黄海鲱鱼的性成熟、生殖力和生长特性的研究

鱼类的种群由于捕捞死亡和自然死亡等因素，使其资源量下降，而个体的性成熟、生殖和生长，又使其种群的数量和质量，不断得到补充和提高。因此，研究这些基本情况，不仅是研究鱼类种群数量变动必不可缺少的内容，也是合理利用渔业资源所必需的生物学依据。     

东海区带鱼和小黄鱼渔业生物学的研究(英文)

本研究以东海区历年渔业资源监测调查数据为依据,对带鱼和小黄鱼的群体结构、生物学参数、摄食习性和繁殖习性等渔业生物学动态进行了分析。结果表明,目前东海区带鱼和小黄鱼种群的个体小型化现象相当突出,渐近长度L∞随着时间的推移呈现下降趋势,而生长参数K以及总死亡系数Z和捕捞死亡系数F却呈现逐渐增大趋势。摄食习性和繁殖习性亦发生了较大的变化,带鱼表现出极强的自食性,小黄鱼主要摄食种类与过去大不相同;性成熟提前,同年龄、同一体长组的带鱼和小黄鱼个体平均绝对繁殖力提高。产生这些变化的最主要原因是捕捞的影响和鱼类自身适应自然的结果。     

小黄鱼生物学特征与资源数量的演变

通过分析20世纪50年代以来小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)资源动态和生物学特征演变,阐述其生物学特征与种群数量的变动机理,揭示种群兴衰的关键因素,评估小黄鱼的渔业风险。结果显示,小黄鱼资源动态由上世纪50年代的丰盛期演变至80年代的衰退低谷期、转而又发展到90年代初期的恢复期乃至此后的稳定丰厚期;年龄结构由50年代的10龄以上缩短到80年代的1~5龄、并继续缩小至90年代以来的1~3龄,世代周期缩短;以1龄鱼为初届性成熟年龄比例由50年代的少量(5%)扩大到80年代的中等(40%)、进一步演变到21世纪初以来的大量(74%~100%);个体绝对繁殖力从60年代初至90年代初显著提高,90年代以来无显著变化;生长参数K随资源丰厚与衰退而相应地减缓与加速,具有可逆的表型特征。小黄鱼资源数量和生物学性状的变动机理表明过度捕捞可导致开发性鱼类种群衰退,但鱼类种群为抗御过度捕捞而诱导生命史特征演变,并在适宜的渔业管理措施下有望实现鱼类种群恢复;性成熟提前和繁殖力提高是种群恢复的关键因素,针对性成熟和繁殖力的演变进化程度已接近极限或达最大潜力,如不控制捕捞强度,小黄鱼渔业面临着崩溃的风险。     

广西渔业资源现状及可持续发展的对策

渔业资源是一种生物资质,是影响渔业经济盛衰的根本。本文总结分析了广西目前渔业资源的状况,主要表现为渔业环境污染严重,经济品种日趋减少、捕捞量明显下降,珍稀水产野生动物资源面临巨大的生存危机,海岸生态系统不断遭破坏。针对日趋枯竭的渔业资源现状,分析了导致渔业资源急剧衰退主要的原因有渔业水质污染、水工建筑对渔业生态环境的破坏及渔政控制不力、捕捞强度过大等。为保护广西渔业资源提出了要大力宣传渔业法律法规、加大渔政执法力度,强化渔业资源的综合管理,加快"救鱼"工程的研究及鱼类自然保护区建设,严控捕捞量的增长,加强渔业生态环境监测,切实防治水质污染,加强人工增殖放流,有效增殖渔业资源等对策和措施。     

辽宁省渔船在黄海中南部捕捞生产现状的分析

黄海中南部海域分布着石岛渔场、连青石渔场、大沙渔场等多个优质渔场,是鳀鱼（Engraulis japonicus）、小黄鱼（Pseudosciaena polyactis）、鲐鱼（Pneumatophorus japonicus）、蓝点马鲛（Scom-beromorus niphonius）等鱼类的越冬场、索饵场,也是多种洄游性经济鱼类进入黄渤海沿岸产卵场的必由之路。特殊的地理、水文环境形成了黄海中南部丰富的渔业资源,也使黄海中南部海域成为了渔业开发利用的热点海域。近年来黄海中南部海洋捕捞业随着捕捞船只的增多,捕捞渔获量亦呈现超负荷势态,使得渔业资源呈现衰退迹象。虽然每年进行伏季休渔期对渔业资源起到一定的保护和恢复作用,但衰退迹象依旧明显［2］。以黄海中南部主要捕捞对象小黄鱼为例,过度捕捞作用下,黄海中南部小黄鱼个体小型化、低龄化现象日益加剧,个体生长速度加快,性早熟提前,食物种类营养级逐渐降低,相对资源量、单位补充量减少,生长型捕捞过度的态势严峻［6］。黄海中南部高强度捕捞压力背景下,如何对生产船只科学管理,有效保护渔业资源,进而使渔业资源呈现可持续发展态势,一直是渔业行政管理部门和渔业科研部门所关注的问题。笔者分析辽宁省黄海中南部（图1）海洋捕捞现状,并在此基础上提出针对性建议,为有关渔业管理部门在不断完善渔业管理制度,有效改善黄海中部渔业捕捞现状提供参考。     

关于鱼类种群增殖曲线的探讨

一、前言鱼类种群数量的变化,直接影响渔业生产。特别现在随着捕捞技术的提高和渔船数量的增多,捕捞能力大大加强。所以,渔业资源的开发与保护,已经引起广大渔业管理和生产     

知鱼、识鱼、管鱼:从个性研究开始

个性是指个体随着时间的推移, 在不同情境下所表现出的持续一致的行为差异, 普遍存在于动物界中。在种或种群水平, 个性表现为行为集, 即相关联行为的集合, 在行为集内, 每个个体有其行为类型。个性包含 5 个个性轴: (1)害羞-大胆性; (2)探索-回避性; (3)活动性; (4)攻击性; (5)社交性。个性影响着鱼类的行为表现, 从而影响鱼类的生命过程和产出, 对鱼类自身福利, 水产增、养殖, 渔业管理等都具有十分重要的意义。本文简要介绍了鱼类个性的研究进展和鱼类个性的在水产增养殖、捕捞、渔业资源管理及保护以及物种入侵防治等方面的应用, 并对存在的问题进行了分析以及展望了今后的研究方向, 旨在为鱼类个性的研究及应用提供参考。     

Logistic模型在研究鱼类种群资源方面的应用

<正> 一、前言鱼类种群数量的变化直接影响渔业生产。特别是现在,随着捕鱼技术的提高和渔船数量的增多,捕捞能力大大加强。所以,渔业资源的合理开发与保护已经引起广大渔业管理人员和资源研究工作者的关切和注意。渔业资源的利用和开发,是以鱼类种群的再生补充为前提的,而资源数量的变化,根     

海洋食物网拓扑学方法研究进展

基于生态系统的渔业管理(EBFM)对海洋食物网研究提出了新的理论和方法需求.作者针对食物网动态这一生态系统的核心问题,对其近期发展起来的研究领域——食物网拓扑学理论和方法进行综述.食物网拓扑学通过建立一系列拓扑学指标,定量描述食物网各个成员之间的联系紧密程度,以及各个成员对整个食物网的作用.评价渔业对食物网的影响或食物网对外界的响应,开发可持续的捕捞方案,需要建立并运用食物网的动态模型.鱼类生物的重要特点是其捕食关系在很大程度上由个体大小(体长、体重)决定.而体长结构的渔业种群动力学模型发展已经成熟.因此,建议将食物网拓扑学的动态建模、体长结构的渔业种群生物量模型、鱼类个体大小相关的捕捞过程研究结合起来,作为基于生态系统渔业管理的一个重要的、潜在解决方案.对此,下一步的研究重点是,选择食物网资料采集较为容易、渔业统计资料较为全面的海洋食物网,开展试点研究,从而逐步构建起完整的、具有实际应用能力的EBFM方法体系.     

洪泽湖银鱼增殖的研究

洪泽湖水面宽阔,渔业资源十分丰富,是我国淡水渔业的重要基地之一。但近几年来,由于自然环境的变化以及渔业管理方面存在的问题,捕捞产量上不去。1973年我们对洪泽湖进行了水域环境、水生生物、鱼类和渔业等方面的调查研究。查明了某些主要经济鱼类资源变动的情况,发现某些种类的幼苗资源尚未得到充分利用和合理保护,是产量上不去的因素之一。在     

Evolutionary impact assessment: accounting for evolutionary consequences of fishing in an ecosystem approach to fisheries management

Managing fisheries resources to maintain healthy ecosystems is one of the main goals of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). While a number of international treaties call for the implementation of EAF, there are still gaps in the underlying methodology. One aspect that has received substantial scientific attention recently is fisheries‐induced evolution (FIE). Increasing evidence indicates that intensive fishing has the potential to exert strong directional selection on life‐history traits, behaviour, physiology, and morphology of exploited fish. Of particular concern is that reversing evolutionary responses to fishing can be much more difficult than reversing demographic or phenotypically plastic responses. Furthermore, like climate change, multiple agents cause FIE, with effects accumulating over time. Consequently, FIE may alter the utility derived from fish stocks, which in turn can modify the monetary value living aquatic resources provide to society. Quantifying and predicting the evolutionary effects of fishing is therefore important for both ecological and economic reasons. An important reason this is not happening is the lack of an appropriate assessment framework. We therefore describe the evolutionary impact assessment (EvoIA) as a structured approach for assessing the evolutionary consequences of fishing and evaluating the predicted evolutionary outcomes of alternative management options. EvoIA can contribute to EAF by clarifying how evolution may alter stock properties and ecological relations, support the precautionary approach to fisheries management by addressing a previously overlooked source of uncertainty and risk, and thus contribute to sustainable fisheries.     

Implications of fisheries‐induced evolution for population recovery: Refocusing the science and refining its communication

The argument that sufficiently high fishing mortality (selective or not) can effect genetic change in fished populations has gained considerable traction since the late 1970s. The intervening decades have provided compelling experimental and model‐based evidence that fisheries‐induced evolution (FIE) can cause genetic changes in life history, behaviour and body shape, given sufficiently high trait heritability, selection intensity and time. Fisheries‐induced evolution research has also identified or inferred negative implications to population recovery and sustainable yield, prompting calls for evolutionarily enlightened management to reduce the probability of FIE and mitigate its risks. Sufficient time has now elapsed to evaluate whether predicted negative consequences to recovery have been empirically realized. We find that many FIE‐implicated populations have recovered rapidly to management‐based targets following cessation of overfishing. We conclude that FIE is generally of minor importance to recovery when compared with overfishing, magnitude of depletion and natural mortality. By posing a series of questions and responses, we illustrate how science advice pertaining to human‐induced evolution in fishes can be strengthened. We suggest that FIE research be refocused and its communication refined to: (a) better integrate FIE within existing stock‐assessment modelling frameworks; (b) pose questions of greater relevance at the science:policy interface; and (c) concentrate research on questions pertaining to the subset of depleted populations for which the implications of FIE are likely to be magnified because of their synergistic interactions with other correlates of recovery and yield.     

Catch-and-release science and its application to conservation and management of recreational fisheries

Abstract  Catch-and-release angling is a well-established practice in recreational angler behaviour and fisheries management. Accompanying this is a growing body of catch-and-release research that can be applied to reduce injury, mortality and sublethal alterations in behaviour and physiology. Here, the status of catch-and-release research from a symposium on the topic is summarised. Several general themes emerged including the need to: (1) better connect sublethal assessments to population-level processes; (2) enhance understanding of the variation in fish, fishing practices and gear and their role in catch and release; (3) better understand animal welfare issues related to catch and release; (4) increase the exchange of information on fishing-induced stress, injury and mortality between the recreational and commercial fishing sectors; and (5) improve procedures for measuring and understanding the effect of catch-and-release angling. Through design of better catch-and-release studies, strategies could be developed to further minimise stress, injury and mortality arising from catch-and-release angling. These strategies, when integrated with other fish population and fishery characteristics, can be used by anglers and managers to sustain or enhance recreational fishing resources.     

Long-term shifts in the growth and maturation size of Miyabe charr <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvelinus malma miyabei</Emphasis>

Overfishing can affect life history traits, resulting in population collapse and oftentimes a decrease in length-at-age and maturation size in fish populations. However, little is known about the recovery mechanisms and time scales of these traits in exploited wild populations. In the study reported here, we documented long-term shifts in growth and mature size in Miyabe charr Salvelinus malma miyabei associated with a history of recreational fishing in Lake Shikaribetsu for approximately 80 years. Downsizing in the charr was observed when the charr population collapsed due to intensive recreational fishing. However, subsequent moratoriums and the introduction of fishing regulations, especially the implementation of a catch-and-release policy, during the following 10–30 years facilitated the recovery of population size, length-at-age and mature fish size. This study provides important insights into the biological changes and required recovery time scales of a heavily harvested population and supports management and conservation strategies.     

Perceptions of fish distribution,abundance and behaviour: Observations revealed by alternative survey strategies made by scientific and fishing vessels

Comparisons are made between acoustic recordings of fish distribution, abundance and behaviour when alternative scientific survey and fishing strategies are employed. Two case-studies are examined. In the first, a scientific research vessel uses both strategies to observe sandeels on the Dogger bank. In the second, a commercial fishing vessel uses both strategies to observe demersal fish on the Shetland shelf edge. Although there were clear differences in the densities and distribution of sandeel schools and demersal fish recorded by the different observation perspectives, both strategies reveal important information to improve understanding of fish resources and ecology. The examples are used to illustrate how differences in perceptions may, at times, lead to starkly contrasting opinions between fishermen and scientists. Implications are discussed in the context of the changing emphasis of fisheries management toward partnerships and collaboration between industry, science and management.     

福建近海20种鱼类生态学的研究

本文研究了福建近海20种鱼类的种群结构、生长和死亡参数及其开发比率,并且计算了最佳捕捞规格和最小可捕标准;重点分析了5种主要经济鱼类生态学的变化及其主要原因;从捕捞对经济幼鱼幼体损害的严重性,指出实行最小可捕标准制度的必要性,探讨了保护经济幼鱼幼体的措施。     

Do protected areas mitigate the effects of fisheries‐induced evolution on parental care behaviour of a teleost fish?

1. While the use of aquatic protected areas that exclude angling might be considered an evolutionarily enlightened management approach to dealing with fisheries‐induced evolution (FIE), there is little empirical data on the effectiveness of this approach at maintaining the diversity of phenotypic traits within protected areas.
2. In species with paternal care, including largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), active nest‐guarding and aggression towards potential brood predators by males may render these individuals particularly vulnerable to capture by angling because of increased propensity to attack fishing lures/bait near their nests. Relative levels of aggression by these males during the parental care period correlates with their vulnerability to angling year round. Selective removal of more aggressive individuals by anglers should drive population‐average phenotypes towards lower levels of aggression.
3. To assess the effectiveness of protected areas at mitigating FIE, the parental care behaviours of wild, free‐swimming male bass were compared during the early nesting period for bass within and outside protected areas in a lake in eastern Ontario. Nesting males within long‐standing aquatic protected areas closed to fishing for >70 years were more aggressive towards bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), a potential nest predator, and patrolled larger areas around their nests compared with bass outside of sanctuaries. Males within protected areas were also more likely to strike at artificial fishing lures and were more prone to capture during angling events.
4. Collectively, the findings suggest that the establishment of protected areas may promote phenotypic diversity such as more attentive and vigorous parental care, relative to areas open to angling. The extent to which this phenomenon occurs in other species and systems is likely to depend on the reproductive strategies of fish and their spatial ecology compared with protected area boundaries, and habitat quality within protected areas.

     

Future prospects and their implications for research on the ecology of freshwater fish

Abstract– Projected world population increases imply demand for an increase of 60 million tonnes on the present world fish production of 100 million tonnes. Capture fisheries are unlikely to yield more because many stocks are already overexploited, there are few remaining unexploited and management shows few signs of redressing problems. Aquaculture is a possible source of the required production, given maintenance of current rates of increase. If this potential is to be realized, the importance of maintaining the quality of freshwater, brackish and coastal marine environments can scarcely be overstated. In a world of rapid change, there is an urgent need for research at all levels of biological and social organization that relate to the ecology of freshwater fish. At the organismic level, genetics, migratory behaviour and physiological ecology will be emphasized. Population genetics research is needed to enlighten controversies concerning the impact of cultural practices and the effects of harvesting natural populations. Greater attention will be given to interactions between species, including fish and their parasites, and the dynamics of multispecies interactions in pond culture and in capture fisheries. Issues of multiple uses of water resources will force research on freshwater fish ecology into broader contexts. The march of discovery in all branches of science will have major implications for freshwater fisheries research. The next few decades will be demanding of the creative energies of young researchers.     

Selectivity matters: Rules of thumb for management of plate‐sized,sex‐changing fish in the live reef food fish trade

Effective management of fisheries depends on the selectivity of different fishing methods, control of fishing effort and the life history and mating system of the target species. For sex‐changing species, it is unclear how the truncation of age‐structure or selection of specific size or age classes (by fishing for specific markets) affects population dynamics. We specifically address the consequences of plate‐sized selectivity, whereby submature, “plate‐sized” fish are preferred in the live reef food fish trade. We use an age‐structured model to investigate the decline and recovery of populations fished with three different selectivity scenarios (asymptotic, dome‐shaped and plate‐sized) applied to two sexual systems (female‐first hermaphroditism and gonochorism). We parameterized our model with life‐history data from Brown‐marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and Napoleon fish (Cheilinus undulatus). “Plate‐sized” selectivity had the greatest negative effect on population trajectories, assuming accumulated fishing effort across ages was equal, while the relative effect of fishing on biomass was greatest with low natural mortality. Fishing such sex‐changing species before maturation decreased egg production (and the spawning potential ratio) in two ways: average individual size decreased and, assuming plasticity, females became males at a smaller size. Somatic growth rate affected biomass if selectivity was based on size at age because in slow growers, a smaller proportion of total biomass was vulnerable to fishing. We recommend fisheries avoid taking individuals near their maturation age, regardless of mating system, unless catch is tightly controlled. We also discuss the implications of fishing post‐settlement individuals on population dynamics and offer practical management recommendations.     

2019年秋冬季南设得兰群岛南极磷虾集群时空分布特征

为了进一步研究南设得兰群岛附近海域南极磷虾集群时空分布特征,基于2019年秋冬季（4—7月）中国南极磷虾生产渔船声学调查及商业捕捞数据,从时空两个维度对南极磷虾集群中心深度、集群所处水深水温和集群形态进行了分析。结果显示,南设得兰群岛附近海域南极磷虾集群中心深度、集群所处水深水温和集群形态存在明显的时空差异。平均集群中心深度在4—7月总体呈递增趋势(变化范围为34.39～86.12 m),昼夜差异较小(P=0.325),峰值时段为日升阶段(sun rising, SRS)(64.06 m)和夜间(night, NIT)(65.32 m);平均集群中心深度低值区间为62.75°～63.75°S和58.25°～59.75°W,高值区间为61.75°～62.25°S和60.25°～61.75°W。平均集群所处水深水温在4—7月总体呈递减趋势(变化范围为-1.71～-1.50℃),昼夜集群水温差异明显,峰值时段为NIT(夜间)(-1.46℃)和暮光(evening twilight, ETW)(-1.4℃);平均集群所处水深水温低值区间为62.75°～63.75°S和61.25°～61.75°...