健康和患病卵形鲳鲹肠道菌群结构的差异

为研究病害发生后卵形鲳鲹肠道菌群结构的差异及其与养殖环境的关系,分析不同样品中的菌群组成和细菌多样性。实验采用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术和生物信息学分析手段,分别构建了健康鱼水样、患病鱼水样、健康鱼肠道、患病鱼肠道和饵料颗粒5个样品中菌群的16S rRNA基因测序文库。研究表明,与健康鱼肠道细菌组成相比,患病鱼肠道中螺旋体门相对丰度显著升高,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门相对丰度显著降低;患病后肠道中的细菌种类仅为健康鱼肠道细菌种类总数的54.94%;健康卵形鲳鲹肠道菌群中有73.46%的可操作分类单元(OTUs)与水体样品中OTUs一致,有70.58%与饲料样品一致,而患病后分别只有17.98%和38.95%的OTUs与水体和饲料样品一致。健康卵形鲳鲹肠道中黑海弧菌的相对丰度为17.19%,患病后该菌的相对丰度大幅提高,达到78.90%;健康鱼肠道中鳆发光杆菌占比54.53%,患病鱼肠道中不含鳆发光杆菌。健康和患病鱼肠道菌群种类组成类似,但存在一定差异,病害的发生会导致肠道细菌多样性显著降低。健康鱼肠道菌群与养殖环境和颗粒饲料中菌群组成关系密切,而患病后鱼肠道细菌多样性受环境中菌群的影响较小。黑海弧菌在患病鱼肠道中的大量增殖可能是引起其患病的重要原因。     

牛磺酸对卵形鲳鲹肠道微生物及免疫功能的影响

为了探讨牛磺酸对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)肠道微生物菌群结构和免疫功能的影响,试验以鱼粉、发酵豆粕和玉米蛋白粉为基础蛋白源配制了牛磺酸质量分数分别为1.3 g·kg^-1(T0)、4.4 g·kg^-1(T1)、7.4 g·kg^-1(T2)、10.5 g·kg^-1(T3)、12.7 g·kg^-1(T4)的等氮等脂饲料。将750尾卵形鲳鲹(81.0±0.5)g随机分为5组(每组150尾,分为3个平行),试验为期56 d。高通量测序结果显示在卵形鲳鲹肠道内共获得87707条序列,能够注释到数据库的OTUs数目为5130(95.32%),在门水平上,变形菌门、软壁菌门、螺旋体门为优势菌群。Alpha和Beta多样性分析表明,T2组中的肠道微生物丰富度和多样性最低,T1和T4组间物种组成差异较大(P<0.05)。随外源性牛磺酸的添加,血清溶菌酶活性显著提高,补体C4和免疫球蛋白含量显著增加(P<0.05);各试验组ToTLR-1、ToTLR-2、ToTNF-α和ToIL-1β基因表达量显著降低(P<0.05);T1、T2和T4组的ToNFkB P65基因表达量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);T3和T4组ToIL-10基因表达量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。该试验结果显示,外源牛磺酸对卵形鲳鲹肠道微生物菌群和免疫功能具有显著影响。     

不同脂肪源对克氏原螯虾生长性能与肠道菌群的影响

为研究饲料中不同脂肪源对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)生长、营养代谢及其肠道菌群组成的影响,本实验通过在人工配合饲料中分别添加5%的豆油(SO)、鱼油(FO)、猪油(LO)和混合油(豆油∶鱼油=1∶1,MO)作为主要脂肪源,对克氏原螯虾进行60 d饲喂实验后检测其生理生化指标与肠道菌群组成。结果显示：不同脂肪源对克氏原螯虾存活率与特定生长率影响显著,MO组存活率与特定生长率均为最高,LO组均显著低于其他组;营养代谢指标检测结果显示,LO组肝胰脏的脂肪酶、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和血清的总胆固醇均显著高于其他实验组;运用16S rDNA高通量测序技术对肠道微生物组成进行测定,结果显示四个组共有优势菌属只有拟杆菌属(Bacteroides),可见脂肪源是克氏原螯虾肠道菌群的较大影响因素;未知的RsaHf231菌属和Anaerorhabdus＿furcosa＿group属是除了SO组外其他三组的共有优势菌群;柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)是SO组和FO组的优势菌群;Candidatus＿Bacilloplasma是MO组特有优势菌群。综上所述,混合油更能满足克氏原...     

南极大磷虾共附生细菌多样性及其防御功能研究#br#

为研究南极大磷虾(Euphausia superba)中共附生微生物的功能性,并探讨南极大磷虾与其相关微生物的相互作用关系,采用宏基因组测序技术分析了南极大磷虾中共附生微生物的物种多样性,同时采用细菌纯培养技术获得可培养菌株,对菌株进行了抑菌活性、耐氟化钠特性分析。宏基因组测序结果表明,在南极大磷虾眼柄、尾部和肠道中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的群落相对丰度最高,分别占各组织细菌总量的41.4%、35.8%、59.5%;在南极大磷虾胃部,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的相对丰度最高,占细菌总量的32.2%。微生物多样性分析表明,南极大磷虾眼柄和尾部的微生物多样性和丰度高于胃部和肠道组织,肠道和胃部的微生物组成差异较大。采用细菌纯培养技术共获得60株细菌,其中有一株细菌对革兰氏阳性菌[单增李斯特菌LFM2813(Listeria monocytogenes LFM2813)、金黄色葡萄球菌LFM3263(Staphylococcus aureus LFM3263)、蜡样芽孢杆菌LFM2805(Bacillus cereus LFM2805)]有抑菌活性,并鉴定为马胃葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus equorum NJ2),该细菌的抑菌产物具有耐高温和蛋白酶处理后失活的细菌素基本特征;同时,可培养细菌的最大氟化钠耐受浓度为1%,且耐受菌株占比为10%。研究初步揭示了南极大磷虾不同组织的微生物多样性和相对丰度,并探讨了微生物对宿主的防御功能,可为进一步开发利用南极大磷虾资源提供参考。     

健康和患病克氏原螯虾肠道微生物群落结构和多样性分析

为探索健康克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)与患病克氏原螯虾在肠道微生物菌群结构和多样性方面的差异,采集健康虾(对照组)和患病虾(患病组)样品,通过Illumina高通量测序技术测定样品虾的肠道微生物组成,并利用Simpson指数评估样品中微生物的多样性。结果显示:所有样品共检出400个种水平上的OTUs(operational taxonomic units),归属于25个门(phylum);对照组肠道微生物的优势菌为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),而患病组的优势菌为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)。进一步分析表明,患病组变形菌门的占比显著高于对照组,Simpson指数提示,患病组的生物多样性较对照组显著下降(P<0.05)。结果表明,患病克氏原螯虾肠道微生物中变形菌门的占比显著上升,生物多样性显著下降(P<0.05)。     

5种海水养殖石首鱼类肠道菌群多样性的比较

为探究海水养殖石首鱼类肠道菌群的结构特征及种间差异,本研究采用基于Illumina Hiseq2500测序平台的高通量测序技术,对福建宁德三都澳养殖的5种石首鱼类(大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)、黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)、鮸状黄姑鱼(Nibea miichthyoides)、鮸鱼(Miichthys miiuy)、眼斑拟石首鱼(Sciaenops ocellatus))的肠道菌群进行了16S rDNA V3-V4区测序。各样本得到unique tags的数目在20351到43347之间,上述5种鱼类分别得到479、626、603、518和556个OTUs(operational taxonomic units),分类注释结果显示,这些OUT隶属33个门273个属。5种石首鱼类肠道内容物和肠道壁的样品均以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)细菌为主要优势菌群,约占总菌量的70%,在大黄鱼肠道菌群中,螺旋菌门细菌占比达26.19%,也是其主要优势菌群;在属水平上,Bacillus、Photobacterium、Vibrio、Chryseobacterium、Sphingomonas、Pseudomonas等属细菌是5种养殖石首鱼类的主要类别。对养殖石首鱼类的肠道菌群多样性的分析表明,Shannon’s 群落多样性指数：黄姑鱼>鮸状黄姑鱼>眼斑拟石首鱼>鮸鱼>大黄鱼;各种鱼类的肠道内容物菌群的多样性均高于肠道壁;对不同鱼类间的肠道菌群差异性分析显示,大黄鱼与眼斑拟石首鱼之间肠道菌群的相似度要高于黄姑鱼、鮸状黄姑鱼和鮸鱼,而黄姑鱼、鮸状黄姑鱼和鮸鱼之间的相似度较高。综上所述,5种海水养殖石首鱼类肠道菌群中存在有自身特色的核心菌群,肠道菌群结构的差异与种类间的系统进化关系相似,证明肠道菌群结构与宿主遗传因素密切相关。     

卵形鲳鲹幼鱼饲料中适宜蛋白能量比的研究

以鱼粉、豆粕为蛋白源,豆油、鱼油为脂肪源,配制9种不同蛋白能量水平的饲料,蛋白质3个水平(38%、43%、49%),每个蛋白水平设3个脂肪梯度(6%、10%、14%),其蛋白能量比为19.3～27.4mg/kJ。卵形鲳鲹初始质量为(25.02±0.16)g,每个处理设3个重复,每个网箱(1.5 m×1.0 m×2.0m)放养卵形鲳鲹苗20尾,养殖试验持续8周。结果显示,卵形鲳鲹特定生长率随饲料蛋白水平的升高而显著升高(P<0.05)。投喂含43%或49%蛋白质、6%脂肪饲料的卵形鲳鲹表现出较好的特定生长率。饲料中不同的脂肪水平未表现出蛋白质节约效应,较高的脂肪水平反而抑制了卵形鲳鲹的特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率。卵形鲳鲹鱼体蛋白和脂肪含量分别随饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平的上升而显著升高(P<0.05)。在该试验条件下,卵形鲳鲹幼鱼饲料中最适蛋白质、脂肪水平和蛋白能量比分别为43%、6%和24.4 mg/kJ。     

对两种不同投料方式的大黄鱼肠道菌群结构分析

为了解在不同投喂方式下大黄鱼的肠道微生态结构,研究采用高通量测序的方法对投喂冰鲜饲料和投喂颗粒饲料的大黄鱼的肠道菌群进行高通量测序,分析了肠道菌群结构差异。研究表明:变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)是大黄鱼肠道的主要菌群,其中变形菌门的丰度超过了30%;不同投喂组的大黄鱼肠道菌群结构存在一定差异,投喂冰鲜料组大黄鱼肠道内菌群OTUs和菌群的α多样性略低于投喂颗粒料的。     

复合油和低鱼粉饲料在卵形鲳鲹养殖中的应用效果研究

为评估课题组前期研发的卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)(又称金鲳)复合油、脂肪粉以及低鱼粉饲料在养殖生产中的应用效果，利用饲料公司的商品料生产设备生产4种等氮(48%)等脂(11%)配合饲料(D1～D4):其中，D1～D3为饲料公司的金鲳商品料配方(含20%鱼粉),仅添加的脂肪源不同，分别为10%鱼油(D1)、10%卵形鲳鲹复合油(D2)、8%卵形鲳鲹复合油+4%卵形鲳鲹脂肪粉(D3);D4为本课题组研发的低鱼粉饲料(含6.6%鱼粉),脂肪源与D3一致。以此4种饲料于海水池塘网箱(2 m×2 m×1.5 m)中养殖卵形鲳鲹幼鱼，试验鱼体质量(64.75±0.70)g,实验周期8周。结果显示，与D1组相比，D2～D4组鱼的生长性能和形态指标无显著差异(P>0.05),但D2组的饲料系数显著降低(P<0.05);D3和D4组血清低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性以及肝脏丙二醛含量均显著低于D1组(P<0.05)。鱼背肌的粗蛋白含量D3和D4组显著高于D1组(P<0.05),而鱼背肌其他常规成分及腹肌各常规成分各...     

野生和养殖的异齿裂腹鱼肠道菌群结构分析

用MiSeq高通量测序技术及生物信息学分析等方法,构建体质量约1.0 kg的野生和人工养殖异齿裂腹鱼6个肠道样品肠道菌群的基因测序文库,分析比较野生和人工养殖异齿裂腹鱼肠道菌群生物丰富度及多样性差异。研究结果表明,野生组样品Y1、Y2、Y3和人工养殖组样品C1、 C2、C3测得的运算分类单元数据分别可划分为751、469、313和302、259、263;野生和人工养殖两种养殖模式下异齿裂腹鱼肠道菌群的丰富度和多样性差异不显著(P0.05);野生异齿裂腹鱼以放线菌门、变形菌门为优势菌群;人工养殖异齿裂腹鱼以蓝细菌门、变形菌门为优势菌群。野生组可分类的细菌主要是微球菌属、气单胞菌属;人工养殖组可分类的细菌主要是蓝细菌和红杆菌。本研究可为异齿裂腹鱼的健康养殖及人工养殖环境的微生态调控技术构建提供理论依据。     

Effects of different dietary lipid sources on growth performance,body composition and lipid metabolism‐related enzymes and genes of juvenile golden pompano,Trachinotus ovatus

Three groups of juvenile golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (54.75 ± 0.25 g), were each fed one of three diets containing different lipid sources: fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO) and lard oil (LO). Fish were reared in sea cages for 8 weeks, and the fish fed the FO diet had significantly higher specific growth rate (SGR) but lower condition factor (CF) than the other treatments. The fatty acid (FA) composition of whole‐body lipids was closely correlated with those in the diets. Although no differences can be found in hepatic fatty acid synthase (fasn) activity, the carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (cpt1) activity in fish fed the FO diet was significantly higher compared with other treatments. In addition, the relative gene expression of lipid metabolism‐related enzymes, such as cpt1, fas, apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100), delta‐6 fatty acyl desaturase (fadsd6) and fatty acid‐binding protein 1 (fabp1), was also influenced by the different dietary lipid sources. Serum triglyceride (TG) and glucose content in fish fed the LO and FO diets were significantly higher than those in the SO group. Accordingly, it can be concluded that FO could not be completely replaced by SO or LO in golden pompano diets. The lipid sources of a diet could impose significant influence on body condition factor and hepatic lipid metabolism of golden pompano.     

Growth,feed utilization and body composition of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus fed at different dietary protein and lipid levels

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the suitable dietary protein and lipid levels for juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus reared in net pens. Ten test diets were formulated at five levels of crude protein (330, 370, 410, 450 or 490 g kg^?1) and two levels of crude lipid (65 or 125 g kg^?1). Golden pompano fingerlings (initial body weight 4.7 g ind^?1) were fed the test diets for 8 weeks. Weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), energy retention efficiency (ERE), condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), body protein content and total nitrogen waste (TNW) were dependent on both dietary protein and lipid levels. Feed intake (FI) and viscersomatic index (VSI) were dependent on dietary protein level, while body lipid content was dependent on dietary lipid level. Weight gain increased with increasing the dietary protein level (at the same lipid level) but was lower at the dietary lipid level of 65 g kg^?1 than at 125 g kg^?1 (at the same protein level). Fish fed at the dietary protein levels of 460–490 g kg^?1 had higher WG and lower FCR than at 330–410 g kg^?1. Energy retention efficiency tended to increase with increasing the dietary protein level from 330 to 410 g kg^?1, while no significant difference was found in nitrogen retention efficiency between the dietary protein levels (at the same lipid level). Results of this study suggest increasing the dietary lipid level from 65 to 125 g kg^?1 could not induce protein‐sparing action in golden pompano, and the suitable dietary protein and lipid levels for juvenile golden pompano reared in net pens should be 450–490 and 65 g kg^?1.     

Effects of different dietary copper sources on the growth and intestinal microbial communities of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary copper sources on growth performance and intestinal microbial communities of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Four isonitrogenous (420 g/kg crude protein) and isolipidic (70 g/kg crude lipid) experimental diets were formulated to contain different copper sources, Diet NSC (no‐supplemented copper), Diet CS (copper sulphate), Diet Availa (copper amino acid complex from Availa^®Cu100) and Diet M (1:1, copper sulphate + copper amino acid complex). A total of 360 Pacific white shrimp juveniles (initial weight: 1.86 ± 0.03 g) were randomly allocated into four groups, with three replicates per group and 30 shrimps each replicate. An Illumina‐based sequencing method was used to analyse the intestinal bacterial composition of shrimp juveniles. The results revealed that shrimps fed Diet M had significantly higher percent weight gain (PWG) than that fed Diet NSC and Diet CS, while there were no significant differences between Diet M and Diet Availa. Survival was not affected by the dietary copper sources. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were dominant in the intestines of Pacific white shrimp. Shrimps fed Diet M and Diet Availa had higher bacterial richness and diversity than those fed Diet NSC and Diet CS with no significant differences among all treatments. Furthermore, Diet M and Diet Availa which contained copper amino acid complex reduced the relative abundance of Vibrionaceae in shrimp intestinal tract. This study indicated that dietary copper sources could affect the intestinal microbial communities and diets supplemented with Availa^®Cu100 could have a positive impact on the growth performance and decrease the potential risk of disease in Pacific white shrimp.     

Cortisol response of golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) fed diets differing in lipid content

The purpose of this study was to characterize the plasma cortisol response in golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) under crowding stress, and to determine whether dietary lipid affects the cortisol response. The main differences between the diets were the relative amounts and types of fatty acids of the n-3 and n-6 families. In experiment 1, triplicate groups of golden shiners were fed diets with 4 or 13% menhaden fish oil, or 4 or 13% poultry fat at 3% body weight for 4 weeks before the crowding stress. In experiment 2, fish were fed diets with 8% lipid from soybean oil (SBO), cod liver oil (CLO), (SBO+CLO), or cottonseed oil (CSO) for 6 weeks before the stress test. Plasma cortisol was measured initially, two hours after the stressor was applied, and two hours after the stressor was removed. The overall pattern of the cortisol response was similar to that seen in other warmwater fishes, but the rate and magnitude of the response were not affected by diet in either experiment. Golden shiners have an intermediate cortisol response compared to other fish that have been exposed to similarly stressful conditions.     

The suitable dose of gamma irradiation on soybean meal as a fish meal substitute in diets for golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

A 5‐week feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of gamma ray irradiation treatment on soybean meal as a fish meal substitute in diets for golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). A diet containing 32% fish meal served as a reference (C), and 75% of the fish meal was replaced by soybean meal that either received no gamma ray irradiation (R0) or was irradiated with gamma ray at a dose of 5 (R5), 10 (R10), 15 (R15), 30 (R30) or 60 (R60) kGy respectively. All the diets were formulated to contain 46% crude protein and 6.5% crude lipid. The weight gain was higher in fish fed diets R5, R10, R15 and R30 than in fish fed diet R0. The feed intake was higher in fish fed diets R15, R30 and R60 than in fish fed diets R0, R5 and R10. No significant differences were found in feed conversion ratio, nitrogen retention efficiency, condition factor, hepatosomatic index, body composition, waste outputs of nitrogen and phosphorus between fish fed the diets with non‐irradiated soybean meal or irradiated soybean meal as the fish meal substitute. Proteins with heavy molecular weight in soybean meal were degraded, whereas the contents of proteins with light molecular weight or peptides increased with the increase in the irradiation dose. This study reveals that gamma ray irradiation at a dose of 5 to 15 kGy can significantly improve the level of soybean meal inclusion as a fish meal substitute in diets for golden pompano.     

Growth,antioxidant capacity,intestine histology and lipid metabolism of juvenile red claw crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus,fed different lipid sources

Five dietary lipid sources (fish oil, soybean oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil and linseed oil) were evaluated in juvenile red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, based on the response of growth, antioxidant capacity, intestine histology, whole‐body composition, fatty acid nutrition and lipid metabolism. Crayfish were fed in quadruplicate net cages for 8 weeks. Crayfish fed diets with fish oil, soybean oil and linseed oil obtained significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rate than those fed the other two diets. Survival, condition factor and hepatosomatic index were not significantly affected by lipid sources. Lipid sources also do not affect the whole‐body composition of crayfish. Serum SOD, T‐AOC and GSH‐PX activities of crayfish fed the palm oil and rapeseed oil diets had a significantly lower value than those fed other diets. The minimum concentrations of MDA have been observed in crayfish fed the soybean oil diet. The activity of ACC in the hepatopancreas of crayfish fed the linseed oil diet showed the highest value, and the CPT‐1 activity was not significantly affected by different lipid sources. Crayfish fed the soybean oil diet showed significantly higher TC and TG contents in hepatopancreas than those fed other diets. Crayfish fed linseed oil diet had a significantly higher percentage of EPA, C18:3n?3 and Σn?3 PUFA in muscle than those fed other treatments. Most of the fatty acid compositions in the hepatopancreas had a close correlation to fatty acid compositions in diets. All findings in this study indicate that soybean oil is the advantageous lipid source for juvenile C. quadricarinatus which can reflect in satisfactory growth performance, antioxidant capacity and fatty acid nutrition of edible tissues.     

Nutritional regulation of gene expression and enzyme activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the hepatic gluconeogenesis pathway in golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is known to exist as mitochondrial (PEPCK‐M) and cytosolic isoforms (PEPCK‐C). They are involved in glucose production and play vital roles in regulating glucose homeostasis. This study aimed to (1) clone and characterize PEPCK‐C cDNA from golden pompano fish (Trachinotus ovatus), which are known to have poor utilization of dietary carbohydrates, and (2) analyze the regulation of its expression by varying dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios and nutritional status. A full length golden pompano PEPCK‐C cDNA fragment of 2,652 bp was cloned, which contains an open reading frame of 1,875 bp encoding 624 amino acids and shows a high homology to cobia (Rachycentron canadum) PEPCK‐C sequence (92% similarity). The analysis of tissue distributions of PEPCK‐C mRNA showed that a high abundance of PEPCK‐C was expressed in golden pompano liver, followed by kidney; while lower expression levels were found in the heart and intestine. In liver, PEPCK is under the regulation of dietary composition and nutritional status at the enzymatic and molecular levels. Our results indicate that PEPCK‐C plays a modulating role in the adaptation of hepatic gluconeogenesis to different nutrient conditions. Thus, the absence of molecular inhibition of gluconeogenic PEPCK gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), which can at least partially account for their poor utilization of dietary carbohydrate, is specific to these species and is not observed in golden pompano. Further studies that examine, at the enzymatic and molecular levels, other key enzymes involved in hepatic glucose metabolism are necessary to understand the poor utilization of carbohydrates in golden pompano.     

Effects of replacement of fishmeal with cottonseed protein concentrate on the growth,intestinal microflora,haematological and antioxidant indices of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) (free gossypol < 7.9 mg/kg) in the diets on the growth, intestinal microflora, haematological and antioxidant indices of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Six diets were designed: fishmeal diets (FM) which contained 340 g/kg fishmeal, as well as five CPC diets, each with differing CPC concentrations (120, 240, 360, 480 and 600 g/kg) to replace the fish meal. The weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) showed no significant difference among groups (p > .05) with the dietary CPC level ranged from 0 to 360 g/kg. Serum cholesterol (CHO) of C36 and triglyceride (TG) levels of C36 and C12 were significantly higher than the FM (p < .05). Total protein (TP) levels of C12 were significantly lower than the FM (p < .05). Among the treatments, C36 had higher glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX) and total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) than FM (p < .05). From the data analysis of 16s sequencing, with increasing CPC concentration, the proportion of harmful microbial taxa (Proteobacteria and Vibrio) increased. The results of this study support that CPC products are acceptable in practical diets for golden pompano. And the optimal dietary CPC replacement of golden pompano was estimated to be 259.3 g/kg.     

Effect of weaning time on the performance of Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758) larvae

Effect of weaning time on the larval performance of golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus was studied in the experimental condition. The same weaning regime started on four different days of posthatch (DPH): 13 DPH (W13), 16 DPH (W16), 19 DPH (W19) and 22 DPH (W22), respectively. Growth, survival, RNA/DNA ratios and mid‐gut cell height of fish were assessed in each weaning regime over time. Growth and survival rates of fish larvae weaned in the W19 and W22 regimes were significantly higher than those in the W13 and W16 regimes. No significant differences were found either between W19 and W22, or between W13 and W16 treatments. Fish showed a decrease in the RNA/DNA ratio in W13, but a trend of increase in W16, W19 and W22. Weaning time significantly affected the mid‐gut cell height in larval golden pompano. On 24 DPH, the mid‐gut cell height of fish in the W13 and W16 treatments was significantly thinner than those in the W19 and W22 treatments. Based on fish growth, survival, RNA/DNA ratio and mid‐gut cell height, weaning can be started on 13 DPH in golden pompano larvae, but we recommend that the best weaning window be 16–22 DPH. These results are supported by histological and nutritional evidence and would guide the weaning process for golden pompano larvae, and offer a useful approach to explore the weaning protocol in larval fish rearing.