十字型人工鱼礁礁体的水动力计算

针对连云港投放礁体海域的波流状况、水深等设计了十字型礁体，并根据波流动力学理论计算了此礁体受到的最大作用力。该十字型礁体在波流共同作用下的最大受力为2940N，作用力矩为5699N．m。与礁体受到的静摩擦力、重力矩相比，满足礁体稳定条件，即礁体在海底不会发生滑移或翻滚。     

钢制四方台型人工鱼礁礁体设计及稳定性研究

针对台州大陈海域的波流状况、水深等设计了钢制四方台型礁体。礁体的基本尺寸为底座3.5m×3.5m×0.3m,顶面2.5m×2.5m,高3.5m,重7.19。t根据波流动力学理论对此礁体在实际投放海域所受到的最大作用力、抗漂移系数以及抗倾覆系数等进行了计算。结果表明,该钢制四方台型礁体在波流共同作用下的最大受力为32255N,作用力矩为48642 N.m,抗漂移系数和抗倾覆系数分别为1.44,2.23。与礁体受到的静摩擦力、重力矩相比,满足礁体稳定条件,即礁体在海底不会发生滑移或翻滚。     

等边三角型人工鱼礁礁体结构设计及其稳定性

在山东威海西港水产公司小石岛造礁工程投放的三角型礁的基础上,改良设计了等边三角型礁。礁体的尺寸为:等边三角型的边长2 m,宽3.3 m,重8.1 t。根据山东海区的波流状况,测量计算了礁体在8种波况和5种流速下所受到的最大作用力、抗漂移安全系数和抗翻滚安全系数。结果表明,该礁型在实际投放水深为15 m、波高为6 m时,可能失稳发生漂移,在其他波况下能较好地保持稳定;该礁型在投放水深15 m、流速达到1 m/s时,仍能保持稳定,无漂移和翻滚现象。此外,在计算的基础上,对礁体的稳定性进行了观察试验,观察结论与计算结果基本相符。     

珠海万山人工鱼礁结构设计

根据珠海万山海域的水文、地质条件,设计了三种人工鱼礁。鱼礁为3.5 m×3.5 m×3.5 m框架箱型结构,框架采用0.2 m×0.2 m的框柱。在25年一遇波浪条件下,对礁体的水流力、抗滑抗倾稳定性、地基承载力和沉降量等特性进行了计算。结果表明,在底层流速1.2 m·s~(-1)时,礁体的抗滑移和抗倾覆系数分别为2.15、3.69,礁体不会滑移和倾覆翻滚,地基承载力和沉降量均满足要求。     

南麂列岛海域两种框型人工鱼礁水动力性能试验

为改良南麂列岛海域投放的人工鱼礁礁体存在的沉陷、位移现象,试验研究了人工鱼礁水动力性能,并进行对比验证。采用水槽试验方法,对两种框型人工鱼礁模型在5种水流速度(0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30、0.35 m/s)和4种迎流角(0°、15°、30°、45°)条件下的阻力进行测定,并计算阻力系数。以水槽试验所测得的阻力系数,结合波流动力学理论计算两种实物礁体的水阻力、抗滑移系数和抗倾覆系数。结果显示,两种礁体的阻力均与流速呈幂函数关系,在流速v=0.35 m/s时的阻力差比值最低;两种礁体在相同流速下的阻力差比值均随冲角增大而减小;在不同流速下,两种礁体的阻力系数均在冲角θ=15°时差异最小,在θ=45°时差异最大;随着冲角和迎流速度的增加,礁体的抗滑移、抗倾覆系数逐渐减小,两种礁体在海水流速u≥5节、冲角θ≥30°时抗滑移系数<1,但抗倾覆系数始终>1.2。研究表明,改良后的框型鱼礁在稳定性方面有一定的优势。     

布设间距对多孔方型人工鱼礁流场效应影响的数值模拟研究

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术,研究了不同布设间距下,多孔方型人工鱼礁周围水流运动的规律,旨在为深入研究人工鱼礁的集鱼原理和海洋牧场建设中人工鱼礁的投放和布设提供更多参考。本研究采用了4种布设间距,分别为0.5、1、1.5和2倍鱼礁高度,基于计算机数值模拟技术,模拟了速度为0.8m/s的水流流经2个礁体的过程,分别观察鱼礁周围水流运动情况。结果显示,多孔方型人工鱼礁内部和周围存在缓流区、背涡流区、上升流区、死水区等有显著特征的区域;多孔方型人工鱼礁上升流的最大速度与来流速度的比值约为0.95倍;多孔方型人工鱼礁周围上升流最大抬升高度与鱼礁高度之比约为2.1;多孔方型人工鱼礁的结构在一定程度上为鱼礁周围的流态多样性提供了较有利的作用;多孔方型人工鱼礁的布设间距对2个鱼礁单体间的旋涡数量和旋涡方向有较大影响,也对涡量大小和涡量分布范围产生影响。研究表明,在一定范围内,布设间距越大,涡量越大,分布范围越广,但超过一定范围后,涡量不再增大,分布范围也不再扩大;多孔方型人工鱼礁的布设间距越大,背涡流在X方向和Y方向的影响面积越大。研究结果清晰地展现了不同布设间距下的人工鱼礁的流场效应,对在特定条件下进行人工鱼礁投放和布设具有重要意义。     

几种不同类型人工鱼礁的稳定性和集鱼效果比较

根据唐山祥云湾海洋牧场海域具体特点,设计并投放了钢筋混凝土构件礁(A_1、A_2、A_3、A_4)、岩石礁(B_1、B_2)和船礁(C_1)等三种不同性质的鱼礁。通过对鱼礁抗滑移、抗倾覆参数及集鱼效果进行比较,筛选出适宜的人工鱼礁礁型。结果显示:上述几种礁体抗倾覆系数、抗滑移系数均大于1,保证了礁体在海水中的稳定性。几种礁体对渔获量的影响差别较小,从集鱼效果上看,最好的是A_2型的钢筋混凝土构件礁。     

圆柱镂空型人工鱼礁波流水动力特性数值模拟

研究人工鱼礁在波流作用下的水动力特性,对于人工鱼礁的设计具有重要的意义。基于有限体积法,采用边界造波,利用自由表面捕捉法(VOF)捕捉自由水面,建立了可以分别模拟纯波、均匀流以及波流共同作用下人工鱼礁水动力特性的多功能三维数值波流水槽。基于该数值模型对不同波流工况作用下圆柱型镂空人工鱼礁水动力特性进行数值模拟,并与物理模型试验结果进行比较。结果显示,人工鱼礁数值模拟受力与模型试验结果吻合良好,人工鱼礁所受的波流力最大值随着波高、周期和水流流速的增大而增大;人工鱼礁处于波流场波峰正下方时,背涡流的面积随着水流流速的增大而增大,随着波高、周期增大而减小。对单独均匀流作用、单独波浪作用和波流联合作用下人工鱼礁的水动力特性对比研究表明,人工鱼礁所受的最大波流力比最大波浪力、水流力都大,波流联合作用下的流场效应最显著,在礁体的后部形成了较大规模的漩涡结构。     

平面网衣在水流作用下的受力和变形特性数值模拟研究

基于集中质量点法和牛顿第二定律,建立了网衣在水流作用下的受力和运动响应数学模型.采用计算机数值模拟方法,研究了水流作用下网衣的动态变形情况以及网衣受力平衡后的空间分布形状.在2种配重(GW1=4.12 N、GW2=16.38 N)和6种流速(U=0.17、0.22、0.28、0.33、0.39和0.44 m · s-1)条件下对网衣稳定后沿水流方向的总水流力、网衣底端的水平及垂直位移进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,配重及流速大小对网衣受力和变形特性具有较大的影响.随着水流速度的增大,网衣在水流作用下的运动变形加剧,且当配重增大时,网衣变形减小,网衣受力随流速的变化增幅明显加快.为了验证模型的正确性和有效性,文章还将数值模拟结果与前人的试验结果进行了比较,效果良好.     

塔型桁架人工鱼礁流场效应及稳定性

本研究利用物理模型试验和粒子图像测速技术,对塔型桁架人工鱼礁模型在6种换算流速0.031 m/s、0.063 m/s、0.095 m/s、0.126 m/s、0.158 m/s和0.190 m/s (实际流速0.2 m/s, 0.4 m/s, 0.6 m/s, 0.8 m/s, 1.0 m/s和1.2 m/s)下产生的流场效应与物理稳定性进行研究。结果表明,流速达到1.2m/s时,礁体不会发生漂移和倾覆,说明该礁型具有良好的稳定性。单体礁在45°和90°迎流方式下,最大上升流流速和上升流平均流速随来流速度增加而递增,90°摆放单体礁最大上升流流速为来流速度的15.6%～21.0%, 45°摆放单体礁最大上升流流速为来流速度的16.3%～23.5%;上升流面积和高度随来流速度的增大先增加后减小,均在来流速度为0.095 m/s时出现最大值;缓流区面积均随来流速度的增加而减小;在相同来流速度下, 45°迎流时礁体缓流区面积大于90°迎流;在45°和90°摆放方式下,缓流区长度与礁高比值均随来流速度的增加呈下降趋势,且下降趋势逐渐平缓;45°迎流时缓流区长度为礁体高度的13～24倍, 90°迎流时缓流区长度为礁体高度的11～22倍。塔型桁架人工鱼礁礁体前后没有涡流形成,但具有较好的缓流作用,在礁体后方形成了较大规模的缓流区。     

不同侧板结构对八棱柱型人工鱼礁流场效应的影响

为了解侧板结构对八棱柱型人工鱼礁流场效应的影响，实验基于计算流体力学方法(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)，利用大涡模拟(LES)对4种不同侧板结构的八棱柱型人工鱼礁周围流场变化进行数值模拟，并以上升流体积、背涡流体积和向上输运通量等为流场效应指标进行了分析，同时利用水槽实验对数值模型进行验证。结果显示，水槽实验流速与2种尺寸数值模拟流速的均方根误差最大不超过0.065。0°垂直迎流时，2种来流速度下，A型、C型和D型礁的上升流体积较B型礁最大分别高35.6%、244.1%和80.1%，背涡流体积较B型礁最大分别高193.5%、115.8%和88.8%。C型和D型礁的向上输运通量均大于A型礁，且C型礁最大向上输运通量是D型礁的1.29倍。不同迎流角度下，C型礁和D型礁的上升流体积和背涡流体积在4种角度下差异显著，且迎流面投影面积和上升流体积及背涡流体积之间相关系数较小。研究表明，实验所采用的数值模拟准确可靠；侧板数量增加对于提升八棱柱型人工鱼礁流场效应尤其是上升流效应作用明显；下层侧板固定时，上层为倾斜侧板有利于提升礁体的上升流效应，上层为垂直侧板时...     

Beyond the reef: The widespread use of non‐reef habitats by coral reef fishes

Marine ecology seeks to understand the factors that shape biological communities. Progress towards this goal has been hampered by habitat‐centric approaches that ignore the influence of the wider seascape. Coral reef fishes may use non‐reef habitats (e.g. mangrove and seagrass) extensively, yet most studies have focused on within‐reef attributes or connectivity between reefs to explain trends in their distribution and abundance. We systematically review the evidence for multihabitat use by coral reef fishes across life stages, feeding guilds and conservation status. At least 670 species of “coral reef fish” have been observed in non‐reef habitats, with almost half (293 species) being recorded in two or more non‐reef habitats. Of the 170 fish species for which both adult and juvenile data were available, almost 76% were recorded in non‐reef habitats in both life stages. Importantly, over half of the coral reef fish species recorded in non‐reef habitats (397 spp.) were potential fisheries targets. The use of non‐reef habitats by “coral reef” fishes appears to be widespread, suggesting in turn that attempts to manage anthropogenic impacts on fisheries and coral reefs may need to consider broader scales and different forms of connectivity than traditional approaches recommend. Faced with the deteriorating condition of many coastal habitats, there is a pressing need to better understand how the wider seascape can influence reef fish populations, community dynamics, food‐webs and other key ecological processes on reefs.     

Global drivers of reef fish growth

Few studies have attempted to understand how fish growth scales at community and macroecological levels. This study evaluated the drivers of reef fish growth across a large gradient of environmental variables and a range of morphological and behavioural traits. We compiled Von Bertalanffy Growth parameters for reef fishes and standardized K relative to species maximum sizes, obtaining K_max. We then modelled the response of K_max to body size, diet, body shape, position relative to the reef, schooling behaviour, sea surface temperature, pelagic net primary productivity and ageing method, while accounting for phylogenetic structure in the data. The final model explained 61.5% of the variation in K_max and contained size, temperature, diet, method and position. Body size explained 64% of the modelled K_max variability, while the other variables explained between 6% (temperature) and 2.5% (position). K_max steadily decreased with body size and increased with temperature. All else being equal, herbivores/macroalgivores and pelagic reef fishes had higher growth rates than the other groups. Moreover, length–frequency ageing tended to overestimate K_max compared to other methods (e.g. otolith's rings). Our results are consistent with (a) metabolic theory that predicts body size and temperature dependence of physiological rates; and (b) ecological theory that implies influence of resource availability and acquisition on growth. At last, we use machine learning to accurately predict growth coefficients for combinations of traits and environmental settings. Our study helps to bridge the gap between individual and community growth patterns, providing insights into the role of fish growth in the ecosystem process of biomass accumulation.     

Sex change in coral reef fish

Gonadal differentiation can take many forms in fish, ranging from gonochorism, where individuals directly develop as male or female and finally possess only testis or ovaries at sexual maturation, to hermaphroditism where the same individuals can produce mature male and female gametes at some time in their lives. Hermaphrodite fish are, thus, an excellent model for studying the plasticity of sex determination and differentiation in vertebrates. We have shown that sex steroids play a principal role in sex differentiation and sex change in fish. Our laboratory implements several fish models that undergo sex change from female to male or male to female or in both directions. In this review, we will briefly discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of sex change in coral reef fish.     

Ecological indicators for coral reef fisheries management

Coral reef fisheries are of great importance both economically and for food security, but many reefs are showing evidence of overfishing, with significant ecosystem‐level consequences for reef condition. In response, ecological indicators have been developed to assess the state of reef fisheries and their broader ecosystem‐level impacts. To date, use of fisheries indicators for coral reefs has been rather piecemeal, with no overarching understanding of their performance with respect to highlighting fishing effects. Here, we provide a review of multispecies fishery‐independent indicators used to evaluate fishing impacts on coral reefs. We investigate the consistency with which indicators highlight fishing effects on coral reefs. We then address questions of statistical power and uncertainty, type of fishing gradient, scale of analysis, the influence of other variables and the need for more work to set reference points for empirical, fisheries‐independent indicators on coral reefs. Our review provides knowledge that will help underpin the assessment of the ecological effects of fishing, offering essential support for the development and implementation of coral reef fisheries management plans.     

Multicriteria estimate of coral reef fishery sustainability

A holistic basis for achieving ecosystem‐based management is needed to counter the continuing degradation of coral reefs. The high variation in recovery rates of fish, corresponding to fisheries yields, and the ecological complexity of coral reefs have challenged efforts to estimate fisheries sustainability. Yet, estimating stable yields can be determined when biomass, recovery, changes in per area yields and ecological change are evaluated together. Long‐term rates of change in yields and fishable biomass‐yield ratios have been the key missing variables for most coral reef assessments. Calibrating a fishery yield model using independently collected fishable biomass and recovery data produced large confidence intervals driven by high variability in biomass recovery rates that precluded accurate or universal yields for coral reefs. To test the model's predictions, I present changes in Kenyan reef fisheries for >20 years. Here, exceeding yields above 6 tonnes km^?2 year^?1 when fishable biomass was ~20 tonnes/km² (~20% of unfished biomass) resulted in a >2.4% annual decline. Therefore, rates of decline fit the mean settings well and model predictions may therefore be used as a benchmark in reefs with mean recovery rates (i.e. r = 0.20–0.25). The mean model settings indicate a maximum sustained yield (MSY) of ~6 tonnes km^?2 year^?1 when fishable biomass was ~50 tonnes/km². Variable reported recovery rates indicate that high sustainable yields will depend greatly on maintaining these rates, which can be reduced if productivity declines and management of stocks and functional diversity are ineffective. A number of ecological state‐yield trade‐off occurs as abrupt ecological changes prior to biomass levels that produce MSY.     

我国人工鱼礁建设与资源增殖

总结归纳了人工鱼礁及其渔业资源增殖机制的研究情况,包括附着生物增殖、环境效应增殖、游泳生物增殖等方面,并通过实证分析我国人工鱼礁建设中的资源增殖实践,最后针对资源增殖中的管理、技术问题,提出了建议.     

Active habitat selection by pre-settlement reef fishes

Our understanding of habitat selection by reef fish larvae has changed dramatically in the last 10 years. Fish larvae have long been considered passive particles at the mercy of ocean currents, tides and weather events. For reef fishes, ecological evidence has shown that passive dispersal alone often cannot explain larval distributions, suggesting active behaviour by reef fish larvae. While behaviourally modified passive transport may be important, recent work demonstrates that some reef fish larvae have the capability to actively swim to settlement habitat. They can orientate to reefs from distances of at least 1 km and can swim at speeds of 13.5 cm s^?1 for several days. The question then becomes, what are the cues that fish larvae use to orientate to reefs? Ambient reef sound has been shown to be attractive to reef fish larvae, and current research aims to understand better the nature and use of these acoustic cues. Other potential cues include chemoreception/olfaction, wave cues and visual location of reefs. A better understanding of active habitat selection and the underlying sensory and behavioural mechanisms will improve our knowledge of recruitment processes in reef fish ecology, and may have implications for active management of reef fish populations.     

人工鱼礁礁体设计的研究进展

从水动力学、生物学和材料学等角度介绍了人工鱼礁礁体设计的研究进展,探讨了水动力学与礁体设计间的相互作用,并从构筑材料、水动力学、生物因素和配置等方面对人工鱼礁礁体设计研究进行了简要归纳,以期为中国南海区人工鱼礁事业提供参考.     

Improving sustainable yield estimates for tropical reef fisheries

Fishing sustainably is a fundamental problem in tropical regions where diverse fisheries and scarce fisheries information challenges efforts to make reliable estimates and associated policies. To improve evaluations and decisions, we compared the predictions of six surplus production models calibrated using various permutations of fisheries‐dependent data with a benchmark model. The benchmark model was built from fisheries‐independent estimates of r and K, tested against rates of change in Kenyan reef fisheries and found to be accurate. Comparisons with the benchmark model were made with fisheries‐dependent equilibrium and non‐equilibrium models, fixing or not fixing r and K, pooled versus site averaged solutions, and rising, falling, and pooled fishing effort over time. Evaluations indicate high variability in MMSY predictions and notable overestimates of MMSY (~75%) and effort (~210%) for Fox and Schaefer equilibrium models. Non‐equilibrium models had high failure rates (~25%) but successful fits performed better and indicated smaller overestimates (16%) for site‐level evaluations. The Pella–Tomlinson model was most accurate (MMSY = 5.6 ± 0.60 (SD) tonnes/km²/year) and best‐fit r‐K relationships also aligned well with ecoregional data on K and short‐term yields. Future efforts are advised to pool site data, use conservative recruitment values (z = 0.8), and collect data across times of both rising and falling effort. Recommended methods and subsequent adjustments of the benchmark model should improve local and ecoregional scale MMSYs. The benchmark model was calibrated to estimate MMSY in fished seascapes, but to conserve species with slower life histories, we suggest modifications to limit MMSYs to between 1.8 and 3.2 tonnes/km²/year.