浮游生物完整性指数在浙江水源地水质评价中的应用

2009年9月和2010年8月依次对浙江省4座大中型水库水源地的浮游生物现状进行了调查,采用浮游生物完整性指数(P-IBI)评价方法对数据进行统计分析。经过对22个备选参数的筛选,构建了以藻类密度、藻类平均体重、藻类生物多样性指数、浮游动物/浮游植物、潜在产毒藻类丰度、不可食藻类密度比为入选参数的浮游生物完整性评价体系;进一步利用该评价体系对4座水库的水生态健康程度进行分级评价。结果表明,4座水库的P-IBI评价分值依次为1.216、5.157、3.304和3.542;P-IBI等级依次为差、优、良、良。评价结果能够较好地反映浙江省水源地的富营养化、藻类水华风险程度等水生态健康状况。     

陕西省４座水库浮游生物的种群结构特征与营养类型研究

2011年6月调查了渭河流域陕西段4座水库的浮游生物种群结构,并根据浮游生物生物量对4座水库的营养类型进行了划分.结果表明,4座水库浮游植物共计8门、40种(属),细胞密度为12.00×104～ 132.50×104个/L,浮游植物生物量为0.3944～ 2.7670 mg/L;浮游动物分为4大类、26种,种群密度为20 ～2 150个/L,生物量为0.0010 ～1.8520 mg/L,各水库浮游生物种群密度和生物量的大小顺序为西郊水库＞桃曲坡水库＞西骆峪水库＞石头河水库.根据有关营养类型划分标准,4座水库中,西郊水库和桃曲坡水库为中营养水库,石头河水库和西骆峪水库为贫营养水库,并对各水库浮游生物的种群结构与营养类型之间的响应关系以及营养类型的成因进行了讨论和分析.     

棉花滩水库浮游生物群落结构特征研究

为探究紫金铜矿事故后棉花滩水库浮游生物群落结构的基本情况,保护水域生态环境,提高水面综合利用效益,恢复生产秩序及水域合理生态结构,根据水库型态设置22采样点,对棉花滩水库浮游生物的密度及生物量进行了监测.结果表明,浮游植物6门、35属、43种,密度为14.16×104～ 131.66×104个/L,平均密度为42.89×104个/L,生物量为0.096 ～7.174 mg/L,平均生物量为1.401 mg/L,浮游植物生物量和密度在空间上呈现从上游至下游逐渐降低的趋势;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在0.628 ～2.671,Pielou均匀度指数为0.231 ～0.839,根据评价标准判断,大都属轻度污染.浮游动物4门、13种,密度为36 ～ 285个/L,平均密度为个79个/L,生物量为0.154 ～3.110 mg/L,平均生物量为1.421 mg/L;多样性指数为1.300 ～2.441,均匀度指数为0.625～0.982.棉花滩水库浮游植物为硅藻-绿藻型,生物评价其属于中营养型;事故发生水域浮游生物群落结构受到外界的干扰,呈现不稳定状态.     

基于浮游生物完整性的汉江中下游生态健康评价

在汉江下游开展浮游生物调查，构建浮游生物完整性指数进行健康评估，为流域环境管理提供科学依据。2020年春秋两季在汉江干流雅口-兴隆河段开展了2次浮游植物与浮游动物调查，并采用基于因子分析的生物完整性指数，对调查河段开展了浮游生物生态完整性评价。研究结果显示：两次调查共检出浮游植物6门95种（属）。春秋两季调查区水体中干流浮游植物的平均密度分别为616×104 个/L和803×104 个/L，平均生物量分别为1.26 mg/L和1.63 mg/L；2次调查共检出浮游动物37属62种，以原生动物和轮虫为主。春秋两季浮游动物平均密度为1036 个/L和1791 个/L，平均生物量分别为0.91 mg/L和1.40 mg/L。调查河段各采样点之间浮游动植物密度相差不大，但是不同季节浮游动植物生物量则存在明显差异。采用因子分析对浮游动植物数据开展分析，筛选了4个公因子（累积解释率65%）。进一步辨析了4个公因子的生态意义，可以看到第一公因子主要反映了浮游生物生物总量，以及浮游动植物比例关系，而其余3个公因子依次反映了浮游植物群落多样性、浮游植物群落丰富度、群落生境流态。在总因子得分表明调查河段秋季生态状况优于春季，并且不同公因子得分从不同的角度反映了调查河段不同季节与位置的水生态状况的差异，进一步结合汉江流域生态特征，表明该方法能够较好地应用于调查河段。     

易贡藏布江春季浮游生物群落结构特征研究

2017年4-5月对易贡藏布江的13个采样点进行了浮游生物调查。浮游植物计4门73种,各点密度变化范围为930-6840 个/L,生物量变化范围为2.124-13.21 xmg/L,易贡湖点密度及生物量最高,夏曲点密度及生物量最低；浮游动物计4门20种(属),各点密度变化范围为12-109.3个/L,生物量变化范围为1.08-12.56 xmg /L,易贡湖点密度及生物量最高,夏曲点密度最低,八盖曲点生物量最低。结果表明：易贡藏布江干流浮游动物的密度随着浮游植物密度的变化而变化,浮游生物密度随着海拔的上升而降低,浮游生物密度与水温和pH具有极显著相关性。     

柴河水库浮游生物群落结构的时空格局及其渔产力研究

2008年对柴河水库浮游生物群落结构的时空格局及其渔产力进行了研究。包括浮游生物的种类组成、密度、生物量、优势种及其多样性等。结果表明,柴河水库共检出浮游植物135种,组成上以绿藻门和硅藻门为主;浮游植物密度平均为11.58×106个/L,生物量平均为6.25mg/L,以小球藻（Chlorella sp.）、梅尼小环藻（Cyclotella meneghiniana）、钝脆杆藻Fragilaria capucina为优势种;共检出浮游动物42种,种类组成以轮虫和原生动物为主;浮游动物密度平均为358个/L,生物量平均为3.49mg/L,以针簇多肢轮虫（Polyarthra trigla）、螺形龟甲轮虫（Keratella cochlearis）、卜氏晶囊轮虫(Asplanchna brightwelli)为优势种。浮游植物和浮游动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数年均为4.27和3.15 ,浮游生物垂直分布没有明显的规律。     

泾河宁夏段夏季浮游生物群落结构特征

2010年7-8月对泾河宁夏段浮游生物群落组成进行了调查.结果表明,该河段浮游植物种类有6门、81种(属),密度为1.1万～11.6万个/L,平均密度为4.37万个/L.生物量为0.024 ～0.210 mg/L,平均生物量为0.083 mg/L.浮游动物有4门、54种(属),密度为60 ～ 185个/L,平均密度为107.73个/L.生物量为0.02～0.66 mg/L,平均生物量为0.24 mg/L.浮游植物多样性指数表明,该河段水质良好,浮游生物群落结构不稳定,易受外界的干扰.     

泾河宁夏段夏季浮游生物群落结构特征

2010年7-8月对泾河宁夏段浮游生物群落组成进行了调查。结果表明,该河段浮游植物种类有6门、81种（属）,密度为1.1万～11.6万个/L,平均密度为4.37万个/L。生物量为0.024～0.210mg/L,平均生物量为0.083mg/L。浮游动物有4门、54种（属）,密度为60～185个/L,平均密度为107.73个/L。生物量为0.02～0.66mg/L,平均生物量为0.24mg/L。浮游植物多样性指数表明,该河段水质良好,浮游生物群落结构不稳定,易受外界的干扰。     

云龙湖水库水生生物群落结构特征

1998年对云龙湖水库的水生生物进行了监测。共采集到浮游植物6门25属、浮游动物29属、底栖动物16属。浮游植物数量225.3×104个/L,生物量0.772mg/L,春季以硅藻为主,占67.2%,夏季以隐藻为主,占56.8%;浮游动物数量40650.4个/L,生物量3.362mg/L,春季以轮虫为主,占81.6%,夏季以原生动物为主,占67.3%;底栖动物数量683.0个/m2,生物量6.763g/m2,水栖寡毛类占59.1%,水生昆虫占29.3%。云龙湖水库为浮游植物响应型中—富营养型水体。滤食性鱼类鲢、鳙的放养对水库水质具有显著的改善作用。     

云龙湖水库浮游生物调查及鲢、鳙鱼产潜力估算

2005年6月和10月分2次对云龙湖水库进行了4个样点的浮游生物调查。共采集到的浮游植物分属6门、28属,平均密度为4.925×106个/L,平均生物量为1.620mg/L;浮游动物29属,包括原生动物11属、轮虫10属、枝角类4属、桡足类4属,平均密度为30353.75个/L,平均生物量2.590mg/L。由此估算鲢、鳙鱼产潜力为83639kg;其中,鲢生产潜力为15603kg,鳙生产潜力为68036kg。按起水规格鲢750g、鳙1250g计算,鲢、鳙鱼种理论放养比例约为4∶11。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.