浮球式生物滤器在鲟鱼工厂化养殖生产中的应用

本介绍了双层浮球式生物滤器在封闭循环式鲟鱼养殖生产中的应用情况。在一个120m^3水体，养殖密度19kg／m^3的鲟鱼循环养殖系统中，应用一套动力为4kw、处理能力为40T／h的BAF-40型双层浮球生物过滤设备进行养殖水体的循环使用处理。在生产过程中，对养殖水体的pH、DO、COD、悬浮物、氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐等水化学指标进行了监测，并对鲟鱼在养殖过程中不同阶段的生长情况进行了测量。结果表明，在水体循环周期为1次／3h，换水周期为1次／周的条件下COD≤15mg／l、氨氮≤1mg／l、亚硝酸盐≤0．13mg／l、硝酸盐≤24mg/l，经12月养殖，成活率为98％，增重10倍。应用表明BAF-40型双层浮球式生物滤器可完全满足鲟鱼工厂化养殖生产的要求，确保鲟鱼养殖水体的水质和鱼类生长环境，达到良好养殖效果。     

冷水鱼循环水养殖中的低温氨氮处理技术研究

为解决冷水鱼养殖过程中养殖水体中的氨氮累积问题,根据低温生物滤器及臭氧催化氧化处理氨氮的特点,设计了冷水鱼工厂化养殖氨氮处理系统并进行了试验。试验基于以臭氧氧化为主、低温生物处理为辅的处理工艺,试验鱼为虹鳟鱼,养殖密度为23 kg/m3,试验水体约为10 m3,试验周期为7 d。结果表明,该系统能够满足冷水鱼工厂化养殖过程中有关氨氮处理的水质指标要求,处理后的养殖池进水口的水质指标总氨氮≤0．18 mg/L,硝酸盐氮氮≤29．43 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮氮≤0．1 mg/L;养殖水体氨氮浓度监测表明,臭氧在水中残留低于0．008 mg/L,符合养殖鱼类对水体臭氧浓度的安全要求。     

双层浮球生物滤器设计及其水产养殖水处理性能试验

工厂化水产养殖水体的处钾主要包括增氧、分离（分离固体物和悬浮物）、生物过滤（降低BOD、氨氮和亚硝酸盐）、曝气（去除二氧化碳等）和杀菌消毒等处理过程。其中，悬浮物和氨氮去除是主要技术难点。自20世纪80年代，各国学者深入研究了固定滤床和流化滤床、喷淋滤床和浮球生物滤器（bead filter）等悬浮物和氨氮综合处理装置的性能。     

用于水产养殖的生物滤器反冲与排污装置设计及性能试验

浮球式生物滤器在用于封闭循环式水产养殖水处理过程中,浮式滤球的表面常长出一层生物膜,并吸附悬浮物,吸附的悬浮物长时间积累就会堵塞浮球间的空隙,增加了水体流动的阻力,甚至会断流,定时进行反冲洗是确保正常工作的重要环节。其反冲洗的效果直接影响过滤后的水质指标,在很大程度上决定了生物滤器的工作性能。本研究根据浮球式生物滤器的结构特点和反冲洗要求,设计了浮球式生物滤器的反冲洗与排污装置,并测试了其性能。结果表明：该反冲与排污装置的反冲洗效果好、排污机构的动作准确、排污畅通,一次反冲洗为10min、耗水1．5m3。     

南美白对虾池塘温室二茬养殖水质动态对比

通过监测两茬南美白对虾池塘温室的水质指标,研究了两茬养虾水质变化进程和动态对比。监测结果显示,第一茬养殖水体的水温在25.00~29.95℃,盐度在1.30~18.50,pH在8.30~10.98,溶氧量在7.34~16.09 mg/L,COD在6.63~16.73 mg/L,氨氮在0.32~4.07 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮在0.01~0.78 mg/L,硝酸盐氮在0.05~1.87 mg/L,悬浮物在0.0047~0.393 8 mg/L;第二茬养殖水体的水温在24.70~31.80℃,盐度在1.15~16.25,pH在7.89~9.06,溶氧量在5.68~11.06 mg/L,COD在6.28~21.55 mg/L,氨氮在0.16~0.76 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮在0.00~0.96 mg/L,硝酸盐氮在0.07~2.11 mg/L,悬浮物在0.0105~0.1984 mg/L。研究表明,池塘温室南美白对虾养殖水体的水质条件能满足南美白对虾生长的需求,同时第二茬养殖水质条件较第一茬差,建议在养殖过程中保持较高的溶氧量以降低氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的含量,同时及时开展轮捕,降低池塘的承载量,可降低对虾病毒病暴发的风险。     

单级生物接触氧化法去除海水养殖废水中的无机氮

利用在填料上人工接种微生物组成的浸没式生物接触氧化单级处理系统对养殖废水进行净化,效果良好。在试验水体体积与处理系统体积之比约为100∶1的情况下,对氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮起始质量浓度分别为4.0 mg/L、1.76 mg/L、800 mg/L,COD质量浓度为16.33 mg/L的养殖废水进行处理,发现处理系统中进行着强烈的硝化和反硝化作用:处理30 h,氨氮质量浓度下降并一直保持在0.1 mg/L;亚硝酸盐氮浓度48 h内,前6 h从1.76 mg/L短暂上升到2.24 mg/L,然后持续下降,最低到0.22 mg/L;对硝酸盐氮的反硝化作用能力也很强,经48 h处理,硝酸盐氮质量浓度从800 mg/L下降到180 mg/L。根据对处理过程中的水质测定,浸没式生物接触氧化单级处理试验系统具有较强的生物脱氮能力。     

循环水养殖系统中几种常用的固定膜式生物过滤器

采用循环水养殖系统实现养殖用水的重复利用并进行封闭式生产,被认为是一种环境友好的水产品获取方式。自养硝化过程将氨氮经由亚硝酸盐氮转化成硝酸盐氮,是目前封闭式循环水养殖系统中最普遍的一种氨氮控制途径。固定膜式生物过滤器为硝化细菌提供附着基面,形成生物膜,是常用的自养硝化实现方式,也是循环水养殖系统核心的水处理单元。可根据生物膜载体与水流的接触方式或载体流经滤器的水体中的位置分为几种类型。本文综述了滴滤式、浸没式、流化床、移动床等循环水养殖系统中较常用的几种生物过滤器,分析其优缺点并进行比较,同时结合具体案例进行生物过滤器的设计举例,为循环水养殖系统的构建提供参考。     

臭氧对大菱鲆半封闭循环水养殖系统水质净化研究

为设计构建一套半封闭循环水大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)养殖系统,通过向低压喷淋式溶氧器添加一定量的臭氧,探讨臭氧对水质的改善作用.试验结果表明,添加臭氧后,系统能有效及时去除悬浮物,去除率约59％,将系统总悬浮物浓度基本控制在8 mg/L以下；能提高系统的增氧能力,平均每个循环可增加溶解氧约8.38 mg/L；通过向低压喷淋式溶氧器添加0.26 mg/L的臭氧,总氨氮去除率约为18％,亚硝酸盐氮去除率约为8％,杀菌率约为94％.在海水循环水养殖系统中,臭氧不但杀菌效果显著,而且对去除系统总悬浮物、总氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮效果良好.     

海参自净式养殖系统的设计与应用

设计制作了养殖槽底部流水并带有净化装置的循环水海参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖系统,饲养规格为(0.39±0.03)g的幼参,通过测定氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、COD等指标,以及海参的生长情况,研究该系统水质变化规律及养殖效果。结果表明,水质稳定后开启循环水养殖幼参,密度为0.47 kg/m3,干净化槽中加入硝化细菌后,7~12 d换水时,氨氮和亚硝酸盐的最大值分别为0.190 mg/L和0.077 mg/L。试验期间没有使用任何药物,海参的成活率为95%。     

可给欧洲水产养殖带来革命性影响的新型亚硝酸盐传感器

正测量循环水养殖水体中氮含量水平的一个全自动传感器可提高欧洲水产养殖的生产率和安全性。该款传感器是特别为水产养殖而设计的。项目团队开发的此传感器特别针对测量氮化合物亚硝酸盐做了校准。这是因为所有的循环水养殖系统都有将硝基废物转化成亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的生物滤器。亚硝酸盐和氨浓度高,表明生物滤器没有运行在最佳状态,这可导致养殖水体中出现可能的有毒氮化合物。该创新型传感器有能力同时测量8项参数,使养殖人员不仅可以实时连续接收到亚硝酸盐的参数,     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.