阿哈水库沉积物中重金属分布特征及潜在生态风险评价

研究阿哈水库沉积物中重金属空间分布特征和污染现状,评价潜在生态风险,为重金属污染防治提供参考依据和理论基础。2016年12月,在阿哈水库设置4个采样点,每个采样点采集20cm柱状沉积物,按5cm分层取样,检测分析铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)6种毒性重金属,用潜在生态危害指数法评价生态风险。结果表明,6种重金属含量在空间分布上有显著差异。水平方向,沉积物中Cu、Cr和Pb含量库心最高,Zn和Cd含量南郊水厂取水口最高,沉积物中的6种重金属含量在金钟河和游鱼河入库口都相对较低。垂直方向上,南郊水厂取水口和库心采样点Cr、Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn、Cd 6种重金属峰值均出现在10~15cm处。Zn、Cu和Pb平均含量都超过背景值,Cd富集系数最高,污染最严重。潜在生态风险评价结果显示,水库沉积物重金属潜在生态危害指数从大到小依次为Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn、Cr,Cd是生态风险主要贡献因子。阿哈水库沉积物重金属总体上存在轻微的生态风险及处于轻微的污染状态,南郊水厂取水口较高的生态风险应当引起足够的重视。     

阿哈水库柱状沉积物中重金属分布特征及潜在生态危害风险评价

阿哈水库是贵阳市重要的饮用水源地,及时掌握其沉积物中重金属的污染现状和存在的潜在生态风险具有非常重要的现实意义。本文对阿哈水库库区4个采样点的柱状沉积物中重金属铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)6种毒性重金属进行了检测分析。结果表明,6种重金属含量在空间分布上有显著差异。在水平方向上,库心沉积物中的Cu、Cr和Pb含量最高,南郊水厂取水口的Zn和Cd含量最高,金钟河和游鱼河入库口沉积物中的6种重金属含量都相对较低。垂直方向上,南郊水厂取水口和库中心这两个采样点中Cr、Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn、Cd6种重金属峰值均出现在10-15 cm处。Zn、Cu和Pb平均含量都超过背景值,Cd富集系数最高,污染最严重。同时,潜在生态风险评价结果显示,水库沉积物重金属潜在生态危害风险从大到小依次为Cd,Cu,Pb,Ni,Zn,Cr,Cd是生态风险贡献因子,阿哈水库沉积物重金属总体上还是存在轻微的生态危害风险及处于轻微的污染状态。     

海水中的常见元素对总氮测定的影响

选取海水中常见元素作为研究对象,考察它们对海水中总氮(TN)测定(紫外分光光度法)的影响情况。研究结果表明:1)所选取的常见元素中HCO_3~-、Br~-、Fe~(3+)、Cr~(6+)对测定有影响;2)ρHCO_3~-在0.142~1g/L范围内,HCO_3~-离子对海水中总氮测定的影响程度随HCO_3~-离子浓度的增加先减小后增大;3)ρBr~-在0.067 4~0.3g/L范围内,Br~-离子对海水中总氮测定的影响程度随离子浓度的增加而减小;4)ρFe~(3+)在0.512 5~2.05g/L范围内,Fe~(3+)离子对海水中总氮测定的影响程度随离子浓度的增加先增大后减小;5)ρCr~(6+)在0.52~2.08g/L范围内,Cr~(6+)离子对海水中总氮测定的影响程度随Cr~(6+)离子浓度的增加先减小后增大。实验结果为消除海水中总氮测定的干扰因素提供了参考。     

Cr6+对牙鲆仔幼鱼的急性毒性效应研究

为深入了解Cr~(6+)对海水鱼类的毒性机理,利用静水式鱼类急性毒性测试方法,开展了Cr~(6+)对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)仔鱼和幼鱼的急性毒性效应研究。获得了24、48、72、96 h所对应的半致死浓度LC50值,计算了Cr~(6+)对牙鲆的安全浓度,并对急性毒性下红细胞核异常率和鳃的损伤进了观察。结果表明,Cr~(6+)对牙鲆仔鱼24、48、72、96 h的LC50分别为75. 19、67. 13、49. 77、31. 09 mg·L~(-1);对幼鱼的LC50分别为462. 13、435. 36、390. 19、322. 41 mg·L~(-1)。安全浓度分别为16. 05 mg·L~(-1)(仔鱼)和115. 91 mg·L~(-1)(幼鱼)。Cr~(6+)对牙鲆仔鱼的毒性属于中等毒性,而对幼鱼的毒性为低等毒性。Cr~(6+)对红细胞核异常率的影响呈现质量浓度、处理时间—效应关系。Cr~(6+)会造成牙鲆鳃的损伤,且损伤程度随着浓度和时间的增加而加重。本研究可为进一步开展Cr~(6+)对海水鱼类的毒性机理研究奠定基础。     

几种重金属离子毒性对黑鲷卵子和稚鱼的影响

在黑鲷人工繁殖中,发现海水中重金属离子对黑鲷的稚鱼及卵子的发育有影响,因而作了Hg~(2+)、Cr~(6+)、Fe~(2+)、Cu~(2+)几种重金属离子对黑鲷稚鱼影响的探讨。找出了安全浓度,并提出亚铁的毒性不可忽略,其特点为死亡界限明显,过渡段短;同时发现几种毒物随着水温的升高,其毒性由强到弱的排列顺序为:Hg~(2+)>Fe~(2+)>Cu~(2+)>Cr~(6+),用直线内涵法求出了TL_(m21)、TL_(m18)、TL_(m96)浓度。     

应用底栖动物完整性指数评价水源地水库溪流健康状态

及时了解水源地水库入库溪流的水生态健康状态对保障供水安全十分重要。依据2010-2011年对浙江省水源地汤浦水库的环境和底栖动物观测资料建立了底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)。根据Shannon-Wiener指数、百分比模式相似性指数(PMA)和多元统计分析结果对参照条件进行量化并确立参照点群。从60个候选参数中筛选出6个核心参数参与构建B-IBI指标体系,采用四分法进行量纲的统一,以参照点群25%分位值作为水生态系统健康与否的阈值,并对小于25%的分位值分布范围进行2等分,确立了水源地汤浦水库入库溪流健康评价标准:B-IBI>25.50,健康;B-IBI 12.75～25.50,亚健康;B-IBI<12.75,差。B-IBI分值与溶氧水平和pH显著正相关(P<0.05)。     

牡丹江干流春季浮游植物双向指示种(TWINSPAN)分类及水质评价研究

应用双向指示种(TWINSPAN)分析技术,以9个采样点的数据分析为基础,对牡丹江干流春季浮游植物种群结构和水质状况进行了研究。结果显示:牡丹江干流水域可以划分为4个类型,境泊湖入水口1#点和海浪河口7#点水质最好,其次为干流的5#、6#、8#、9#采样点,镜泊湖区域敞水区2#、3#点水质较差,镜泊湖出水口4#采样点水质最差,但根据污生指数评价标准来看,水质都属于中污染。     

夏季扎龙湿地底栖动物双向指示种(TWINSPAN)分类与水质生物监测

2011年夏季对扎龙湿地夏季底栖动物种群结构和水质状况进行了综合研究,期间应用双向指示种(TWINSPAN)分析技术,以7个采样点的数据为基础,对各采样点进行了归纳分类。结果显示:扎龙地区水域可以划分为3个类型,6#翁海排干和7#东升水库污生指数(IBP)最小,水质最好,其次为2#采样点,水质稍差,为轻度污染,1#、3#、4#、5#水质较前两组差,3(#扎龙湖)和5(#龙湖)样点已达到β-中污染,但根据污生指数评价标准分析,扎龙湿地整体水质属于轻污染。     

石头河水库浮游生物群落结构及水生态评价

调查石头河水库的浮游生物,评价水库水生态状况,为进一步保护水库水质、优化水源地管理提供科学依据。2014年4月在石头河水库设置6个采样点,调查浮游植物及浮游动物,利用浮游生物完整性(P-IBI)评价水生态健康状况,从水生生境、人类活动影响2方面评价生境状况。共采集到浮游植物6门59种(属)(其中硅藻门16属37种),平均密度20.86×10~4个/L、平均生物量0.936 mg/L,膝曲裸藻在6个样点均为优势种;共采集到浮游动物34属42种(其中原生动物18种、轮虫16种),平均密度5 107个/L、平均生物量162.56μg/L。6个采样点的P-IBI均大于4.34,水生态健康等级均为优;水生生境、人类活动影响评价等级均为优,生境状况优。石头河水库浮游生物优势种过于单一,建议加强水生生物监测。     

基于鱼类生物完整性指数评价红水河梯级水库的生态系统健康状况

应用鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)评价红水河梯级水库的生态系统健康状况。在各水库设置样本采样点,测定鱼类主要表型特征及水质主要理化因子,筛选并构建F-IBI评价体系。使用1、3、5赋值法计算各水库的IBI分值以评价各水库的生态健康状况。研究表明,红水河七座水库中,天生桥水库生态系统的状况表现为"较差",岩滩水库为"健康"状态,其余各水库健康状况为"良好"。总体上,红水河水系生态系统健康状况为"较好"。     

全程投喂配合饲料条件下池养中华绒螯蟹的生长性能及其性腺发育

于2012年5月至2013年11月,对池养中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)全程投喂配合饲料,观测扣蟹和成蟹阶段的生长规律、成活率、早熟率、性腺发育速度、产量、规格分布和饲料系数等。结果表明:(1)扣蟹阶段雌雄生长差异不显著(P0.05),增重率(WG)和特定增长率(SGR)为先上升后下降,整个扣蟹培育阶段的平均SGR为1.9%/d左右;平均成活率和早熟率分别为10.0%和4.9%,雌体的早熟率显著高于雄体(P0.05);一龄早熟蟹和正常扣蟹的平均体重分别为19.8 g和7.5 g左右,一龄早熟蟹和正常扣蟹的平均产量分别为229 kg/hm~2和2433 kg/hm~2;扣蟹培育阶段饲料投喂主要发生在7—10月,占全部饲料用量的80%以上,饲料投喂量与扣蟹体重及池塘水温具有一定的关系,扣蟹阶段饲料系数(FCR)为2.15。(2)成蟹养殖过程中,自6月份起雄体体重大于雌体,整个养殖阶段雄体的SGR显著高于雌体(P0.05);雌雄成蟹最终平均体重分别为126.1 g和181.1 g,雌、雄及总体成活率分别为61.30%、53.47%和58.4%,产量分别为412.20 kg/hm~2、536.10 kg/hm~2和950 kg/hm~2;成蟹养殖的饲料消耗主要发生在7—10月,其中育肥前期(9—11月)的饲料用量占50%左右,整个成蟹养殖阶段的FCR为2.63。(3)池养成蟹的生殖蜕壳主要发生在8—9月,雌体比雄体早20 d左右;雌体的性腺发育主要发生在生殖蜕壳后的9—10月,雄体的性腺发育时间跨度较长,生殖蜕壳前性腺指数已达0.8%左右;雌雄成蟹性腺发育期间肝胰腺指数均呈下降趋势。综上,全程投喂配合饲料能保证池养中华绒螯蟹的正常生长发育,可大规模推广应用于中华绒螯蟹养殖产业。     

Distribution and structure of the population of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer, on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., under typical rearing conditions

Abstract. Samples of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., held in sea cages and tanks with running water were examined for presence of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis. The number of lice, their sex stage (only post-chalimus stages) and location on the fish body were recorded. A new method has been used to express parasitic intensity in fish of different size. Effects of different factors on the degree and character of infestation (structure of the lice population), such as fish size, habitat and chemical treatment, have been studied. Different lice categories have shown different susceptibility to delousing with dichlorvos. Second pre-adults are most susceptible, and males generally more than females. Running water has been found to'flush out'the lice from the fish body. Pre-adults are flushed out easier than adults, and males generally easier than females. Adult males show high tolerance to water of lowered salinity and great mobility manifested in occasional transfer between hosts. The higher activity level of adult males may partly explain a drop in proportion of males after delousing and in running water. Frequency of mating has been found to increase with parasitic intensity.     

茜坑水库浮游植物时空分布及水质风险评价

浮游植物是判断水体富营养化程度的关键指标之一,藻类水华中有害蓝藻释放的蓝藻毒素会危害人类健康,对饮用水的安全构成威胁。2010年4月至2011年3月,按月对广东省深圳市茜坑水库的浮游植物群落进行了调查。结果表明,茜坑水库共采集到浮游植物7门、66属、127种,种类组成以绿藻(54%)和硅藻(25%)为主,水库属绿藻-硅藻型水体;浮游植物细胞密度年均值为1.10×107个/L,绿藻门、硅藻门、隐藻门和蓝藻门细胞密度所占比例较高;浮游植物多样性在茜坑水库各样点间不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),表明水体交换能力较强;结合3种水质评价方法,初步判断茜坑水库为轻污-中污型水体,并通过对潜在产毒蓝藻现存量的分析来评价水质安全存在的风险。7月的水质风险最大,应进行藻毒素测定。对理化因子的测定显示,水库总氮和总磷浓度均超过《GB3838-2002地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅱ类标准值。     

基于鱼类生物完整性指数的水源地评价

通过历史资料和现场调查(2009年9月和2010年8月),对大中型水库水源地鱼类生物完整性(F-IBI)评价指标体系进行研究。根据研究区域的鱼类区系和水库生态系统特点,经过备选参数的筛选,构建了12个参数的F-IBI指标体系,并利用该评价体系对5座水库(编号A～E)的水生态健康程度进行了评价。结果表明,B、C和E3个水库F-IBI得分为42、48和46,生物完整性评估等级均为"好";D水库F-IBI得分为32,评价为"一般";A水库F-IBI得分26,评价为"差"。评价结果与5座水库的I、II类水质达标率的分级结果大致相同,表明该F-IBI评价体系应用于浙江省水源地评价具有较好的可靠性。     

废弃砷矿区周边生态系统的重金属分布特征及污染评价

研究废弃砷矿影响下水库及周边生态系统中重金属分布特征和生物污染状况,可为土壤和水生态修复及治理提供参考数据。2019年夏季采集了粤北某水库的动物、植物和水样,测定了砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)共5种重金属含量,采用单因子污染指数法和均方根综合指数法进行污染评价。结果显示,水中重金属含量沿矿口到水库一线下降明显,As含量最高,为0.0980~1.0010 mg/L;农作物中,重金属综合污染指数由高到低依次为:As>Cr>Pb>Hg=Cd,As污染程度从大到小依次为:白菜(中度污染)>花生(中度污染)>番薯(中度污染)>南瓜(轻度污染);乡土植物中,凤尾蕨对As富集效果明显,平均含量达1286.4234 mg/kg;5种重金属在水生生物中综合污染指数由高到低依次为:As>Pb>Cd>Cr>Hg,3种水生生物重金属综合污染指数由高到低为:河蚌(轻度污染)>太阳鱼(轻度污染)>鲤(轻度污染)。研究表明,受粤北地区重金属高背景值和砷矿的影响,水库生态系统已存在轻微的生态风险,植物和动物处于轻度污染状态,矿口周边的植物污染程度较严重,应引起足够重视。     

Effects of temperature and salinity on the reproductive success of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.): egg composition, milt characteristics and fry survival

The effects of temperature and salinity on the reproductive success of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), were examined by holding broodstock under the following conditions from mid‐May until the end of September: fresh water at ambient temperature (NFW; 8–16 °C); salt water (25–30‰) at ambient temperature (NSW; 4–10 °C); fresh water cooled to saltwater temperature (CFW; 4–10 °C); or salt water heated to freshwater temperature (HSW; 8–16 °C). The relative fecundity of females was similar among groups (P > 0.05; 2685 ± 706 eggs), but females reared in NSW produced significantly larger eggs than those raised in NFW. The highest spermatozoa concentrations were found in milt from males reared in SW and the highest milt glucose concentration was from males kept under coldwater conditions (CFW, NSW). Eggs from NSW and HSW females contained more proteins than eggs produced by NFW females. Eggs from NSW females also contained 40% more lipids than was observed in the other groups, and total energy content was 27% higher in eggs from NSW females than in eggs from NFW females. When FW was cooled (CFW), females produced eggs with protein contents similar to those in NSW, but the lipid contents remained 30% lower. Finally, the best survival at the eyed stage and at hatch was observed in families produced by NSW broodstock. Intermediate values were observed in families from NFW or CFW while the highest mortality occurred in families from the HSW group. All these results suggest that, under the experimental conditions used in the present study, coastal seawater conditions offered the most favourable summer rearing conditions with respect to the reproductive success of Arctic charr.     

Evidence for the release of sex pheromones by male round gobies (Neogobius melanstomus)

We report supporting evidence for the hypothesis that nesting round goby parental males release sex pheromones to attract females, and the results of preliminary experiments into pheromone isolation. We assessed pheromonal communication through physiological (electro-olfactogram, EOG) and behavioral responses of females to water conditioned by males. Reproductive (R) females responded with larger amplitude EOGs to water conditioned by (R) males compared with non-reproductive (NR) males. The R females reacted by directed movement to water conditioned by R males compared to untreated water, but not to water from NR males or females. We are isolating odorous compounds from this conditioned water by fractionating non-aqueous components, and testing for olfactory (EOG) potency. The R females showed strong EOG responses to a subset of HPLC fractions collected from water conditioned by R males, but not to NR male fractions; and the R male fractions were not stimulatory to N females. We have initiated identification of the pheromonal source through in-vitro incubation of testicular cells with tritiated substrates. Seven metabolites were formed from androstenedione in the testis. One of these (albeit in a low proportion) was recognized as etiocholanolone. However, the HPLC elution position with maximal EOG activity did not with the elution position of this steroid (and all but one of the unidentified metabolites). This preliminary study suggests that the round goby may use a steroidal compound(s), or metabolite(s) for reproductive pheromonal communication.     

The effect of organic fertilizer and formulated feed in pond culture of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man): prawn production

Abstract. The potential of organic fertilizer as a partial replacement for formulated feeds in pond culture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) was assessed. Stocking densities reflected commercial semi-intensive levels and the duration of the trial approached a complete grow-out cycle. Mean weight and growth rate were examined in four treatments receiving varying levels of feed and manure. Heaviest prawns and fastest growth were evident in the treatment with decreased-feed-increased-manure. Production assessed as marketable percentages (74.56, 52.21, 13.28 and 11.12) resulted in significantly different marketable yields of 2029, 1284, 336 and 103 kg/ha/year for decreased-feed-increased-manure, feed-plus-manure, feed-only, and manure-only respectively assuming 2-6 batch cycles per year under prevailing conditions. Total survival was significantly highest in feed-only (72.80%), intermediate in feed-plus-manure (40.59%) and decreased-feed-increased-manure (36.32%), and lowest in manure-only (26.77%) treatments. Prawns were separated at harvest into four morphotypes as berried females, females without eggs, immature males and adult males. Average individual weight and group bicmass were determined for each morphotype.
Only prawn production data are presented here. Analyses of water, soil and benthic fauna will be presented in future publications.     

Effect of dietary sodium chloride acclimation on growth and plasma thyroid hormones in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in relation to sex

This trial was conducted in order to test the effect of supplemental dietary sodium chloride on growth and plasma thyroid hormone levels of male and female monosex groups of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) reared in fresh water and 10‰ brackish water. At the end of the experiment. the gonadal development of females was observed. A high‐salt diet (8% NaCl) was fed to female and male tilapia for a period of 3 weeks. After this time. both groups were transferred directly to fresh water and 10‰ brackish water, and a growth trial was conducted over 90 days. The results indicate that dietary supplementation with NaCl improved the growth of females and males at 30 days, except for females maintained in fresh water. Females reared in 10‰ brackish water showed an increase in growth rates that was accompanied by the highest plasma T3 levels. In contrast, males did not exhibit the same relationship in 10‰ brackish water, showing lower plasma T3 levels than in fresh water. Histological sections of O. niloticus ovaries revealed that female groups contained oocytes at different stages of development. At 90 days, females reared in 10‰ brackish water showed oocytes in maturation, while in fresh water, they showed the highest proportion of vitellogenic oocytes and no mature oocytes. The highest proportion of mature oocytes observed in brackish water was associated with the better growth rate in relation to fresh water. These results confirm that tilapia breed freely in low‐salinity brackish water as well as in fresh water.