应用Monte Carlo方法计算水上集鱼灯向下辐照度在一类海水中的分布

利用叶绿素浓度、海表风速数据及集鱼灯、渔船的相关特征参数(集鱼灯的配光曲线、波谱分布、辐射通量、集鱼灯在渔船上几何位置等),采用Monte Carlo方法构造了一个计算水上集鱼灯水下辐照度分布的模型。该模型利用叶绿素浓度数据、纯海水水光学特性及其与吸收、散射系数的关系计算波束衰减系数(包括吸收系数、散射系数),利用风速数据构造毛细波面,计算该波面对光路及菲涅耳反射的影响。该模型与传统计算方法相比,有如下优点:(1) 利用叶绿素浓度数据计算波束衰减系数,并考虑了波束衰减系数的波谱特征;(2) 能提供不同水层集鱼灯向下辐照度的光谱分布;(3) 能提供渔船阴影区向下辐照度的分布;(4) 考虑了毛细波面的影响,使集鱼灯水下辐照度的计算更合理;(5) 叶绿素浓度、风速数据可由遥感获取,使模型更易应用于实际计算。模型计算结果与实测值进行了比较,相对均方根误差为37.6%,但两者之间存在显著相关性(P<0.001),文中对模型结果进行了分析。     

池塘工程化鱼类养殖技术初探

为探索生态化水产养殖新模式，提高淡水鱼蛋白产量，满足市场需求。开展了工程化循环水养殖鱼类试验，初选湘云鲫、黄颡鱼、加州鲈3种经济鱼类进行高密度养殖。经过5～7个月的养殖试验，常规水质指标正常，藻相稳定，最终起捕单位面积产量为湘云鲫109.3kg/m²、黄颡鱼68.6kg/m²、加州鲈63.3kg/m²,利润均为5万余元，取得了不错的试验效果，为广大养殖户利用工程化循环水渔业设施进行鱼类高密度养殖提供了较好的经验，具有参考与借鉴意义。     

淡水池塘循环水养殖系统设计比选试验——“陆基分区”模式养殖实践(二)

通过将小型池塘(1.2×667m²)改造成养鱼区和水质处理区的方式设计了一套新型“洁水循环”系统—“陆基分区”养殖系统。并验证了该系统的养殖效果，光唇鱼经过330d的养殖成活率为84.8%,饵料系数为1.59,单位产量为10.6kg/m³;加州鲈经过180d的养殖成活率为85.33%,饵料系数为1.37,单位产量为12.19kg/m³。结果表明该系统能够实现水体循环养殖，达到低占地面积、低排污的养殖效果，但还需要进一步探讨其养殖技术，提高养殖单位产量。     

下三横山岛养殖海域海-气界面CO2交换通量的空间分布特征及影响因素

为研究下三横山岛养殖海域海-气界面CO₂交换通量及影响因素,从2020年7月开始,在该海域开展为期一年(4次)的监测和分析,主要剖析其温度、盐度、pH、总碱度(TA)及水体中溶解无机碳(DIC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)分布差异,估算下三横山岛养殖海域表层海水CO₂分压(pCO₂)及海-气界面CO₂通量(FCO₂)值,并分析pCO₂的影响因素,探讨下三横山岛该养殖海域海-气界面CO₂交换通量。结果表明,下三横山岛海域表层海水4个季节的温度、盐度、pH、TA、DIC、DOC、POC的分布在季节上差异极显著(P<0.01)。下三横山岛海域pCO₂全年的变化范围为29.93～836.80μatm, FCO₂值的变化范围为-45.67～216.50 mmol·(m²·d)^-1。pCO₂与FCO₂     

七彩神仙鱼工厂化养殖技术初探

为探究七彩神仙鱼工厂化养殖技术,在水温28～30℃的室内水泥池中开展了七彩神仙鱼养殖试验,放养的幼鱼全长1.5～2.0 cm,放养密度为200尾/m³。经过约120 d养殖,试验鱼全长达9.0～10.0 cm,达到商品规格。结果表明,七彩神仙鱼每年可养殖3茬,平均成活率达87.8%,平均单位水体产出达175.6尾/m³。工厂化养殖系统可全年生产运转,水质相对稳定,单位水体养殖密度较高。     

人工养殖斑鳜（Siniperca scherzeri）形态性状与体质量的相关性研究

水温15.00℃～28.00℃下，将体质量(17.17±2.76)g的3月龄斑鳜(Siniperca scherzeri)饲养在面积3 m²的水泥池中，投喂活饵料鱼(饵料鱼组)和配合饲料(饲料组)，180 d后分别测量体质量(Y)及全长(X₁)、体长(X₂)、头长(X₃)、吻长(X₄)、眼径(X₅)、眼间距(X₆)、体高(X₇)、体宽(X₈)、尾柄长(X₉)和尾柄高(X₁₀)10个形态性状，运用相关分析、多元回归分析和通径分析研究形态性状与体质量的关系。结果显示，两组斑鳜体质量变异系数均最大，具有最大的选育潜力；各形态性状与体质量均存在极显著相关性(P<0.01)；采用逐步引入-剔除法建立了形态性状对体质量的最佳多元线性回归方程：Y_饵料鱼=-145.798+0.628X₂+2.925X_7<...     

淡水池塘循环水养殖系统设计比选试验——“池塘圈养桶”模式养殖试验(一)

为验证改造后的池塘圈桶模式的养殖效果，通过使用改造后的池塘圈养桶系统养殖湘云鲫。经过5个月的养殖得到圈桶养殖湘云鲫成活率为70.44%,养殖规格为245.64g/尾，圈桶产量为17.22kg/m³,换算成5×667m²的产量为1390kg/667m²。养殖系统水体氨氮、总氮和总磷会随着养殖进程而升高。最高时圈养桶氨氮、总氮和总磷分别达到了2.96mg/L、7.86mg/L、0.56mg/L,池塘氨氮、总氮和总磷分别达到了2.95mg/L、7.68mg/L、0.80mg/L,出水口氨氮、总氮和总磷分别达到了1.24mg/L、4.36mg/L、0.21mg/L。结果表明改造后池塘圈桶系统可以养殖湘云鲫，但整体水处理效果不理想，后期鱼生长缓慢。     

十年禁渔初期金沙江下游向家坝水库鱼类资源变化的水声学研究

为科学评价长江十年禁渔政策在金沙江下游水库的初步实施效果,实验于2020年11月和2022年5月在金沙江下游向家坝水库开展了渔获物调查和水声学调查,并分析了鱼类资源的变化情况。渔获物调查结果显示,2020年11月共采集到鱼类2科9种,其中?、瓦氏黄颡鱼占优势地位;2022年5月共采集到鱼类5科14种,其中蛇、瓦氏黄颡鱼占优势地位。水声学调查结果显示,不同年间、不同区域、不同水层间的鱼类目标强度分布存在显著性差异;2022年5月的鱼类密度(0.60尾/1 000 m³)高于2020年11月(0.46尾/1 000 m³),鱼类资源在时空分布上呈现不均匀性;不同调查时期的鱼群密集区域存在一定的差异,2020年11月大部分区域之间差异不显著,2022年5月则差异显著;2022年5月的上层鱼类密度(0.44±0.83尾/1 000 m³)显著大于2020年11月(0.06±0.15尾/1 000 m³);不同水层的鱼类分布差异显著,2次调查均表现为下层大于中、上层;估算得到向家坝水库鱼类资源尾数分别为3.2...     

基于GY-30的集鱼灯多点同步无线测光系统设计

集鱼灯实地光照数据量大,现有测试设备因船体摇摆和潮位变动等因素造成较大的数据误差。为降低测试过程中数据误差较大的问题,设计了一种新型测试系统,使用CC2530单片机为照度测试的下位机,采用GY-30模块为光强检测元件,以Zigbee作为主控器与终端设备之间的无线通讯方式。系统实施过程为:当光子投射到GY-30模块时,会产生对应大小的电流,电流经电路放大后被终端CC2530采集,该模块将数据发送至网络中的协调器,协调器通过USB与PC上位机连接并传输测试数据。结果显示,以单次测试样本7×6数据量为例,按照传统测试方法耗时约为120 min,而使用新系统可缩短至20 min,在数据准确度方面也有大幅提高。利用新系统测试大面积的光场分布,在一定程度上能减少误差,同时可减少灯光测试的重复性操作。     

草鱼混养与单养的温室气体昼夜变化特征研究

为探究草鱼混养与单养两种养殖模式的温室气体昼夜变化特征与影响因素，采用静态暗箱-气相色谱仪法对2个草鱼养殖池塘的水-气界面CO₂、甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)通量进行了24 h观测。结果显示：草鱼混养和单养CO₂通量的昼夜变化范围分别为(-119.03±76.25)～(59.79±52.19)和(-199.88±163.25)～(186.64±48.06) mg/(m²·h),CH₄通量范围分别为(1.81±2.07)～(7.25±7.06)和(-11.75±14.38)～(17.77±14.84) mg/(m²·h),N₂O通量范围分别为(24.4±16.4)～(77.4±34.7)和(43.8±12.8)～(165.7±122.2)μg/(m²·h)。草鱼混养的CO₂、CH₄和N₂O日平均排放量均低于单养模式，其中，...     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.