、耗氧率和排氨率的影响

在水温（12±1）℃和盐度24．3±0．61条件下，研究了饥饿及恢复投喂对鱿幼鱼生长、耗氧率和排氨率的影响。实验设置饥饿5、10、15d及连续饥饿4个水平，并设正常投饵对照组，各组饥饿结束后马上恢复正常投饵，整个实验历时30d，在实验前、饥饿结束时和实验结束时分别测定鮸幼鱼全长、体重、耗氧率和排氨率。结果表明：鮸幼鱼在饥饿状况下存活时间23d。实验结束时，饥饿5d和10d处理组鮸幼鱼全长和体重明显高于投喂对照组（P〈0．05）。在饥饿期间，连续饥饿组鮸幼鱼的耗氧率先下降又上升；排氨率前期显著升高，5d后达峰值，然后逐步下降；鮸幼鱼的O：N比值先下降，10d后达谷值，然后不断升高，20d后迅速升高到30．347。饥饿结束时，各饥饿组与投喂对照组耗氧率和排氨率差异显著（P〈0．05）。实验结束时，鮸幼鱼耗氧率除饥饿5d和10d组差异不显著外，其它各组间差异显著P〈0．05）；排氨率除投喂对照组和饥饿15d组差异不显著外，各组间差异显著（P〈0．05）。饥饿结束时和实验结束时O：N比值差异显著。可见，饥饿后恢复投喂的鮸幼鱼具有补偿生长能力。     

母羊饲喂免疫增强散对其哺乳羔羊血清矿物元素含量的影响

随机选择151团紫泥泉种羊场怀李后期母羊0只，随机分成试验组叨只，对照组对只，试验组母羊于预产期前710天开始添加免疫增强《，每天每只母羊构吸10g，连用15夭。随机选择两组母羊所产羔羊各12’q颈静脉系血，用日立Z－8000型分光光度计到定血清中K、Na、Ca、Fe、Cu、Mg、Th元素，用722型分光光度计测定全P。试验结呆表明：试验组与对照组相比血清辞极显著升高（P＜o．01），血清铁显著下降（P＜0．历），血清钢板显著下降（P＜0．01）。而其它元素差异不显著（P＞O．历）。     

南奥克尼群岛海域南极磷虾昼夜集群及生物学特征

南极磷虾（）存在昼夜垂直移动现象，且具有集群特征。本研究从虾群形态特征及生物学角度对南奥克尼群岛海域南极磷虾昼夜垂直移动习性及虾群特征进行研究。结果表明，水平带状虾群在各时段呈主导性分布，但在各时段比例差异显著，曙光到黄昏时段，水平带状虾群比例存在先降后升的变化过程，在白天时段降到最低值，为65%；黄昏到曙光时段，水平带状虾群比例高且稳定。球状虾群保持着较为稳定的时间间隔，分散状虾群表现出在日升到白天时间段的连续性特征。南极磷虾虾群中心深度在不同时段具有较大差异，曙光和暮光时段是平均虾群中心深度的分界点；南极磷虾不同虾群形态中心深度也具有差异性，球状虾群平均虾群中心深度最大，分散虾群次之，水平带状虾群最小。不同时间段内虾群水温呈波动变化状态，变化范围为–1.6~1.3℃，最小值出现在暮光时段，最大值出现在夜间时段；虾群水温和虾群中心深度呈显著的负相关关系。南极磷虾体长在不同时段存在明显差异（<0.001），各时段优势体长组差异明显，白天到下午时段优势体长组要明显高于其他时段优势体长组。     

Anchovy (Engraulis ringens) and sardine (Sardinops sagax) spatial dynamics and aggregation patterns in the Humboldt Current ecosystem, Peru, from 1983–2003

Three indexes of spatial aggregation are developed and used to examine the aggregation pattern of sardine (Sardinops sagax) and anchovy (Engraulis ringens) in the Peruvian Humboldt Current System, determined from 36 acoustic surveys conducted from 1983 through 2003 by the Peruvian Marine Institute (IMARPE). Each index assesses a different aspect of aggregation: the concentration, the percent occupancy of space and the clustering of high‐fish abundance. Both time‐series correlation and tree‐based clustering‐regression method, classification and regression trees (CART), were used to relate each of the indexes to environmental variables (season, temperature anomaly and year). Additionally, a measure of onshore–offshore distribution, the average distance from the coast, and abundance variables (the average acoustic backscatter per occupied sampling unit, and the acoustically estimated total abundance of sardine and anchovy from IMARPE) were related to environmental factors by using CART. We show that the 1983–2003 time series can be divided into three different periods: with shifts in 1992 and in 1997–98. Sardine and anchovy showed large differences in both abundance and aggregation among these periods. Although upwelling ecosystems support dramatic and sudden changes in environmental conditions, fish responses are sometimes smoother than usually suggested and there are transition periods with concomitant high biomasses of anchovy and sardine, but with different spatial aggregation patterns. Observed relationships between environmental proxies and aggregation patterns support the habitat‐based hypothesis that environmentally mediated alterations in range lead to population changes.     

金枪鱼渔业中人工集鱼装置生态影响研究进展

金枪鱼人工集鱼装置(Fish Aggregation Devices,FADs)分为漂流式和锚泊式两种,人工集鱼装置可以吸引热带金枪鱼类和其他中上层鱼类,在全球范围内支持了数千艘渔船的捕捞作业,大幅提高了捕捞效率和渔获量。但大规模投放的人工集鱼装置被认为会对金枪鱼种群和中上层生态系统造成潜在的生态影响:可能会对金枪鱼的集群、摄食、健康、生长、洄游、死亡等生活史活动产生负面影响,从而导致种质衰退;另一方面,兼捕多种硬骨鱼类、鲨鱼、蝠鲼、海龟等非目标鱼种也可能扰动大洋中上层生态系统的平衡。但是,对于人工集鱼装置生态影响的评估在不同类型不同海域的研究结果中存在矛盾并无法确定。本文梳理归纳了过去30年中人工集鱼装置生态影响评估的相关研究进展,在此基础上展望了今后研究的改进方向,以期为人工集鱼装置生态影响的研究和管理提供参考。     

On the use of Lloyd's index of patchiness

Lloyd's index of patchiness, and to a lesser extent, of mean crowding, are often applied to (fish or ichthyoplankton) densities, although they were designed for use with counts of individuals. The consequences of this erroneous application are described with examples. Alternative statistics are presented for application to densities. Like the mean crowding, these statistics are robust against zeroes and cannot be considered as spatial statistics.     

Comparative study on thermal denaturation modes of myosin in walleye pollack and carp myofibrils as affected by salt concentration

ABSTRACT:   The effect of salt concentration on the thermal denaturation profile of myosin in walleye pollack and carp myofibrils was compared by studying the subfragment-1 (S-1) and rod denaturation rates upon heating. Species-specific denaturation mode observed at 0.1 M KCl was no longer detected when samples were heated above 0.5 M KCl, where S-1 and rod denaturation rates were identical to each other. As the heating of the chymotryptic digest of myofibril formed practically no rod aggregates, S-1 denaturation in a form of myosin was the rate limiting step for rod aggregate formation. As the aggregate formation by rod was remarkably suppressed by lowering the temperature, the free movement of myosin tail upon heating was suggested to play an important role in the rod aggregate formation in a high salt medium.     

300W型LED集鱼灯光学特性及其节能效果分析

高效节能型新光源集鱼灯的应用研究是光诱渔业研究的重要内容之一.使用高光谱剖面仪Hyperspectral profiler Ⅱ对所研制的国产300 W型LED集鱼灯的光学特性进行测量,并与1 kW型、1.5 kW型、2 kW型金属卤化物集鱼灯进行比较,表明国产LED集鱼灯具有良好的水中穿透性,能够满足渔业生产需要.根据...     

Factors affecting the intensity of epidermal papillomatosis in populations of roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), estimated as scale coverage

Studies of epidermal papillomatosis in fish populations have only rarely focused on the intensity of the disease, i.e. the number and size of papillomas. Furthermore, the methods used to evaluate the intensity of papillomatosis have not been standardized. We tested the reliability of a method based on counting of scales covered by papilloma tumours in roach, Rutilus rutilus (L). In addition, we studied the frequency distributions of the number of scales covered by papillomas within populations, evaluated the correlation between the prevalence and mean intensity of the disease among populations and examined the intensity of papillomatosis in roach with respect to sex and size of fish. Reliability of the scale coverage method was high. Therefore, the method could offer an effective way to determine the intensity of papillomatosis in fish species with large scales. The frequency distribution of the scale coverage of papillomas was highly aggregated within all populations studied. The mean intensity of papillomatosis increased with the size of the fish and was higher in males than in females. However, there was no correlation between the mean intensity and prevalence of the disease among the 19 roach populations studied.     

基于菲涅耳现象的LED集鱼灯最佳入射角研究

为了解决平板式LED集鱼灯安装不合理的现状,使得LED集鱼灯光能得到有效利用,提高诱、集鱼效果,实验分析了海面的菲涅耳现象,利用光学的临界条件原理推导出了菲涅尔公式,并利用透射率和折射率的定义式,得到光通过两个不同介质分界面时透射率和折射率的各分量与入射角的关系式,进而利用MATLAB仿真了光在通过海面时透射率和反射率随入射角改变而变化的函数图像。结果显示,透射光强最大时的入射角为53.6°,可以此入射角指导LED集鱼灯在渔船上的安装。对于平板式LED集鱼灯,安装角度可取36.4°;对于三列式LED集鱼灯,安装角度可取23.6°,相邻两列LED集鱼灯的夹角为160°。     

Estimated distribution and movement of hairtail Trichiurus lepturus in the Aru Sea, based on the logbook records of trawlers

SUMMARY: The distribution and movement of the hairtail Trichiurus lepturus stock in the Aru Sea were investigated using logbook data from four Taiwanese commercial otter trawlers. Fluctuations in population size, population density index and the distribution of catch per unit effort (CPUE) and fishing effort are discussed. The CPUE data were standardized by using the generalized linear model (GLM) in which fishing month, fishing area and size category of the hairtail were taken into account. The fishing season could be divided into three episodes: aggregation between March and April, dispersion between May and June, and aggregation again between July and December. A seasonal two-peak distribution of the population size of hairtail reflects the aggregation–dispersion pattern. The first peak in May–June can be explained in terms of the hairtails' overwintering migration. The second peak in October–December is likely to be the result of spawning aggregation.     

Denaturation mode of carp myofibrils when affected by temperature and salt concentration

ABSTRACT: Heating temperatures of 30–40°C and KCl concentrations of 0.1–0.5 M altered the denaturation mode of carp myofibrils. In 0.1 M KCl medium, heating temperature affected the denaturation of rod more significantly than of subfragment-1 (S-1), and a slow decrease in solubility at 30°C was accompanied by a slow denaturation of rod. KCl concentration at heating altered the denaturation mode differently at 30°C and 40°C. Increased KCl concentrations for heating reduced the rod denaturation rate at 40°C, but it was increased at 30°C. At concentrations above 0.3*Τ*M KCl, the denaturation rate for rod became identical to that for S-1 at both temperatures. Upon heating of chymotryptic digest of myofibrils, S-1 denaturation was similarly detected as in intact myofibrils, whereas practically no rod denaturation was detected. Thus, it was concluded that myosin structure connecting S-1 and rod has an important role in the denaturation process.