大亚湾海域大型底栖生物种类组成及特征种

利用2008年4个航次在南海北部大亚湾海域开展的124个站次海洋生物调查资料,对大型底栖动物种类组成、优势种和特征种进行研究,结果表明:(1)大亚湾大型底栖动物群落季变化显著、种类更替明显.2008年共采获大型底栖动物104科279种（类）,各季种类平均更替率高达63％.(2)优势种组成较为稳定,单一种的优势地位显著.粗帝汶蛤(Timoclea scabra)为大亚湾大型底栖动物第一优势种,周年均保持极高的优势地位.除粗帝汶蛤外还有毛头梨体星虫(Apionsoma trichocephala)、脑纽虫(Cerebratulina sp.)、独毛虫(Tharyx sp.)和中蚓虫(Mediomastus sp.)为大亚湾周年优势种,优势种组成较为稳定.(3)大亚湾大型底栖动物以多毛类为特征种类.多毛类在大亚湾海域大型底栖动物群落中具有重要作用,其代表和反映了整个群落的特征.(4)大型底栖动物种类组成情况反了大亚湾海域环境状况.大亚湾大型底栖动物种类组成更替明显、特征种节变化大,反映出大亚湾海域环境季节变化明显,尤其是春、夏和秋3季,秋、冬季较为稳定.优势种组成的年际变化表明,大亚湾海域生态环境发生了较大程度的变化.此外,多毛类在底栖动物群落中地位的突显,也反映出大亚湾海域营养水平的变化.对比历史资料分析,结论认为,大亚湾大型底栖生物种类数远低于历史水平,群落简单趋势仍较为明显.虽然因采样区域和样品分选工具的差异,2008年种类远多于2004年调查结果,但仍低于1987年的473种.此外,1987年底栖动物的站均出现种数为50.6种/站,最高可达100种/站.2008年站均出现种数为15.0种/站,最高种数为38种/站,依然远低于历史水平.本研究旨在为系统开展大亚湾受损生态系统的恢复提供更为全面、丰富、准确的基础资料.     

大亚湾大型底栖动物物种多样性现状

利用2004年3月、5月、9月和12月的大型底栖动物定量采样数据，对大亚湾大型底栖动物的物种多样性进行研究。结果表明，因人类活动影响的加剧，目前大型底栖动物多样性明显低于历史水平。2004年大亚湾海域内共出现79种（类）大型底栖动物，全海域均匀度（J）、丰富度（D）和Shannon—Wiener指数（H’）均值分别为1．17、0．74和2．06。各多样性指数的季节变化较小，不存在显著差异（P〉0．05）。多样性水平以冬季〈春季〈夏季〈秋季。大亚湾明显的干、湿季变化对大型底栖动物多样性有所影响，湿季多样性水平高于干季。湾口海域大型底栖动物多样性水平较高，因湾顶和湾中部海域内小鳞帘蛤Veremolpamicra和粗帝汶蛤Timocleascabra极强的优势地位，导致湾顶和湾中部海域多样性水平较低。水温升高而引发的小鳞帘蛤和粗帝汶蛤丰度的变化，造成了湾顶和湾中部海域大型底栖动物多样性水平的季节变化。     

江门近岸海域大型底栖动物群落结构的分布特征

根据2016年江门近岸海域4个航次的调查数据,对其大型底栖动物现存量和多样性分布特征进行了研究。调查共鉴定出大型底栖动物56种,其中软体动物21种,环节动物18种,节肢动物7种,棘皮动物3种,纽形动物和腔肠动物各2种,星虫动物、脊索动物和螠虫各1种。江门近岸海域各站位大型底栖动物栖息密度和生物量分别介于10～920个·m~(-2)和0.2～267.7 g·m~(-2),栖息密度总体呈现湾外大于湾内的趋势;群落中以膜质伪才女虫(Pseudopolydora kempi)和中华内卷齿蚕(Aglaophamus sinersis)分布最广泛,其中中华内卷齿蚕为四季共同优势种。ABC曲线分析表明,该海域群落整体的稳定性一般,春、秋季大型底栖动物群落受到一定程度的干扰,稳定性较弱。相关性分析表明,水深、盐度、温度、磷酸盐、沉积物类型、捕食压力是影响群落结构时空差异的主要因素。     

日照近海大型底栖动物群落结构

2007年4月和10月,在山东日照临近海域进行了大型底栖动物春季和秋季两个航次的调查,对采集到的大型底栖动物进行分类鉴定。结果显示:1)全海域共鉴定底栖动物141种,其中多毛类、甲壳动物、软体动物分别占总种数的38.30%、34.75%和17.73%,三者构成大型底栖动物的主要类群。2)大型底栖动物的总平均丰度为1885ind/m2,总平均生物量为39.82g/m2。3)大型底栖动物种类多样性,春季高于秋季。4)优势种随季节变化不大,生物群落结构稳定性较好。     

浙江六横岛泥滩潮间带大型底栖动物的群落特征

本文分析了浙江六横岛泥滩潮间带大型底栖动物的种类组成、数量分布和多样性指数等群落特征。3个泥滩潮间带断面调查采获的大型底栖动物共有19种，其中软体动物10种，节肢动物6种，脊索动物2种，环节动物1种。3个泥滩潮间带断面总平均生物量为470.77±314.32 g/m2, 总平均栖息密度为480±248 ind./m2。在各类群底栖动物中，平均生物量及密度都以软体动物居首位。六横岛潮间带大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数的分布范围分别在1.97-2.14、1.45-1.67和0.83-0.95，平均值分别为2.06±0.08、1.53±0.12和0.90±0.06。六横潮间带大型底栖动物ABC曲线分析表明底栖动物群落已受到一定程度的污染扰动。     

天津大港滨海湿地海洋特别保护区春季大型底栖动物种类组成及其物种多样性

本研究于2015年春季对天津大港滨海湿地海洋特别保护区11个站位大型底栖动物的群落结构及生物多样性进行了调查分析,结果表明,调查区共鉴定出大型底栖生物7门32种,其中节肢动物门10种,软体动物门9种,棘皮动物门5种,其它动物8种。各站位密度波动范围为20~19 610 ind/m~2,平均为1 872.27 ind/m~2,生物量范围为17.75~11 213.50g/m~2,平均为1 241.69 g/m~2;凸壳肌蛤(Musculus senhousei)为该保护区绝对优势种;调查区域Shannon-Weiner多样性指数平均为1.369,Margalef物种丰富度指数平均为0.546,Pielou均匀度指数平均为0.614,群落结构特征反映出天津大港滨海湿地海洋特别保护区的水质环境较差。     

河北乐亭海域大型底栖动物调查与群落特征分析

通过2019年5月24日对河北乐亭海域大型底栖生物的调查发现,所获底栖动物40种,其中软体动物出现的种类数最多,共出现17种,占底栖动物种类组成的42.5%,其次为环节动物、节肢动物。生物量变化范围在(0.35～60.77)g/m~2之间,平均为9.21 g/m~2。生物密度变化范围在(32～292)个/m~2之间,平均为105个/m~2。生物多样性指数在0.94～2.04之间,平均指数为1.63。不倒翁虫、耳口露齿螺为本次调查的主要优势种,其优势度分别为0.06和0.03。本次调查海域主要以生命周期较短的软体动物和环节动物为主,调查所获种类数远低于历史平均值,多样性指数较2008年4月调查显著降低,均匀度指数及丰富度指数略有下降,说明该海域底栖生物群落结构趋于单一化,稳定性趋差。     

扎龙湿地自然保护区大型底栖动物群落特征的分析

松嫩平原上的扎龙湿地自然保护区是我国第一个丹顶鹤等大型水禽和湿地生态类型的国家级自然保护区。笔者于2008年春、夏和秋三季对扎龙湿地大型底栖动物群落特征与生物多样性进行了系统的调查研究。结果表明：扎龙湿地底栖动物主要由节肢动物门、软体动物门和环节动物门组成,共计93种（属）;春节物种数最高（64种）,秋季次之（54种）,夏季最少（38种）。大型底栖动物群落的Margalef物种丰富度指数（d）、Shan-non-wiener指数（H）＇和Pielou均匀度指数（J）都是春季最高,夏季最低;夏季Sinnpson优势度指数（D）最高,秋季次之,春季最低。     

桑沟湾不同养殖区大型底栖动物的群落结构特征

于2016年9月和11月对我国北方典型筏式养殖海湾—桑沟湾的筏式贝藻养殖区和网箱养殖区的大型底栖动物进行调查,研究了桑沟湾不同养殖区大型底栖动物的种类组成、数量分布、群落结构及生物多样性等群落特征,分析了底栖动物与海洋环境因子的关系,以了解养殖活动对大型底栖动物的影响。结果显示,调查共鉴定出大型底栖动物67种,其中,环节动物多毛类36种,软体动物12种,节肢动物门甲壳类和全足类16种,棘皮动物3种。桑沟湾大型底栖动物的优势种主要为多毛类,贝藻区的绝对优势种为刚鳃虫和长叶索沙蚕,网箱区的绝对优势种为异足索沙蚕和多丝独毛虫。生物量和丰度的特性为9月网箱区11月网箱区9月贝藻区,多样性指数的趋势相反。研究表明,底栖动物群落特征与底质有机碳、总磷、硫化物和氧化还原电位等因素有关,桑沟湾大规模养殖活动对底栖动物群落组成和分布产生了一定的影响。     

胶州湾底栖生态系统健康评价——基于大型底栖动物生态学特征

根据2017年7月山东省胶州湾海域的大型底栖动物调查数据，应用聚类分析、生物多样性和Multivariate-AZTI’s Marine Biotic Index (M-AMBI)等方法分析了大型底栖动物的生态学特征，评估了胶州湾底栖生态系统的健康状况。结果显示，调查海域共采集到大型底栖动物64种，其中，多毛类25种，甲壳动物23种，软体动物9种，棘皮动物和其他类群共7种。该海域大型底栖动物生物量和丰度的平均值分别为70.0 g/m2和132 ind./m2，菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephthys oligobranchia)和纽虫(Nemertinea)是优势种。物种多样性指数( )为0.69~3.77，平均值为2.35，丰富度指数(d)为0.67~3.12，平均值为1.56，Pielou均匀度指数(J)为0.25~1.00，平均值为0.81。多样性AMBI指数(M-AMBI)为0.26~0.60，平均值为0.44。根据CLUSTER分析结果，在15%相似水平上可将研究站位划分为3个群落，菲律宾蛤仔养殖密度较大的站位群落结构较为相似，被划分在同一个群落中，聚类结果与菲律宾蛤仔养殖密切相关。大型底栖动物群落的多样性指数和M-AMBI指数分析显示，胶州湾海域底栖生态系统受到中等程度的干扰。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.