昌黎县海湾扇贝养殖海域水质调查与评价

根据2018年9月10日对昌黎县海湾扇贝养殖海域的水质调查数据,分析了该海域水体基本理化因子,并采取营养状态质量指数评价法(NQI)、营养状态指数法(E)、有机污染指数评价法(A)及内梅罗环境质量综合评价指数法(P)对水质进行综合评价。结果表明:昌黎县海湾扇贝养殖海域各站位的水温、盐度、pH、DO、COD和DIP含量均符合海湾扇贝养殖水质标准,但是DIN含量严重超标。评价结果显示昌黎县海湾扇贝养殖海域已受到有机污染且水体呈现富营养化,养殖区内比养殖区外情况更为严重,其中N7站位最甚。DIN为该海域主要污染因子。     

渤海中部海区水域夏季环境质量综合评价

基于2012年夏季渤海中部海域21个站点的调查数据,采用内梅罗(Nemerow)指数、富营养指数(EI)和潜在富营养化法对渤海中部海域水体环境质量现状进行了评价.内梅罗指数评价结果显示,对参与评价的酸碱度、溶解氧、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、化学耗氧量、石油类、重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg和As)等12项指标而言,表层、10m层、底层受污染站位比例分别为57.1％、33.3％、23.8％.表层海水石油类浓度超标率为57.1％,10 rn层水体超标率为42.9％,底层水体超标率为14.3％,石油类是主要污染因素.从分布位置看,受污染站位主要集中在调查区域的西南部,中部海域水质等级较高.海水环境质量呈现出由沿岸水域向中央海盆逐渐升高的趋势.渤海中部海域无明显富营养化状态,除表层13号站位外,表层、10m层、底层海水富营养状态指数法EI均小于l,表现为贫营养级水平.绝大部分海域氮磷比值高于Redfield比值,但未呈现富营养化水平,无机氮浓度升高,活性磷酸盐浓度降低,渤海中部水域营养盐结构由氮限制向磷限制转变,已经开始转变成磷限制中度营养状态.     

应用内梅罗污染指数法综合评价长乐市金峰镇陈塘港排污口邻近海域环境质量

金峰镇陈塘港排污口是长乐海域最主要的排污口,每天有大量工业污水经该排污口流入闽江。本文根据2005~2006年对陈塘港排污口临近海域监测的结果,运用内梅罗污染指数法对陈塘港排污口邻近海域环境质量进行综合评价。结果表明:陈塘港排污口邻近海域水环境污染严重,COD、无机氮、总汞、磷酸盐、石油类等指标的含量均超过一类海水水质标准,水质呈现劣四类。     

黄骅市近岸海域水环境质量评价

根据2017年4月对黄骅市近岸海域的调查结果,分析该海域营养盐基本特征。结果显示,DO、COD全部符合一类标准,表明该海域水体中DO充足,不易出现缺氧现象,COD含量值比较低,表明该海域调查期间有机物含量较低,无机氮所有站位均超四类标准,该海域受到无机氮污染十分严重。采用有机污染指数和海水营养化指数评价相结合的方法评价了水环境质量状况,表明该海域水质开始受到污染,调查海域为富营养状态。     

陆源入海排污口邻近海域水环境质量分析

日益严重的海洋环境污染成为沿海地区不得不面对的迫切问题,于2015年8月,针对三亚市镇海村、三亚港、红沙港、后海村陆源入海排污口邻近海域共选取20个站位进行水质调查,分析其主要污染物,采用水质单因子污染指数评价法对监测海域的水质状况进行分析和评价。     

石狮市近岸海域水质分析与评价

2015年1至12月对石狮市近岸水域水质进行监测,检测样品的p H值、溶解氧、化学需氧量、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、石油类等6项理化指标,并采用单因子污染指数法及富营养化水平评价法对石狮市近岸海域水质状况进行分析与评价。结果表明,2015年石狮近岸海域水质p H值、溶解氧、化学需氧量符合相应海洋功能区划的环境质量要求,但部分海域水质无机氮、活性磷酸盐及石油类含量超标。     

应用权重修正内梅罗污染指数法对陆源入海排污口邻近海域水环境质量综合评价

根据2005年6月与9月福建省9个重点陆源入海排污口邻近海域水环境监测数据,在比较单因子评价法、综合评价法、内梅罗污染指数法的基础上,考虑最大权重因子提出了权重修正内梅罗污染指数法。通过对排污口邻近海域水环境质量进行综合评价,从而更加科学合理地判断出该排污口邻近海域水环境质量,为海洋行政管理部门实施海洋环境动态管理提供科学依据。     

渤海湾南部近岸海域富营养化污染现状评价及特征分析

根据2011年5月、8月、10月渤海湾南部近岸海域现状调查数据,采用单因子污染指数法、营养指数法、潜在性富营养化评价方法分别进行富营养化评价及富营养化因子特征分析。研究发现,a)该海域富营养化季节变化显著,5月为贫营养类型,8月为重富营养类型,10月为轻度富营养类型;b)营养指数平面分布呈现由南向北递增的趋势;c)该海域N/P比严重失衡,DIN污染严重,已介于四类^劣四类水质之间;d)该海域属磷限制潜在性富营养化。     

灌河口海域入海河流水质污染现状评价

2012-2013年对灌河口海域10条主要入海河流进行水质调查。依据所取得的监测数据,采用水质单因子质量指数评价法和综合污染指数法对灌河口海域入海河流主要污染物和污染程度进行分析评价,结果表明,灌河口海域10条主要入海河流均属于劣V类水质。通过污染分担率来分析,灌河口海域入海河流有7条河流的首要污染物为CODcr,有2条河流的首要污染物为总磷,有1条河流的首要污染物为总氮,其次为石油类和氨氮。     

环渤海主要城市近岸海域水质状况综合评价

为客观评价环渤海13个城市近岸海域水质状况,验证雷达图指数、内梅罗指数和主成分指数在渤海近岸海域水质评价中的作用,基于渤海195个监测站位3、5月两次实测水质数据,选取化学需氧量、无机氮、总氮、活性磷酸盐、总磷和石油类物质作为评价因子,对环渤海主要城市近岸海域水质状况进行了综合评价和等级划分。结果显示,渤海近岸海域主要污染物为无机氮和总磷,其次为石油类物质;葫芦岛、秦皇岛、大连和烟台的近岸海域水质状况较好,而位于辽东湾北岸辽河口附近的盘锦、锦州、营口以及位于莱州湾西侧的滨州的近岸海域水质状况较差;3类水质综合指数对海水中盐度和悬浮物浓度敏感性较强,且相互之间及其与水质优良面积比例存在显著相关性,表明所选择的3类水质指数能够真实反映渤海近岸海域水质状况。本研究将为渤海水质评价与综合治理成效评估提供方法上的借鉴。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.