鱼类microRNA在先天免疫中的研究进展

先天免疫是宿主识别病原及消除病原感染的第一道防线。模式识别受体是参与识别病原入侵的主要分子，主要包括Toll样受体、RIG-I样受体、NOD样受体和C型凝集素受体等。模式识别受体在识别病原相关分子模式后，激活机体的先天免疫信号通路，诱导炎症细胞因子和干扰素的产生，从而启动抵抗病原入侵的免疫应答。越来越多的证据表明，免疫应答的激活、维持和终止受到了严格的调节，使机体在保持一定免疫强度的同时避免产生过度的免疫反应。microRNA是一类长度为18～23 nt的微小非编码RNA，是鱼类先天免疫应答网络中的重要调控因子。近年来，microRNA在鱼类免疫学领域已开展了大量的研究，但缺乏对其进行及时地全面性的总结。本文综述了近年来miRNA在鱼类先天免疫反应中的研究进展，以期为鱼类的分子抗病育种及疾病防控研究提供一些思路。     

鱼类鼻黏膜相关淋巴组织的研究进展

鱼类黏膜相关淋巴组织是抵御病原入侵的第一道防线。其中,鱼类鼻黏膜相关淋巴组织（Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue,NALT）近年来被国内外学者所关注,并被证明是嗅觉器官中抗原识别和启动黏膜免疫应答的重要场所,在细菌、病毒和寄生虫感染后可发挥快速的局部免疫响应。以NALT为靶点,对鱼类开展疫苗鼻内接种可起到良好的免疫保护效果。但目前,对NALT中复杂的免疫细胞与分子网络及其互作机制知之甚少。本文对鱼类嗅觉器官结构与功能、NALT的细胞与分子网络及免疫应答、鼻内接种的应答及免疫保护效果等方面的最新研究进展进行综述,旨在阐明鱼类NALT在黏膜局部发挥的免疫防御机制,以期为新型黏膜疫苗的设计与研发提供参考。     

鱼类皮肤免疫应答及蛋白质组学

正鱼类皮肤作为黏膜免疫系统的重要组成部分,也是阻止病原微生物进入体内的第一道防线[1]。鱼类皮肤黏膜免疫系统不仅对宿主防御病原侵入是必要的,而且对水产养殖疫苗应用也十分重要[2-3]。近年来,与系统免疫相比而言,鱼类皮肤黏膜免疫应答研究备受关注[4-6]。笔者针对鱼类皮肤免疫应答的分子机制及蛋白质组学研究进行简要综述,以期为鱼类病害的预防和治疗提供科学参考。     

对虾Toll受体及其在虾类营养免疫评价中的应用

Toll受体是一类跨膜蛋白,其胞外区能够识别仅表达在病原微生物上的高度保守的结构基序(motifs)——病原相关的分子模式(pathogen-associated　molecular　patterns,PAMPs),并将病原入侵的信号传递到细胞内,诱导产生一系列的免疫效应因子和免疫反应。Toll受体是机体对入侵病原微生物产生免疫效应的关键分子。多种对虾中存在Toll受体,但对虾Toll受体在虾类营养免疫研究中的应用尚未得到发掘。本文综述了Toll信号途径及对虾Toll受体的研究进展,并探讨了Toll受体在虾类营养免疫评价中的应用价值,认为对虾Toll受体表达量的变化可以反映机体对入侵病原识别的灵敏性,在今后的营养免疫学研究中具有重要价值,并提出了今后对虾Toll受体研究的方向。     

鱼类的非特异性免疫概述

对于鱼类免疫的研究很早就出现,鱼类是特异性免疫和非特异性免疫并存的脊椎动物。但与哺乳类相比,鱼类的特异免疫系统尚不够发达,特异性免疫机制还不完善。因此,在鱼类对外界刺激及病原生物侵袭的防御反应中,非特异性免疫起着重要作用。现已知参与鱼类非特异性免疫反应的因子主要包括巨噬细胞、粒细胞和细胞毒性细胞等一些具有吞噬作用的细胞,以及介导一系列免疫或应激反应的蛋白分子,如补体、细胞因子、趋化因子及溶菌酶和抗菌肽等。     

鱼类免疫应答机制研究进展

鱼类免疫应答可以分为固有免疫和适应性免疫,但固有免疫发挥主要作用。固有免疫对病原体的识别是通过模式识别受体PRR与病原相关分子模式PAMP的相互结合实现,这与哺乳类相似。但为适应水生生活,鱼类固有免疫对PAMP的识别范围更广,免疫应答的启动条件更低。固有免疫的效应细胞主要是单核/巨噬细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、自然杀伤细胞等,具有吞噬和杀伤功能,还可分泌多种免疫相关的细胞因子,介导发生炎症反应。适应性免疫中,T淋巴细胞通过抗原提呈细胞分解吸收抗原,由主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)类分子递送到细胞表面才能识别。B淋巴细胞分泌产生以免疫球蛋白Ig M为主的抗体分子,而发挥抗体中和作用及免疫调理作用的Ig G在鱼类中比较少见,说明鱼类抗体的免疫功能还处于较低水平。本文综述了近二十年内鱼类免疫应答机制的相关研究进展,为进一步了解鱼类免疫应答机制提供参考。     

鳜黏膜淋巴组织结构的初步研究

采用组织学和电镜技术,应用HE常规染色方法、AB-PAS黏液细胞染色方法、免疫组织化学方法,对鳜(Siniperca chuats)黏膜淋巴组织的基本结构以及免疫相关细胞的形态、类型及其在黏膜淋巴组织中的分布情况进行了研究.结果表明,鳜的鳃弓、鳃小片基部、皮肤的表皮以及肠上皮中存在大量的黏液细胞,用AB-PAS染色方法将鳜黏液细胞分为6种类型;免疫组化方法可在鳃的血窦腔、皮肤的基底层以及肠黏膜层中检测到抗体分泌细胞的存在;透射电镜观察显示,黏膜淋巴组织中存在着黏液细胞、淋巴细胞、浆细胞、吞噬细胞、肥大细胞、朗罕氏细胞、嗜中性粒细胞等免疫相关细胞.结论认为,鳜黏膜淋巴组织具有完成免疫应答的细胞基础.     

鱼类抗刺激隐核虫感染的黏膜免疫研究进展

刺激隐核虫是一种原生纤毛类寄生虫,可以感染几乎所有海水硬骨鱼类并导致死亡,给海水鱼类养殖业造成巨大经济损失。由于刺激隐核虫体表寄生的特性,使其成为研究鱼类黏膜免疫机制的良好病原模型,可为高效疫苗的研发提供理论依据。本文综述了鱼类抗刺激隐核虫感染的黏膜免疫研究进展,以期为开展海水鱼类抗刺激隐核虫感染的免疫防控措施研究提供理论支撑。已有研究表明,受刺激隐核虫感染后,斜带石斑鱼皮肤黏液或其培养上清液能使幼虫发生阻动,由皮肤中的抗体分泌细胞产生的特异性IgM抗体在抗寄生虫感染中发挥重要作用;同时在刺激隐核虫感染时,多种免疫细胞如NCC细胞、中性粒细胞等在寄生虫周围聚集,趋化因子以及趋化因子受体表达量在寄生虫感染部位上调,暗示其调节的免疫细胞也参与抗虫免疫;此外,研究发现黄斑蓝子鱼对刺激隐核虫具有天然抗性,其血清和皮肤黏液对刺激隐核虫幼虫和滋养体均具有杀灭作用,已从其血清中分离到一种天然抗虫蛋白—L-氨基酸氧化酶,为刺激隐核虫病的防控提供新的途径;在理论研究的基础上,通过免疫实验证实疫苗防控刺激隐核虫病是可行的。     

半滑舌鳎蛋白激酶C-alpha(PKCα)的基因克隆和免疫应答分析

蛋白激酶C(PKC)广泛参与哺乳动物T、B淋巴细胞涉及的免疫反应并发挥重要作用,然而PKC在鱼类免疫过程中的作用却少有报道。本研究在半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)中克隆了PKC家族的典型成员PKCα(命名为CsPKCα),并进行了分子特征和表达模式分析。CsPKCα的cDNA全长为2315 bp,其中,开放阅读框(ORF)为2013 bp。qRT-PCR分析显示,CsPKCα在各个组织中广泛表达,其中,在鳃、肝脏、皮肤和肠中具有较高的转录水平,表明CsPKCα可能在免疫过程中发挥作用。随后检测了CsPKCα在哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)感染后6种免疫相关组织(鳃、肝脏、皮肤、肠、脾脏和肾)中不同时间点的表达水平,发现细菌侵染后24 h或48 h,CsPKCα在鳃、肾脏、皮肤和脾脏中显著上调,侵染后12 h在肝中有显著性下调。研究表明,CsPKCα可能在应对哈维氏弧菌的免疫应答中发挥作用,但是否参与病原菌侵染的巨噬细胞激活以及与T、B细胞相关的信号通路还需要进一步研究。这是关于PKCα参与鱼类细菌性免疫反应的首次报道。     

海洋贝类Toll样受体及信号通路的研究进展

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)是模式识别受体家族(PRR)中重要的一员,它可以特异地识别病原体相关的分子模式(PAMP),激活信号级联、诱发固有免疫反应,在抵御病原微生物过程中发挥重要作用。TLRs最早在果蝇胚胎中发现,是一类进化高度保守的免疫受体家族,在果蝇及脊椎动物中研究得较为透彻。海洋贝类具有较高的经济价值及重要系统进化地位,近年来,大量贝类的Toll样受体及信号通路相关因子被发现。本文综述了Toll样受体的结构、信号通路和海洋贝类TLR及信号通路相关因子的研究进展,有助于丰富海洋贝类固有免疫理论研究。     

Identification of a localized mucosal immune response in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), following immunization with a protein-hapten antigen

The ability of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (RBT), to produce a localized mucosal immune response was investigated following intraperitoneal (i.p.) or peranal (p.a.) immunization with a protein-hapten carrier, fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (FITC/KLH). Antibody levels in serum, mucus, tissue culture supernatant from blood and spleen leucocytes, and excised skin, intestine and gill tissues were determined by ELISA. Significantly, elevated antigen-specific antibodies were elicited in both serum and mucus of fish immunized i.p. Mucosal antibody responses, in general, paralleled serum responses over time. Leucocytes isolated from spleen and blood of i.p. immunized fish at week 10 produced significantly elevated antibody levels against FITC when cultured in vitro. Excised skin, intestine and gill tissues from these fish also exhibited significantly elevated antibody responses indicating localized production in the mucosa from tissue-specific B cells. A localized mucosal immune response was elicited only after i.p. and not p.a. immunization, suggesting that systemically stimulated B cells migrate to mucosal tissues where they produce antibodies locally.     

硬骨鱼免疫相关microRNA研究进展

MicroRNA (miRNA)是一类长度为18～25 nt的非编码RNA,在硬骨鱼免疫应答中起重要作用。近年来,借助高通量测序与荧光定量PCR (RT-PCR)技术,筛选到大量免疫相关的差异表达miRNA (DE miRNA)。通过比较多种硬骨鱼在不同病毒/细菌感染条件的miRNA表达谱,筛选出相同DE miRNA,并认为筛选出的DE miRNA是潜在参与调节宿主免疫应答的进化上保守的候选DE miRNA。据此,我们在病毒感染表达谱中筛选到10个进化保守的DE miRNA,细菌感染表达谱中筛选到8个保守的DE miRNA。此外,miRNA的功能研究也取得较大进展,宿主miRNA不仅可直接抑制病毒的复制,同时参与调控干扰素反应、炎症、细胞凋亡等过程。本文简述了硬骨鱼免疫相关miRNA的研究进展,以期为硬骨鱼疾病预防与治疗提供新思路。     

Role of major histocompatibility complex II antigen-presentation pathway genes in orange-spotted grouper infected with Cryptocaryon irritans

Cryptocaryon irritans, a pathogen model for fish mucosal immunity, causes skin mucosal and systematic humoral immune response. Where and how MHC II antigen presentation occurs in fish infected with C. irritans remain unknown. In this study, the full-length cDNA of the grouper cysteine protease CTSS was cloned. The expression distributions of six genes (CTSB, CTSL, CTSS, GILT, MHC IIA and MHC IIB) involved in MHC II antigen presentation pathway were tested. These genes were highly expressed in systematic immune tissues and skin and gill mucosal-associated immune tissues. All six genes were upregulated in skin at most time points. Five genes expected CTSS was upregulated in spleen at most time points. CTSB, CTSL and MHC IIA were upregulated in the gill and head kidney at some time points. These results indicate that the presentation of MHC II antigen intensively occurred in local infected skin and gill. Spleen, not head kidney, had the most extensive systematic antigen presentation. In skin, six genes most likely peaked at day 2, earlier than in spleen (5–7 days), marking an earlier skin antibody peak than any recorded in serum previously. This significant and earlier mucosal antigen presentation indicates that specific immune response occurs in local mucosal tissues.     

鱼类粘膜免疫研究进展

Fish immunology has achieved great progress in recent years. While before 1990s, most researches focused on the fish systematic immunity, and the mucosal immunity of fish had not been given enough attention. Indeed, it has been shown that fish mucosal immunity plays an important role in disease defense. Fish mucosal immunity research has made some exciting progress in this decade. This review will focus on such progress: Constitution of mucosal-associated tissues and distribution of different immune cells, including T/B lymphocytes, granules, monocytes, macrophages, goblet cells, etc, in these sites have been well described with the development of some monoclonal antibody to these cells and associated techniques. Non-specific immune response mechanism of mucosal tissues reported these years, such as secretion of non-specific anti-bacteria and anti-fungi substances in mucus, the respiratory burst, enzyme activity of immune cells and so on, is believed important for fish disease defense. The specific immunity of mucosal tissues also attracts much interest and makes great achievement in antigen presenting, MHC genes, antibody producing and antibody secreting cells, comparison of serum and mucus immunoglobulin, relationships of immune response between different mucosal immune tissues. Whether mucosal immune system is independent of systematic immune system is another interesting question and causes great concern. In recent years, some evidences from phyletic evolution and ontogenesis show that mucosal immunity is prior to systematic immunity in evolution. Dynamics of antibody producing of mucosal tissues and serum in immersion or oral vaccines immunized fish also shows immune response can be elicited in mucosal tissues independent of systematic immune system. Some researchers also begin to pay attention to factors involved in mucosal immune regulations, for instance, neuromodulators and cytokines. The level of these factors changes in fish immune response process but the mechanisms of regulation still remain unknown. Prospect of the promising future of fish mucosal immunity has also been discussed in this review.     

吉富罗非鱼sIgM基因多克隆抗体的制备及组织定位分析

为研究sIgM在吉富罗非鱼体内的组织分布及其在亚细胞水平上的定位,本实验利用纯化的SIGM融合蛋白,按照常规方法免疫新西兰大白兔,制备了兔抗吉富罗非鱼SIGM多克隆抗体;并对吉富罗非鱼肠、脾脏及鳃组织进行了免疫组织化学分析以及胶体金免疫电镜分析。结果显示,ELISA检测所获得的抗血清效价为1∶256 000,该血清能与SIGM融合蛋白发生特异性免疫反应。在肠和鳃组织中,阳性信号存在于富含黏液细胞的上皮细胞层表面,在杯状细胞和黏液细胞中则不存在;在脾脏组织中,阳性信号存在于特定的细胞中。免疫电镜结果显示SIGM主要存在于肠上皮细胞膜附近,并且在肠组织上皮细胞膜表面的微绒毛处含量较多;在鳃上皮组织中,SIGM主要存在于包围鳃丝和鳃小片的上皮细胞及部分红细胞内;而在脾脏组织淋巴细胞内部高尔基体的分泌小泡处存在大量的胶体金颗粒。研究表明,sIgM在鱼体黏膜免疫中具有重要作用,这为探讨鱼类sIgM的特性及功能奠定了基础,并丰富了鱼类黏膜免疫的研究内容。     

Pro‐inflammatory caspase‐1 activation during the immune response in cells from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792) challenged with pathogen‐associated molecular patterns

In response to pathogens, the higher vertebrate innate immune system activates pro‐inflammatory caspase‐1 which is responsible for the processing and secretion of several important cytokines involved in the host's defence against infection. To date, caspase‐1 has been described in few teleost fish, and its activity has been demonstrated through substrate cleavage and inhibition by pharmacological agents. In this study, the detection of the active form of caspase‐1 during the immune response in salmonid fish is described, where two antibodies were produced. These antibodies differentially recognize the structural epitopes of the inactive pro‐caspase‐1 and the processed active form of the caspase. Firstly, caspase‐1 activation was demonstrated in vitro by ELISA, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry in rainbow trout macrophages exposed to different pathogen‐associated molecular patterns plus the pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. This activity was clearly abrogated by a caspase inhibitor and seems to be unrelated to IL‐1β secretion. Caspase‐1 activation was then validated in vivo in gill cells from fish challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida. These results represent the first demonstration of caspase‐1 activation in salmonids, and the first evidence of the putative regulatory role which this protease plays in inflammatory response in this fish group, as described for some other teleosts and mammals.     

怒江裂腹鱼鳃的显微和超微结构

通过光镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜技术,研究了怒江裂腹鱼(Schizothorax nukiangensis)鳃的组织结构和超微结构。结果表明,怒江裂腹鱼鳃基本结构与其他硬骨鱼相似,均由鳃耙、鳃弓、鳃丝以及鳃小片构成,且各部分具有不同的组织结构和细胞类型。扁平上皮细胞覆盖于整个鳃表面,其表面的纹路主要有3种类型,在鳃上不同的部位具有不同的结构和功能。线粒体密集细胞主要分布于鳃小片基部,仅有一种细胞类型,顶端膜内凹呈浅滩型,细胞内具有大量圆形的线粒体。怒江裂腹鱼鳃内扁平上皮细胞和线粒体密集细胞的形态结构与其在急流中游泳和摄食活动等生活习性相适应。本研究结果丰富了怒江裂腹鱼的基础生物学资料,并为阐明鱼类鳃的结构特征与其生活习性之间的关系提供参考。     

卵形鲳鲹TLR13基因的克隆、表达分析和亚细胞定位研究

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor, TLR)是一种古老的先天性免疫受体,参与病原体相关分子模式识别,对维持免疫稳态和预防感染至关重要。本研究克隆和鉴定了卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus) TLR13基因(命名为ToTLR13),其开放阅读框(ORF)为1 269 bp,编码422个氨基酸,等电点为8.13。保守结构域分析显示,ToTLR13含有跨膜结构域(TM)、LRR结构域和TIR结构域,符合TLR家族的典型特征。通过建立TLR13保守域三级结构发现,ToTLR13与小鼠(Mus musculus)和大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea) TLR13功能结构域的蛋白三级结构具有较高重叠性。多序列比对显示,ToTLR13与其他硬骨鱼TLR13具有较高的相似性,与其他纲物种的序列相似性较低。系统进化树结果显示,ToTLR13与硬骨鱼TLR13聚在一起,其中与鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus)最为接近,与哺乳动物、两栖类和贝类相分离。实时荧光定量PCR (Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR)分析显示,ToTLR13在健康卵形鲳鲹的心、鳃、肾、头肾、肝、脾、脑和肌肉中普遍表达,其中鳃的表达量最高,其次是脾。ToTLR13在其鳃、脾、肝和肾免疫相关组织中的表达情况呈现出不同程度的上调,提示其经无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)和溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)免疫刺激后可能激活了炎症反应,启动了先天性免疫反应。亚细胞定位显示,ToTLR13定位于A549细胞质。本研究表明,ToTLR13在抵御病原菌免疫应答过程中可能发挥重要的作用,研究结果可为阐明脊椎动物TLRs的功能进化史提供基础资料。