象山港大型底栖动物生态学初步研究

2006年7月至2008年8月对象山港水域大型底栖动物进行了四季采样分析,采样站位包括13个大面站位和10个电厂站位。共鉴定出大型底栖动物123种,其中软体动物48种,甲壳类33种,鱼类和环节动物多毛类各12种。2个调查周年,本区大面站位年均栖息密度分别为145.54个/m2和109.36个/m2,年均生物量分别为28.22g/m2和30.02g/m2。在电厂站位中,国华电厂年均栖息密度分别为49.58个/m2和46.65个/m2,年均生物量分别为14.49g/m2、15.99g/m2。乌沙山电厂年均栖息密度分别为45.83个/m2、45.21个/m2,年均生物量分别为14.60g/m2、13.81g/m2。研究表明,象山港大型底栖动物分布不均匀,支港流域年均密度、生物量明显高于主港流域;电厂区域的大型底栖动物密度和生物量均低于全港的平均值。在季节周期变化上,电厂站位的变化差异低于大面站位。     

旅顺南部基岩海岸潮间带大型底栖动物的群落结构研究

于2010年6月对大连市旅顺口区南部基岩海岸潮间带大型底栖动物的种类、生物量、栖息密度进行了调查,对生物多样性和次级生产力进行了计算.调查结果表明,调查区域大型底栖动物20种,其中腔肠动物1种,环节动物1种,软体动物13种,节肢动物5种.大型底栖动物的平均生物量为4312.5 g/m2,平均栖息密度为2966个/m2....     

洋山深水港海域大型底栖动物初步研究

2003~2005年每年2月、5月和8月按《海洋监测规范》中大型底栖动物调查方法,分别对洋山深水港一期工程施工海域(30°30′~30°54′N、121°45′~122°30′E)20个取样点进行了大型底栖动物调查。根据调查结果,分析与讨论该海域底栖动物的种类组成、生物量、栖息密度和群落多样性的分布与变化。监测结果显示:一期工程施工期,底栖动物的种类数逐年减少,2003~2005年种类数分别为21种、17种和16种;底栖动物栖息密度逐年下降,2003年(31.10 ind/m2)>2004年(12.50 ind/m2)>2005年(11.00 ind/m2);底栖动物平均总生物量总体表现为逐年降低,2003年(4.26 g/m2)>2005年(2.18 g/m2)>2004年(0.62 g/m2),2004年生物量下降尤为显著,2005年生物量略有回升;生物多样性指数也逐年降低,2003~2005年分别为0.81、0.36和0.16。三年监测结果表明,洋山深水港一期工程海域施工期底栖动物种类数、总生物量、栖息密度以及多样性指数总体呈逐年下降趋势,群落结构趋于简单化,说明工程海域施工期对大型底栖动物产生了一定程度的影响。     

澜沧江大型底栖动物群落结构及分布格局

2009年4月-2011年8月,对澜沧江流域的大型底栖动物群落结构、现存量和分布格局进行了4次调查,涉及澜沧江云南段和西藏段的34个采样点。结果显示,大型底栖动物共119种(属),隶属于4门7纲66科,平均密度为243.2 ind./m2,平均生物量为13 016.8 mg/m2,水生昆虫为该流域优势类群。澜沧江流域大型底栖动物的密度、生物量纵向分布呈现高-低-高的分布规律,下游的多样性高于中、上游,科级聚类显示生境相似样点大型底栖动物群落结构类似。与地理环境类似的怒江相比,澜沧江的大型底栖动物密度、生物量组成差异不大,但种类数显著高于怒江。     

北京密云水库大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

为探究北京密云水库大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子和水质的关系,根据水库形状和水位季节变化规律,在潮河库区(1~3号)、库中区(4~5号)以及白河库区(6~8号)共设置8个采样点,于2015年4月(春季)、8月(夏季)、10月(秋季)下旬进行采样,冬季由于水库结冰采样困难而未采集底栖动物样本。结果显示,密云水库共检出大型底栖动物15种,隶属2门2纲2科10属,其中环节动物门颤蚓科4种,节肢动物门摇蚊科幼虫11种,优势种为正颤蚓(Tubifex tubifex)和红裸须摇蚊(Propsilocerus akamusi)。不同采样点的种类数为2~11种,年均密度和年均生物量分别为1864个/m2和3.10g/m2,显示密云水库为中营养型水库。底栖动物年均密度:白河库区潮河库区库中区,年均生物量:白河库区潮河库区及库中区。在库西、白河电站等深水区,颤蚓类密度和生物量占比较高;而浅水区摇蚊幼虫密度和生物量占比较高。底栖动物总密度:夏季春季秋季;总生物量:春季夏季≈秋季。水库中颤蚓类的密度和生物量与水深、沉积物中总有机碳及总氮含量呈显著线性或幂函数正相关,与沉积物中总磷含量相关不显著;摇蚊幼虫的密度和生物量与上述4个环境变量均无显著相关性。底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Goodnight修正指数和Pielou均匀度指数在浅水区高于深水区。Pielou均匀度指数和Wright指数评价表明,密云水库水质为轻污染,与水化评价结果比较一致,可作为水质生物学评价的重要参考。     

怒江西藏段大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性研究

于2007年、2008年的7月先后2次对怒江流域西藏段干、支流大型底栖动物进行了调查。应用ShannonWiener、Margalef和Pielou指数分析了干、支流大型底栖动物的多样性,结果显示:17个采样断面(干流8个,支流9个)共采集到底栖动物34种(属),隶属于25科,其中以水生昆虫种类最多(76.0%);研究区域内干、支流底栖动物密度和生物量分别为132.77 ind/m2、3 967.51 mg/m2,95.39 ind/m2、2 339.64 mg/m2;干流底栖动物现存量明显高于支流,但其物种多样性(H、D、J)组成却低于支流。研究发现,干、支流大型底栖动物群落结构的差异主要与底质类型有关,底栖动物生物多样性与海拔高程变化之间无明显关系。     

浙江六横岛泥滩潮间带大型底栖动物的群落特征

本文分析了浙江六横岛泥滩潮间带大型底栖动物的种类组成、数量分布和多样性指数等群落特征。3个泥滩潮间带断面调查采获的大型底栖动物共有19种,其中软体动物10种,节肢动物6种,脊索动物2种,环节动物1种。3个泥滩潮间带断面总平均生物量为470.77±314.32 g/m2, 总平均栖息密度为480±248 ind./m2。在各类群底栖动物中,平均生物量及密度都以软体动物居首位。六横岛潮间带大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数的分布范围分别在1.97-2.14、1.45-1.67和0.83-0.95,平均值分别为2.06±0.08、1.53±0.12和0.90±0.06。六横潮间带大型底栖动物ABC曲线分析表明底栖动物群落已受到一定程度的污染扰动。     

怒江流域大型底栖动物资源状况

2007年4月到2008年8月对怒江流域大型底栖动物种类组成、分布和生物量先后进行了5次调查,共获得大型底栖动物53种,隶属于5门,7纲,42科,其中水生昆虫是怒江流域鱼类饵料的重要来源之一.怒江流域42个采样点大型底栖动物密度、生物量分布从上游到下游呈高—低—高的变化规律,其密度和生物量值的变化范围分别为5.55～4...     

拉萨河中下游底栖动物群落结构特征分析

2013年10月,在拉萨河热震藏布-河口中下游河段及支流共设置16个采样断面(拉萨河干流10个、支流4个,雅鲁藏布江汇口2个),对底栖动物进行了调查。样品分析结果表明:拉萨河评价河段干、支流底栖动物共31种,其中环节动物5种,占16.13%;软体动物3种,占9.68%;节肢动物23种,占74.19%。优势种有正颤蚓(Lumbricus tubifex)、四节蜉(Baetidae sp)、多足摇蚊(Polypedilum sp)、隐摇蚊(Cryptochironomus sp)、网石蝇(Perlodidae sp)、钩虾(Gammaridae sp)等。直孔电站影响河段底栖动物现存量较高,密度、生物量平均分别为31 911个/m2、117.65 g/m2。剔除直孔电站影响河段,拉萨河干流底栖动物密度、生物量分别为32个/m2、0.92 g/m2,支流密度、生物量分别为63个/m2、0.78 g/m2。底栖动物Shannon-Wiener指数为0~2.02。直孔电站运行对拉萨河中、下游河段底栖动物整体影响较小;对库区河段底栖动物群落结构影响较大,群落结构由流水型向耐氧、静水型的环节动物、摇蚊转化。     

浙江六横岛潮间带大型底栖动物的群落特征研究

分析了浙江六横岛潮间带大型底栖动物的种类组成、数量分布和多样性指数等群落特征.3个断面采获的大型底栖动物共有19种,其中软体动物10种,节肢动物6种,脊索动物2种,环节动物1种;总平均生物量为(470.77±314.32)g/m2, 总平均密度为(480±248)个/m2.在各类底栖动物中,平均生物量及密度都以软体动物居首位.大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别为1.97～2.14、1.45～1.67和0.83～0.95,平均值分别为(2.06±0.08)、(1.53±0.12)和(0.90±0.06).ABC曲线分析表明,底栖动物群落已受到一定程度的污染扰动.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

The optimal dietary protein level of juvenile silver sillago Sillago sihama at three dietary lipid levels

A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.