四种渔药对稀有(鱼句)鲫的急性毒性

用控温半静态换水式实验方法,测定了伊维菌素(0.4%)、辛硫磷(20%)、氯氰菊酯(4.5%)和精制马拉硫磷(20%)四种常用药物对稀有(鱼句)鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)幼鱼的急性毒性效应。分别在实验24、48、72 h和96 h后记录稀有(鱼句)鲫幼鱼的死亡数,并推算了实验药液的安全质量浓度。结果显示,四种渔药的96 h半致死浓度分别为7.01、24.22、9.37和460μg/L,安全浓度分别为0.70、2.42、0.94和46.00μg/L,这4种药物对稀有(鱼句)鲫的毒性大小依次为:伊维菌素>氯氰菊酯>辛硫磷>精制马拉硫磷。结果表明:稀有(鱼句)鲫可用于渔药对水体环境影响的监测。     

温度对鲫血液生化指标和消化酶的影响

采用室内模拟方法,研究了鲫(Carassius auratus)在9℃、16℃、25℃、30℃温度条件下的血液学指标和消化酶活力的变化。结果显示,鲫血清无机成分中的镁、磷在16℃时存在最大值,而其它成分变化不显著。在9～25℃水温范围内,甘油三脂、总胆固醇、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白等均随水温上升而上升,并在25℃时达到最大值,而超过25℃后,甘油三脂、总胆固醇、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白等含量均随水温升高而下降。在9～30℃水温范围内,血清中谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性随水温上升先升高、后下降,在25℃时达到最大值。鲫肠道中,蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性在9～25℃阶段升高,25～30℃时下降,蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活性均在25℃时最高;而肝胰脏中蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性随温度变化不明显。     

两种菊酯类农药对鲤血清溶菌酶和转氨酶的影响

采用肌肉注射法研究不同浓度的高效反式氯氰菊酯和功夫菊酯对鲤血清溶菌酶、转氨酶的影响。试验结果表明:高效反式氯氰菊酯低浓度(6、60μg/kg)短时间(24、48 h)作用使溶菌酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),但低浓度长时间(96、168 h)作用及高浓度(600、6000μg/kg)各采样点(24、48、96、168 h)作用则使其活性下降,各浓度组在168 h采样点抑制酶活力与对照组相比差异均达极显著(P<0.01)。功夫菊酯各浓度组在各采样点抑制酶活力均达极显著(P<0.01)。转氨酶则随两种攻毒农药浓度增大、作用时间延长活性均呈升高趋势,各浓度组与对照组比较酶活力升高均达极显著(P<0.01)。     

圆口铜鱼呼吸代谢的温度响应特征研究

为探讨圆口铜鱼呼吸代谢的温度响应特征,研究了不同水温(10、15、20、25、30℃)下圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)耗氧率、排氨率、氧氮比以及不同水温范围温度系数(Q₁₀),测定了不同水温下血红蛋白、血糖、乳酸、皮质醇等血液生理生化指标。研究结果显示：圆口铜鱼耗氧率、排氨率和血红蛋白含量均随水温升高呈现先上升后下降趋势。耗氧率、排氨率的Q₁₀值均在25～30℃水温范围时显著下降;10℃组氧氮比值显著低于其他组,除10℃组外其他各组间无显著差异;血糖随水温升高整体呈现下降趋势,除25℃组外,10℃组显著高于其他各组;乳酸含量随水温升高呈现先升高后下降趋势;皮质醇含量呈现先下降后升高的趋势。此外,水温对圆口铜鱼耗氧率昼夜变化具显著影响。15～25℃范围内,圆口铜鱼耗氧率昼夜变化类型为夜间大于白天类型,而10、30℃组属于昼夜差异不明显类型。15～25℃组耗氧率整体均高于10、30℃组。综上所述,水温15～25℃时,圆口铜鱼呼吸代谢水平较稳定。     

高温对不同规格花鳗鲡存活、摄食和生长的影响

在室内循环水养殖系统中设置28℃、30℃和32℃三个高温处理组,研究高温对2种规格(规格Ⅰ:7.58~7.90 g/尾和规格Ⅱ:25.45~27.41g/尾)花鳗鲡(Anguilla marmorata)存活、摄食和生长的影响,实验周期30 d。结果显示:(1)水温28~32℃时,2种规格花鳗鲡存活率均高于95%;(2)高温对规格Ⅰ的实验鱼饲料转化率、摄食率以及生长性能影响不显著,对规格Ⅱ的实验鱼摄食率影响不显著,对饲料转化率、生长性能影响显著,且均与温度呈负相关的关系;(3)规格大小对花鳗鲡的饲料转化率和摄食率有显著影响,饲料转化率随规格的增大而升高,摄食率随规格的增大而下降。结果表明高温对小规格花鳗鲡幼鳗的摄食和生长影响不明显,对大规格幼鳗的摄食和生长有显著的抑制作用。     

欧洲鳗鲡对不同生态因子的耐受反应及相关血液生化指标变化的研究

对欧鳗在不同生态因子条件下的急性耐受反应及相关的血液生化指标进行跟踪测定 ,结果表明 :①欧鳗的致死水温为 38 5℃ ;水温 4 5℃至 0℃时 ,进入僵卧的冬眠状态 ;耐受的盐度为 5 0 5‰ ;pH的耐受反应随水温的升高其反应的时间缩短 ,耐受的范围缩小 ,2 0℃时pH值为 11 32和 3 2 ,2 5℃时 pH值为 10 9和 3 7,30℃时 pH值为 10 70和 3 85。NH+ 4 -N和NO-2 -N的耐受反应均随着水温升高 ,其出现异常反应的时间缩短 ,NH+ 4 -N值达 5 5mg/L ,反应时间达 96h ,欧鳗仍未见死亡 ,NO-2 -N值在 30℃ ,反应时间达 98h ,其致死浓度为 4 0mg/L。②血液中反映肾功能的Cr值和反映机体应激状态的AST、CK值均随pH值的变化、NH4+ -N、NO-2 -N的升高而增加 ,而反映机体渗透压的Na+ 、Cl-数值则呈现下降的趋势 ,同时pH值的变化比NH4+ -N、NO-2 -N的升高对欧鳗血液中AST、CK值的增加的影响程度更大。     

普安鲫鱼鱼苗耗氧率的初步研究

利用简易密闭的流水装置,对普安鲫(Carassius auratus)鱼苗的耗氧率进行了初步研究;选择体重为1.40～2.50 g的小规格及21.20～33.31 g大规格普安鲫鱼苗,研究其昼夜耗氧率的变化规律以及水温、体重对其耗氧率的影响。结果表明,温度对普安鲫鱼苗耗氧率有显著影响,耗氧率随温度的增加而升高,随体重的增加而降低。2种规格普安鲫鱼苗的昼夜耗氧率变化曲线基本一致,日均(7∶00～17∶00)耗氧率0.1700 mg/(g.h)与夜均(19∶00～5∶00)耗氧率0.1721 mg/(g.h)相似;其中,小规格普安鲫在23∶00出现耗氧率低峰0.1253 mg/(g.h),5∶00出现耗氧率高峰0.2647 mg/(g.h);大规格普安鲫在21∶00出现耗氧率低峰0.0909 mg/(g.h),7∶00出现耗氧率高峰0.2375 mg/(g.h)。     

铜(Cu~(2+))对麦穗鱼苗的急性毒性与非生物因子的相关性研究

研究了不同温度、pH值和碱度条件下铜离子对麦穗鱼苗的急性毒性,结果表明:随水温升高,铜(Cu2+)对鱼苗的急性毒性明显加剧,温度为20℃、26℃、32℃时,96 h的LC50分别为0.035 mg/L、0.024 mg/L、0.018 mg/L;而铜(Cu2+)的急性毒性与pH值和碱度的相关性较复杂,低pH值、低碱度时,铜(Cu2+)的急性毒性相对较弱,但当pH值和碱度上升到一定数值后,铜(Cu2+)的急性毒性随着pH值和碱度的升高而加剧。pH值为6.7、7.5、8.8时,96h的LC50分别为0.022 mg/L、0.027mg/L、0.026 mg/L。碱度为0.79 mmol/L、1.30 mmol/L和1.65 mmol/L时,96 h的LC50分别为0.027 mg/L、0.075 mg/L、0.049 mg/L。鱼苗急性中毒表现为:体表分泌粘液增多,眼球突出,脑颅、鳃部充血,肝脏、肠道淤血。     

水温对不同规格细鳞鲑摄食和生长的影响

为探讨水温对不同规格细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)摄食和生长的影响,采用自制饲料在不同温度(6℃、10℃、14℃、18℃和22℃)下对小(7 g)、中(68 g)、大(169 g)三种规格的细鳞鲑进行饲养实验。研究结果表明,小规格细鳞鲑在18℃时获得最大摄食率,中规格细鳞鲑在14℃和18℃获得最大摄食率,而大规格细鳞鲑在14℃时获得最大摄食率(P0.05)。小、中规格细鳞鲑在14℃和18℃时的特定生长率最高,而大规格细鳞鲑特定生长率在14℃时有最大值(P0.05)。相同水温条件下,细鳞鲑的最大摄食率随体重的增加而增加,特定生长率随体重的增加而降低,鱼体能值随体重的增加而升高。多元回归分析显示,水温和体重对细鳞鲑最大摄食率(C_(max))的影响可以用下式模拟:lnC_(max)=–6.8282+1.1603ln W+0.3729T–0.0095T~2–0.0157Tln W;水温和体重对细鳞鲑湿重特定生长率(SGR_w,%/d)的影响可用下式拟合:ln SGRw=–1.9390–0.2184ln W+0.4376T–0.0147T~2,水温和体重对细鳞鲑能值E_t(k J/fish)的影响可用如下方程进行较好拟合:ln Et=1.0012+1.2070ln W–0.0002T~2–0.0021Tln W。逐步回归分析表明,水温和体重对细鳞鲑最大摄食率和鱼体能值的影响存在显著的交互作用(P0.05),而对湿重特定生长率的影响不存在交互作用(P0.05)。综合上述研究结果可以认为细鳞鲑养殖的适宜水温范围是14~18℃。     

高效氯氰菊酯原粉对鲤血清CAT和SOD的影响

对鲤肌肉注射不同浓度的高效氯氰菊酯原粉,研究该农药对鲤血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的影响。结果表明:高效氯氰菊酯原粉仅低浓度(0.6μg/kg)、短时间(48 h)作用可使过氧化氢酶活性显著升高(P<0.05);低浓度、长时间(168 h)作用或高浓度(600μg/kg)、在各时间点(24、48、96、168h)作用均极显著抑制其活性(P<0.01)。超氧化物歧化酶则随攻毒浓度增大、时间延长、活性均呈下降趋势,且各浓度组(0.6、6、60、600μg/kg)在48 h采样点均已极显著抑制其酶活性(P<0.01)。     

Effects of Fish Size and Water Temperature on the Acute Toxicity of Copper for Japanese Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus,and Red Sea Bream,Pagrus major

The acute toxicities of copper were examined for Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, and red sea bream, Pagrus major, in terms of fish size and water temperature. Artificial seawater of low pH of 5.4–6.7 was used as testing water to keep dissolved copper concentration at 0.04–41 mg Cu/L. Japanese flounder of 0.3–17 g and red sea bream of 0.5–13 g were exposed to different concentrations of copper for 96 h at 20 C under semistatic condition. Median‐lethal concentration for 96 h of Japanese flounder and red sea bream were 8.7–12.2 and 2.0–5.2 mg Cu/L, respectively. No significant relationships were observed between median‐lethal concentrations for 96 h and fish size for Japanese flounder, while the value decreased significantly with increasing fish size for red sea bream. Effect of water temperature on the acute toxicity was examined for Japanese flounder of 0.3 and 0.4 g at 10, 15, 20, and 25 C and red sea bream of 0.5 and 1.0 g at 12, 15, 20, and 25 C. Ninety‐six‐hour median‐lethal concentrations for Japanese flounder and red sea bream were 5.1–11.2 and 1.0–5.3 mg Cu/L, respectively. No significant relationships were observed between median‐lethal concentrations for 96 h and water temperature for both fish species.     

Factors influencing the efficacy of MS-222 to striped mullet (Mugil cephalus)

Some responses of juvenile striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) to the anesthetic MS-222 were investigated. Induction times to total loss of equilibrium decreased with increasing anesthetic concentration over the range of 40–120 ppm. Temperature, pH, and oxygen concentrations all significantly affected induction times to total loss of equilibrium in freshwater-adapted fish at a concentration of 80 ppm MS-222. Anesthetic toxicity was less for saltwater-acclimated fish than for freshwater-acclimated fish. The 24-h 50% mortality (LC₅₀) in fresh water was 33.1 ppm; in salt water it was 39.8 ppm. The results suggest that anesthetic action may be intensified in fish acclimated to conditions other than those near their physiological optima.     

4种水产药物对蓝点笛鲷幼鱼急性毒性试验

采用半静水法生物测试，以蓝点笛鲷（Lutjanus rivulatus）幼鱼为受试生物，研究了甲醛、苯扎溴铵、聚维酮碘和高效氯氰菊酯对其的急性毒性。结果表明，毒性大小依次为高效氯氰菊酯〉聚维酮碘〉苯扎溴钱〉甲醛。甲醛、苯扎溴铵和聚维酮碘为低毒物质，安全质量浓度（SC）分别为19．8800mg·L^-1、7．5710mg·L^-1和2．8429mg·L^-1；高效氯氰菊酯为剧毒物质，SC为0．0028mg·L^-1；甲醛、苯扎溴铵、聚维酮碘和高效氯氰菊酯对蓝点笛鲷幼鱼的24h半数致死质量浓度（LC50）分别为81．3240mg·L^-1、40．7619mg·L^-1、15．2077mg·L^-1和0．0153mg·L^-1；48hL C50分别为75．9587mg·L^-1、34．7413mg·L^-1、12．9894mg·L^-1和0．0129mg·L^-1。根据试验结果，建议菊酯类不宜作为蓝点笛鲷育苗药物使用，聚维酮碘和苯扎溴铵要慎用。     

Effect of water hardness on peracetic acid toxicity to zebrafish, Danio rerio, embryos

The use of peracetic acid (PAA) in aquaculture has been suggested as an alternative therapeutic agent. Few data are available concerning fish toxicity by PAA or factors that modify this toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of water hardness on the acute toxicity of PAA products to embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Embryos were exposed to PAA ranging from 0 to 9 mg/L in low-hardness (1.4 °dH or 25 mg/L hardness as CaCO₃), medium-hardness (14 °dH or 250 mg/L hardness as CaCO₃) and high-hardness (140 °dH or 2,500 mg/L hardness as CaCO₃) waters. The lowest LC50 value was 2.24 mg/L PAA in the low-hardness water, and the highest LC50 value was 7.14 mg/L PAA in the high-hardness water. Toxicity of PAA to embryos was found to be negatively correlated with water hardness. The pH decreased with increasing concentrations of PAA, and the test waters were observed to become more acidic in low hardness. In conclusion, aquaculturists using PAA should pay attention to water hardness to avoid acidosis.     

A Control System to Simulate Diel pH Fluctuation in Eutrophic Aquaculture Ponds

Abstract.— The toxicity of substances that vary in toxicity through time (daily) as a function of pH are not effectively assessed with static renewal test methods. A control system to simulate diel pH fluctuation in eutrophic aquaculture ponds was established in a flow-through, wet-laboratory setting. Water (100 L/ min) was conditioned in a packed column of 3.81-cm Pall rings prior to distribution to 48 189-L fish tanks. Control system components included a distributed data acquisition and control system, a personal computer, and various pH control devices. pH values greater than that of influent water (pH 8.0) were achieved by additions of concentrated sodium hydroxide solutions; pH values less than that of influent water were achieved by additions of carbon dioxide gas. Two data acquisition and control software strategies were developed to control pH: one from pH 7.4 to 8.0 and the other from pH 8.0 to 9.6. The basic control strategy involved comparison of a projected pH value to a set point. A moving linear regression was used to forecast the pH value that would result following base or gas addition, and the rate of chemical addition was adjusted accordingly. The system has resulted in acceptable pH control (deviation < 0.1 pH unit), indicating the potential utility of a relatively simple control system for evaluation of fish physiological response to the characteristically dynamic environment of eutrophic aquaculture ponds.     

水体中铅对长江上游6种鱼类的急性中毒效应

为了检验不同鱼类对水体中铅(Pb)的耐受能力的差异,在控制实验室水体的温度(27.5±0.2)℃、硬度(10.0±0.5)Ca CO3mg/L、p H值(7.0±0.1)等条件下,测定了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)(22.13±0.31)g、鲫(Carassius auratus)(25.36±0.36)g、南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)(21.28±0.20)g、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)(21.39±0.20)g、胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)(22.34±0.32)g和中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)(21.36±0.21)g这6种鱼经水体Pb 96 h急性暴露后的半致死浓度(96 h LC50),以及Pb在鱼体内的累积量。结果发现,水体中的Pb对草鱼、鲫、南方鲇、团头鲂、胭脂鱼和中华倒刺鲃的96 h LC50值分别为3.73、11.59、6.59、3.27、0.33和3.00 mg/L;6种鱼对Pb的耐受能力依次为:鲫南方鲇草鱼团头鲂中华倒刺鲃胭脂鱼。同种鱼中Pb暴露致死鱼体和未死亡鱼体内的Pb累积量均分别随着暴露的浓度的升高而增加;在相同Pb浓度处理条件下,同种鱼中死亡鱼体的Pb累积量高于未死亡鱼体。水体硬度和鱼体重会影响重金属Pb对鱼类的96 h LC50。较高硬度水体暴露的Pb对鱼体的毒性较小,同种鱼体重较大的个体对重金属Pb的耐受能力较强。同种鱼不同时间段死亡鱼体中的Pb累积量没有显著性差异;每种实验鱼因Pb暴露致死群体的平均Pb累积量均分别高于其未死亡鱼群体,除南方鲇外,其余5种鱼二者间的差异达到了显著性水平。     

Effects of fish size and water temperature on the acute toxicity of boron to Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> and red sea bream <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pagrus major</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:     The acute toxicities of boron were examined for Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and red sea bream Pagrus major in terms of fish size and water temperature. Japanese flounder of 0.1–70.0 g and red sea bream of 0.6–20.3 g were exposed to different concentrations of boron for 96 h at 20°C under semi-static conditions. In both fish species, the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) for 96 h of boron increased linearly with increasing fish size, ranging from 108 to 252 mg B/L for the flounder, and from 97 to 172 mg B/L for the sea bream. The effect of water temperature on acute toxicity was examined for Japanese flounder of 0.6 and 1.5 g at 10, 15, 20 and 25°C, and for red sea bream of 0.6 and 2.4 g at 12, 15, 20 and 25°C. The toxicity of boron for the flounder increased linearly with increasing water temperature. The 96 h LC₅₀ values ranged from 299 to 108 mg B/L for the 0.6 g flounder and from 350 to 113 mg B/L for the 1.5 g flounder. A similar trend was shown for the 2.4 g red sea bream; however, the relationship for the 0.6 g red sea bream was not significant.     

银龙鱼的养殖技术及其鉴赏

养殖银龙鱼就是人为地模拟一个适合银龙鱼生长的生态环境。银龙鱼是一种健壮的大型鱼种,成活率较高。要养好银龙鱼必须有一定的饲养器材,才能使银龙鱼健康生长,真正起到观赏的作用。而且在饲养银龙鱼过程中,需注意水温、水质、水的硬度、水的酸碱度和水中的溶氧量等因素。若长期水质不良,或感染细菌、真菌、寄生虫等,银龙鱼就会发病甚至死亡。     

敌百虫对泥鳅、鲤鱼的急性毒性试验

以渔用双效速溶敌百虫为试验药物,对泥鳅、鲤鱼进行急性毒性试验。在不同的浓度组药物作用下,泥鳅1mg/L、2mg/L、4mg/L、8mg/L、16mg/L试验,半致死浓度3.4mg/L,安全浓度0.34mg/L;鲤鱼0.1mg/L、0.2mg/L、0.5mg/L、1mg/L、2mg/L、5mg/L试验,半致死浓度1.5mg/L,安全浓度0.15mg/L。每间隔2h观察、记录试验鱼的自然状况、死亡尾数、体色、呼吸状况及活动状况;同时,测定水体温度、气温、pH值及水体溶氧量。试验验证了敌百虫对泥鳅、鲤鱼的毒副作用较强,敌百虫对泥鳅的最低致死浓度为2mg/L,对鲤鱼的最低致死浓度为1mg/L,说明泥鳅比鲤鱼的抗药性强。中毒症状主要表现为焦躁不安、上下窜动、呼吸减弱、鱼体弯曲、翻肚且倒挂于水中的神经中毒现象;检查可见,鳃丝淤血、鳍部充血、眼球突出、嘴大张。     

三门湾春秋季鱼类群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

根据2014年11月(秋季)和2015年5月(春季)在三门湾进行渔业资源调查以及同步调查的6个主要环境因子数据(水温、盐度、悬浮物、p H、溶解氧及化学需氧量等),对三门湾鱼类群落结构及其与6个主要环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果显示,共捕获鱼类33种,其中以季节性洄游种类和暖水性种类为主。春、秋季优势种各有5种,其中棘头梅童鱼、龙头鱼和孔虾虎鱼为共同优势种。应用非度量多维测度分析(NMDS)和单因子相似性分析(ANOSIM)可得,春、秋鱼类群落均可划分为2组,其中1组主要分布在湾内,而另1组主要分布在湾口,在不同站位组间均存在极显著差异。长度谱分析结果显示,鱼类群落长度谱的斜率和截距有明显的季节性差异。RDA分析结果表明,鱼类群落主要受温度、溶解氧、悬浮物和p H等环境因子影响。