桑沟湾海水中浮颗粒物的动态变化

用常规调查分析结合自动监测法对桑沟湾海水中悬浮颗粒物的季节性变化、水平与垂直分布作了全面的调查。结果表明，该湾总悬浮颗粒物和有机悬浮颗粒物的月平均数量变动范围分别为４．６２￣４０．０６和１．９０￣６．１４ｍｇ／Ｌ；叶绿素ａ和悬浮颗粒物的质量变动范围分别为０．９５￣９．６８μｇ／Ｌ和０．０７￣０．８０μｇ／ｍｇ。悬浮颗粒物质量的周日变化与潮流运动有关；而其数量无明显的周日变化。悬浮颗粒物质量的水平分     

乳山湾海水,底质及贝类体内砷的研究

通过１９９５年６－９月对乳山湾的综合调查，初步摸清了乳山湾海水，底质及贝类体内砷的分布。该水域内砷的浓度范围为０．７２－６．８０μｇ／Ｌ，其平均值为１．９４μｇ／Ｌ；底质中砷的含量范围为５．０－９．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ，平均值为７．７７ｍｇ／ｋｇ；     

杭州西湖总氮、总磷周年变化与水体富营养化研究

２００６年１０月～２００７年９月,对西湖５个主要湖区的８个样点水体的温度、溶解氧、ｐＨ、透明度、悬浮物、总氮、总磷、叶绿素ａ浓度等理化因子和藻类生物量进行测定和分析,讨论总氮、总磷与优势种藻类、藻类总量的平均浓度的关系。结果表明,总氮年平均值２．６３ｍｇ／Ｌ,变化范围０．１７～７．８８ｍｇ／Ｌ;总磷年平均值为０．０８７ｍｇ／Ｌ, １０月最高,为０．１８７ｍｇ／Ｌ;叶绿素年平均值为２４．４９μｇ／Ｌ,最大值和最小值分别出现在２００７年７月（５０．５９μｇ／Ｌ）与２月（１．０９μｇ／Ｌ）。优势种藻类及藻类总量的平均浓度与总氮呈极显著负相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）,与总磷呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）,总磷为西湖藻类增殖的主要限制因子。作为一个内源性污染的浅水富营养化湖泊,西湖的治理需要控制人为因素对水体的影响,减少底泥营养盐的再释放,尤其是降低可溶性磷酸盐的释放,从而抑制藻类的过量繁殖。     

峰头水库鱼产力资源调查

峰头力库是一座以灌溉主为的大型水库，有养鱼面积６３３．３ｈａ。库水总氮含量０．７５ｍｇ／Ｌ，总磷０．０３１ｍｇ／Ｌ，浮游植物年平均数量２７．２万个／Ｌ，生物量３．７９ｍｇ／Ｌ；浮游动物数量１１５１个／Ｌ，生物量３．０３ｍｇ／Ｌ；底栖动物数量１４５７个／ｍ＾２，生物量９５４．４ｇ／ｍ＾２，初级生产力为２．６６ｇＱ２／ｍ＾２·ｄ，该水库为中营养型水库，年鱼产力１７．６７万ｋｇ。     

泥鳅与大鳞副泥鳅耗氧率与窒息点的研究

在２２℃的条件下,平均体重约３９ｇ的泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅的耗氧率分别为０１７８ｍｇ／ｇ·ｈ和０２０５ｍｇ／ｇ·ｈ;平均体重约２５ｇ的这两种鱼,耗氧率分别为０１２０ｍｇ／ｇ·ｈ和０１４２ｍｇ／ｇ·ｈ。在２４５℃时,这两种体重的泥鳅幼鱼和成鱼的窒息点分别为０４８ｍｇ／Ｌ和０２４ｍｇ／Ｌ;这两种体重的大鳞副泥鳅幼鱼和成鱼的窒息点分别为０２６ｍｇ／Ｌ和０１６ｍｇ／Ｌ。测定表明泥鳅耗氧率低于大鳞副泥鳅,窒息点则相反。     

菲律宾蛤仔和栉孔扇贝的呼吸与排泄研究

对菲律之后人蛤仔和栉孔扇贝的呼吸与排泄进行了实验研究。结果表明：温度和贝体重对两种贝类的耗氧率的氨排泄率都有明显的影响，且两者间存在着交互作用。菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率（Ｑｏ，ｍｇ／ｇ／ｈ）和氨排泄率（ＱＮ，μｇ／ｇ／ｈ）与温度（Ｔ，℃）（Ｗ，ｇ）存在下列关系：Ｑｏ＝０．３０７Ｗ＾－０．７３８ １．００４＾Ｔ，ＱＮ＝７．８４１Ｗ＾－０．９１９ ０．９９０＾Ｔ；栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和氨排泄率与温度、湿重存在下     

锌、铜、铅、镉金属离子对海湾扇贝稚贝的急性毒性试验

本文通过锌、铜、铅、镉４种金属离子对海湾扇贝稚贝的急性毒性试验，分别得出了４种金属离子对海湾扇贝稚贝的１８ｈ半致死浓度及安全浓度。依次是：１．４４１３，０．０７６６，１．７９９９，１．３９４８ｍｇ／Ｌ和０．２３１３，０．００５５，０．２２７４，０．０５８７ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

长江口水域氮、磷的变化及其影响↑（*）

１９９６～１９９７年对长江口水域进行调查,结果表明,其水体中氮、磷的含量为：硝酸盐,未检出～１．６１ｍｇ／Ｌ;亚硝酸盐,未检出～０．０３５ｍｇ／Ｌ;氨氮,未检出～０．２６７ｍｇ／Ｌ;磷酸盐,未检出～０．０８１ｍｇ／Ｌ。氮、磷的平面分布由河口内向外呈逐渐降低趋势。该水域氮、磷含量历年来有升高趋势,１９９７年硝酸盐最高含量比１９６３年最高值高７．２倍;磷酸盐也有升高趋势,１９９７年最高值比１９５９年高２．９倍。长江口水域中氮、磷含量已超过海水评价标准,并导致了长江口水体的富营养化,这是引发该水域赤潮的重要因素之一。     

盐碱地新池塘测水配方施肥培育大规格鱼种试验

根据测水数据将有机肥、无机肥氮和磷按比例少量多次施肥,使试验水体中ＮＨ４－Ｎ＋ＮＨ３－Ｎ平均值为０．８３８９ｍＬ,ＰＯ４＾３－－Ｐ为０．１２８５ｍｇ／Ｌ,Ｎ／Ｐｏ ７．３３／１,ＣＯＤ平均值为１７．８５ｍｇ／Ｌ,有机腐屑和细菌占有机悬浮物的７５％,浮游动物平均生物量为１８．５７１１ｍｇ／Ｌ,浮游植物平均生物量为４３．２１８ｍｇ／Ｌ,叶绿素为２３２．６μｇ／Ｌ,池中绿藻、隐藻、硅藻为优势种群,成功地     

铜锌离子对褶皱臂尾轮虫的急性毒性试验

研究了Ｃｕ＋＋、Ｚｎ＋＋对褶皱臂尾轮虫（Ｂｒａｃｈｉｏｎｕｓｐｌｉｃａｔｉｌｉｓ）的急性毒性影响。实验温度２５±１℃,轮虫对Ｃｕ＋＋的污染相当敏感,Ｃｕ＋＋２４ｈ半致死浓度为２４ｈＬＣ５０＝１４．４７μｇ／Ｌ～２１．９３μｇ／Ｌ;Ｚｎ＋＋２４ｈ半致死浓度为２４ｈＬＣ５０＝３．４０４ｍｇ／Ｌ～４．５４９ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

獐子岛邻近海域悬浮颗粒物的时空分布特性

根据2015年秋季(10月)和2016年冬季(1月)、春季(4月)、夏季(7月)4个航次的调查研究,分析了獐子岛养殖海域表、底层水体中总悬浮颗粒物(TPM)、颗粒有机物(POM)和颗粒有机物比例(PCOM,%)的时空分布特征,结合POM与叶绿素a(Chl-a)及环境因子的相关性分析,探讨了悬浮颗粒物的影响因素及其与虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)底播养殖之间的潜在联系。结果显示,獐子岛海域TPM和POM的浓度变化范围分别为16.76~97.54、2.20~17.20 mg/L,年平均浓度分别为(31.65±9.58)、(6.97±2.08)mg/L。PCOM值的变化范围为8.69%~37.09%,平均值为(22.25±4.18)%。TPM浓度的季节变化趋势为秋季春季夏季冬季,最大值出现在秋季表层。而POM和PCOM的最高值出现在夏季,冬季的值最低。POM与TPM的平面分布趋势相似,大部分海域的平面分布比较均匀;春、夏季POM的分布呈现中部略高、四周略低的特点,秋、冬季与之相反;夏季底层显著高于表层(P0.01),其他季节表、底层无显著差异(P0.05)。4个季节中,獐子岛海域的POM与Chl-a的含量呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01);其中,春季底层和夏季表层的POM与Chl-a均存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01)。另外,只有夏季表层POM与盐度之间存在显著负相关关系(P0.05),说明夏季陆源输入对该海域的悬浮颗粒有机物有显著影响。     

一种贝类作为水产动物诱食剂的研究

一种贝类（ＡＳＬ）不仅蛋白质含量高,氨基酸组成也比较全面,高不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,甜菜碱含量高达２８９ｍｇ／ｇ。向饲料中添加１％的ＡＳＬ粉,发现其对金鱼的诱食活性不仅显著高于空白对照组,而且显著高于化十香组;饲料中添加０３％的ＡＳＬ粉,异育银鲫摄食量显著高于对照组,六周增重率比对照组提高３３％,这些结果表明ＡＳＬ作为水产动物诱食剂具有很高的开发利用价值。     

乳山湾东流区表层沉积物中有害物质调查研究

对乳山湾东流区表层沉积物中有害物质调查分析表明，表层沉积物中有害物质含量分布具有明显的区域分布，在湾顶部虾池排放口附近，硫化物和有机质含量较高。说明养殖排放水对此有影响。不同沉积物类型，对有害物质的积累能力是不同的，一般随沉积物粒度的变细而增大。与评价标准相比，总的看来，沉积物中有害物质含量没有超标，但在丰水期和养殖高峰期，硫化物、Cd、Pb略有超标。     

对虾池塘网箱养殖罗非鱼期间水体悬浮颗粒物的动态及对罗非鱼生长和存活的影响

于2010年8-10月在广东省茂名市电白县鸡打港实验探讨了对虾-罗非鱼网箱混养池塘养殖期间水体中悬浮颗粒物(TPM)、颗粒有机物(POM)的动态变化及POM含量对罗非鱼生长和存活的影响。结果表明:(1)各池塘总颗粒悬浮物量(TPM)为(83.1±34.1)mg/L,变动于35.0~153.8 mg/L之间;颗粒无机物(PIM)含量为(34.3±11.8)mg/L,变化于19.0~54.0 mg/L之间,占总颗粒悬浮物的41.28%;浮游生物干重(PZ)波动在2.43~22.477 mg/L之间,平均值为(9.631±5.911)mg/L,其中浮游植物干重(DWP)为(8.987±5.983)mg/L,变动于2.298~22.105 mg/L之间,浮游动物干重(DWZ)为(0.645±0.607)mg/L,变动于0.018~2.724 mg/L之间;颗粒腐质与细菌量为(38.966±25.530)mg/L,变动于14.339~97.958 mg/L之间,占悬浮颗粒有机物的比例为81.77%。(2)407池网箱养殖吉丽罗非鱼的增重率和特定生长率均显著高于406、408池(P<0.05)。3口池塘罗非鱼的存活率没有显著性差异。本研究旨在为对虾-罗非鱼池塘网箱混养模式的优化提供科学依据。     

对虾高密度养殖水体中有机物含量的变化

对对虾高密度养殖水体中有机物含量的变化进行了监测和分析。试验结果表明:对虾高密度养殖水体中总有机物含量和可溶性蛋白质含量是随着养殖时间的延长而不断增加,而可溶性糖的含量则随着养殖时间的延长而逐渐减少,并维持在一个较低的水平。     

乳山湾表层海水COD与氮、磷营养盐的分布及其营养状况

调查结果表明，乳山湾东流区化学需氧量(COD)浓度较低，均低于2mg／L。无机氮浓度较高，5月和8月无机氮的平均值分别为0．32、0．39mg／L，5月无机氮组成以硝酸氮(NO3-N)为主，8月则以氨氮(NH4-N)为主。5月和8月无机磷的平均值分别为0．015、0．035mg／L，IN／IP比值较高，平均值分别为74和25。乳山湾东流区处于富营养化水平。     

Environmental effects of a marine fish farm of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) in the NW Mediterranean Sea on water column and sediment

This study examined the effects of organic enrichment on water column, sediments and macrofauna caused by a fish farm in the Mediterranean Sea. Samples were collected on four sampling campaigns over a one‐year cycle. Significant differences were found in the water column in dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate and total phosphorus concentrations between the fish farm and the control. The increase in the dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate concentrations at the fish farm modified the stoichiometric ratios between nutrients, with silicate acting as limiting nutrient at the fish farm 11% more than at the control. Nevertheless, chlorophyll a concentration in the water column was higher at the control station, probably due to the fouling of the underwater fish farm structures. Significant differences were found in sediment concentrations of organic matter, total phosphorus and redox potential between the fish farm and the control. The Canonical Correlation Analysis indicated that organic matter, total phosphorus, redox potential and% of gravels accounted for 68.9% of the total variance in the species data. Changes were observed in macrofauna, with a decrease in number of species and up to a nine‐fold increase in abundance with respect to the control.     

Assessment of dry matter and protein digestibilities of selected raw ingredients by discus fish (Symphysodonaequifasciata) using in vivo and in vitro methods

The reliability of several in vitro steps as compared with the conventional in vivo method to determine the dry matter and protein digestibilities of several raw ingredient by discus juveniles was assessed. In vitro studies were conducted based on a 12-h digestion method and measurement of pH drop involving four different substrate–enzyme mixtures, namely the Lazo single enzyme, Hsu multi-enzyme, Saterlee multi-enzyme and discus extract enzyme system. Results from both methods showed that fishmeal was highly digestible in terms of dry matter (67.22–87.52%) and protein (76.8–91.18%). With the exception of poultry offal meal, findings also indicate that discus digests dry matter in feedstuffs of animal origin (fish meal and beef heart) more efficiently compared with plant materials (soybean and wheat meal) with no obvious trend observed for protein digestibility in any of the ingredients tested. Apparent digestibility coefficients of not less than 40% suggest that all the ingredients tested were potential ingredients for development of formulated feed for discus culture. A comparison between the different in vitro enzyme systems tested showed that the Saterlee method, which used commercial mammalian and bacterial enzymes, was best in terms of its ability to differentiate the digestibilities of the various ingredients and correlation ( r ²=0.85–0.90) with the in vivo results. The use of a crude enzyme extract from discus digestive tract also provided values consistent with in vivo and Saterlee in vitro methods ( r ²=0.72–0.87), indicating the potential and need for further investigation to develop a more accurate in vitro assay based on discus digestive enzymes.     

悬浮物对海洋生物生态的影响

随着海洋经济的快速发展,海洋工程作业日趋频繁,围填海、桥桩钻孔、疏浚、炸礁、爆破挤淤、管道排放和陆域吹填等作业环节产生的悬浮物,在重力、波浪、潮流、风力等因素作用下扩散、运动,对水质环境和海洋生物产生不良影响。Smith等     

镇海石化成品可溶性物质对海洋环境的影响预测

本文采用Joseph-Sendner扩散模型,以龙海市镇海石化成品油罐区项目为例,对分散于水中可溶性物质对海洋水环境的影响进行预测、分析。在介绍Joseph-Sendner扩散模型的基础上,主要预测溶解油品、苯酚等可溶性物质以及施工挖泥产生的悬浮泥沙泄溢入海后的扩散、迁移变化状况以及影响范围,从而分析、探讨了分散于水中可溶性物质对海洋水环境的污染程度。