豆粕影响日本鳗鲡黑仔鳗饲料中发酵豆粕对鱼粉的替代效果：生长、抗氧化能力以及生化指标

为研究日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)黑仔鳗饲料中发酵豆粕对鱼粉的替代效果及豆粕的可能作用,设置5组实验饲料:以含有60%鱼粉和5%豆粕的T0组为对照组,分别使用10%(T10组)和20%(T20组)的发酵豆粕替代对照组中鱼粉的11.6%和23.3%,并在此基础上再分别用4.5%的发酵豆粕替代T10组和T20组中全部的豆粕设置成T14.5组和T24.5组。在水泥池的网箱中饲养初始体质量为(0.405±0.003) g的日本鳗鲡黑仔鳗76 d。结果显示:5%豆粕含量不变的条件下,随着发酵豆粕使用量的增加,特定生长率、增重率和存活率逐渐升高;发酵豆粕替代豆粕后,T10组特定生长率、增重率和存活率显著高于T14.5组(P<0.05),T20组特定生长率、增重率和存活率高于T24.5组但差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着发酵豆粕使用量的增加,日本鳗鲡黑仔鳗肌肉的粗蛋白含量呈现先减少后增加的趋势,粗脂肪则相反。试验组血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量均低于对照组,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性除T14.5组外均显著高于对照组;T10组MDA含量显著低于T14.5组。随着发酵豆粕使用量的增加,肝脏中的T-AOC、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈现逐渐上升的趋势,MDA含量则相反,ALT、AST活性呈先上升后下降的趋势。血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)和球蛋白(GLB)含量随发酵豆粕用量增加而增加;在鱼粉用量相同时,含有5%豆粕比不含豆粕的试验组有更高的血清TP以及GLB含量。以上结果表明:饲料中用发酵豆粕替代鱼粉可以提高日本鳗鲡黑仔鳗的生长性能、血清和肝脏抗氧化能力及肝功能,且最佳用量为20%;豆粕影响发酵豆粕对鱼粉的替代效果,含5%的豆粕比不含豆粕有更好的替代效果,但效果因发酵豆粕用量而异。     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对斑点叉尾鲴消化酶活性的影响

以发酵豆粕替代基础日粮中25％、50％、75％和100％的鱼粉，饲养平均体重为1．1g的斑点叉尾鲴42d后，研究了发酵豆粕对斑点叉尾鲴生长和消化酶活性的影响。结果显示：发酵豆粕替代25％、50％、75％鱼粉组斑点叉尾鲴增重率、特定生长率比对照组稍高（P〉0．05），饲料系数与对照组没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）；替代100％的鱼粉时，这些指标与对照组也没有显著性差异；试验组斑点叉尾鲴胃蛋白酶活性与对照组无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；肝胰脏和肠道的蛋白酶活性随着替代比例的提高而呈不明显的上升趋势（P〉0．05）；各试验组鱼淀粉酶活性均高于对照组，其中以替代50％鱼粉组最高，但差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

四种鱼粉替代物对欧洲鳗鲡生长性能的影响

用四种不同蛋白源替代欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla L.)幼鱼饲料中的鱼粉,研究对其生长性能的影响。经过8周饲养,结果显示,对照组欧洲鳗鲡增重率最高,其次是添加蛋白混合体1与发酵豆粕的试验组III,但其相对增重率比对照组降低21%,差异显著(P0.05),饲料系数方面也是该组最接近对照组。欧洲鳗鲡体组成分析显示,各组欧洲鳗鲡肌肉在水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量方面没有显著差异(P0.05)。因此,在本试验条件下,不同蛋白源能部分替代鱼粉,其中蛋白混合体1与发酵豆粕代替部分进口鱼粉的饲料效果最为理想。     

发酵豆粕替代藻粉对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长及体组成的影响

为研究发酵豆粕替代藻粉对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长及体组成的影响,以发酵豆粕分别替代基础饲料中的藻粉及鱼粉藻粉混合物(2∶15),配制9组等氮实验饲料,饲喂初始体重为17.7 g左右的刺参幼参70 d。结果显示,随替代藻粉比例的升高,实验刺参的增重率及特定生长率先升后降(P0.05);随替代混合物比例的升高,D8、D9组增重率及特定生长率显著低于前3组(P0.05),但前3组之间无显著差异(P0.05);替代藻粉降低了体壁粗脂肪含量(P0.05);替代混合物降低了粗灰分含量(P0.05);替代藻粉降低了体壁甘氨酸、蛋氨酸及半胱氨酸含量(P0.05),提高了苯丙氨酸和组氨酸含量(P0.05);替代混合物降低了丝氨酸、苏氨酸、甘氨酸、蛋氨酸、赖氨酸及组氨酸含量(P0.05),提高了精氨酸、脯氨酸、苯丙氨酸及半胱氨酸含量(P0.05);替代藻粉降低了体壁Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Cr、Mn及Pb含量(P0.05);替代混合物降低了Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu、Cr及Pb含量(P0.05),提高了Fe及Mn含量(P0.05)。以增重率为评价指标,经SAS REG曲线拟合,发酵豆粕替代藻粉的最佳比例为29.75%;经SAS NLIN曲线拟合,替代46.46%的鱼粉藻粉混合物对刺参生长无显著影响。     

石斑鱼配合饲料中发酵豆粕和豆粕部分替代白鱼粉的研究

在浮式海水网箱(1.5m×1m×1.5m)中养殖石斑鱼幼鱼(9.4±0.1g),在等氮(52% CP)基础上进行以发酵豆粕和普通豆粕替代鱼粉的实验, 为期56天.结果显示在石斑鱼饲料中添加14%发酵豆粕,其增重率、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率和蛋白质效率与对照组没有显著性差异(P>0.05),以后随着发酵豆粕添加量的上升,这些指标都显著下降(P<0.05).在同样替代水平下,添加21%发酵豆粕组,增重率,SGR,饲料效率和蛋白质效率都比添加20%豆粕组高(P<0.05),表明对海水肉食性鱼类来说,发酵豆粕是一种比豆粕更优良的蛋白源.用折线模型分析增重率随白鱼粉替代水平的变化关系,结果表明在石斑鱼配合饲料中,发酵豆粕替代白鱼粉的最适量为10%.从实际生产的经济效益出发,建议在饲料中添加14%发酵豆粕,对石斑鱼的生长和鱼体组成不会造成显著影响.     

4种豆粕替代鱼粉对大黄鱼生长、抗氧化及抗菌能力的影响

分别用9种等氮等能的饲料投喂初始体质量为(34.72±0.28)g的大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)。其中1组投喂对照饲料(含50%鱼粉,不含豆粕),另外8个试验组分别投饲由去皮豆粕(DSM)、酶解豆粕(ESM)、发酵豆粕Ⅰ(FSMⅠ)和发酵豆粕Ⅱ(FSMⅡ)替代20%和40%的鱼粉的饲料,9组分别命名为FM、DSM20、DSM40、ESM20、ESM40、FSMⅠ20、FSMⅠ40、FSMⅡ20、FSMⅡ40。在海水浮式网箱中进行7周的养殖实验后,评定4种豆粕替代鱼粉的可行性及适宜替代水平。结果显示,试验组与对照组鱼存活率和特定生长率无显著差异(P0.05)。血清生化指标显示,FM组和FSMⅡ20组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于其它试验组(P0.05),FM、DSM20、FSMⅠ40、FSMⅡ20组过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于DSM40、ESM20、ESM40及FSMⅠ20组(P0.05),不同试验组的丙二醛(MDA)含量均不同程度高于对照组。酶解豆粕替代40%鱼粉导致实验鱼的血清对哈维氏弧菌的抵抗能力下降,去皮豆粕替代20%鱼粉导致血清对溶藻弧菌抵抗能力下降;但发酵豆粕不影响血清及黏液对3种菌的抵抗能力。研究表明,以特定生长率、饲料转化率和抗菌能力为评价指标,发酵豆粕是鱼粉的最佳替代源,发酵豆粕Ⅰ和Ⅱ均能替代20%~40%的鱼粉,但存在抗氧化能力下降的风险,尤其是发酵豆粕Ⅰ40%替代组;去皮豆粕和酶解豆粕替代鱼粉在抗菌能力和抗氧化能力方面无优势。     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对斑点叉尾生长和饲料表观消化率的影响

以发酵豆粕25%、50%、75%和100%的比例分别等量替代基础日粮中的鱼粉,研究了发酵豆粕对斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punctatus)生长和饲料表观消化率的影响。结果显示:以25%～75%的发酵豆粕替代鱼粉时,斑点叉尾增重率、特定生长率、饲料干物质和粗蛋白的表观消化率比对照组稍高(P>0.05),饲料系数与对照组没有显著性差异(P>0.05);而以发酵豆粕100%的比例替代鱼粉时,上述5种指标与对照组无显著性差异。结果表明,斑点叉尾日粮中发酵豆粕可以100%替代鱼粉,其中以25%的比例替代效果更佳。     

发酵豆粕替代藻粉对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长及体组成的影响

为研究发酵豆粕替代藻粉对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长及体组成的影响,以发酵豆粕分别替代基础饲料中的藻粉及鱼粉藻粉混合物(2:15),配制9组等氮实验饲料,饲喂初始体重为17.7 g左右的刺参幼参70 d.结果显示,随替代藻粉比例的升高,实验刺参的增重率及特定生长率先升后降(P＜0.05);随替代混合物比例的升高,D8、D9组增重率及特定生长率显著低于前3组(P＜0.05),但前3组之间无显著差异(P＞0.05);替代藻粉降低了体壁粗脂肪含量(P＜0.05);替代混合物降低了粗灰分含量(P＜0.05);替代藻粉降低了体壁甘氨酸、蛋氨酸及半胱氨酸含量(P＜0.05),提高了苯丙氨酸和组氨酸含量(P＜0.05);替代混合物降低了丝氨酸、苏氨酸、甘氨酸、蛋氨酸、赖氨酸及组氨酸含量(P＜0.05),提高了精氨酸、脯氨酸、苯丙氨酸及半胱氨酸含量(尸＜0.05);替代藻粉降低了体壁Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Cr、Mn及Pb含量(P＜0.05);替代混合物降低了Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu、Cr及Pb含量(P＜0.05),提高了Fe及Mn含量(P＜0.05).以增重率为评价指标,经SAS REG曲线拟合,发酵豆粕替代藻粉的最佳比例为29.75％;经SAS NLIN曲线拟合,替代46.46％的鱼粉藻粉混合物对刺参生长无显著影响.     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对斑点叉尾鮰消化酶活性的影响

以发酵豆粕替代基础日粮中25%、50%、75%和100%的鱼粉,饲养平均体重为1.1g的斑点叉尾鮰42d后,研究了发酵豆粕对斑点叉尾鮰生长和消化酶活性的影响.结果显示:发酵豆粕替代25%、50%、75%鱼粉组斑点叉尾鮰增重率、特定生长率比对照组稍高(P>0.05),饲料系数与对照组没有显著性差异(P>0.05);替代100%的鱼粉时,这些指标与对照组也没有显著性差异;试验组斑点叉尾鮰胃蛋白酶活性与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05);肝胰脏和肠道的蛋白酶活性随着替代比例的提高而呈不明显的上升趋势(P>0.05);各试验组鱼淀粉酶活性均高于对照组,其中以替代50%鱼粉组最高,但差异不显著(P>0.05).     

发酵豆粕、肉骨粉及其混合物替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长、血清生化指标和肠道组织学的影响

为探究2种蛋白源单一和混合替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长性能、血清生化指标和肠道组织学的影响,实验用发酵豆粕（FSM）、肉骨粉（MBM）和发酵豆粕+肉骨粉（FSM+MBM）混合物（1:1）等蛋白替代基础饲料（含鱼粉350 g/kg）中150 g/kg的鱼粉,使鱼粉含量降为200 g/kg,共配制成4种等氮等脂的实验饲料,记为FM（对照组）、FSM、MBM和FSM+MBM组,投喂初始体质量为（21.2 ± 0.1）g的大口黑鲈8周。结果显示,与对照组相比,各替代组的增重率均无显著差异,但FSM组的增重率显著低于FSM+MBM组。此外,FSM组的饲料系数较对照组和MBM组显著升高。各组在全鱼成分（水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分）和干物质消化率、蛋白质消化率以及蛋白质沉积率上无显著差异,而FSM组的蛋白质效率和脂肪沉积率显著低于对照组。此外,FSM组的血清谷草转氨酶显著增加,而血清总抗氧化能力以及超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶活性显著降低。在前肠形态学方面,各替代组的绒毛宽度均显著低于对照组,FSM组的绒毛高度、肌层厚度以及绒毛长度显著高于对照组。以上结果表明,在鱼粉含量为350 g/kg的饲料中,肉骨粉、发酵豆粕+肉骨粉混合物可以有效替代150 g/kg的鱼粉（鱼粉含量降至200 g/kg）,不会影响大口黑鲈的生长性能、营养物质利用率、抗氧化能力、非特异性免疫和肠道健康,发酵豆粕+肉骨粉混合物替代鱼粉的效果优于发酵豆粕。本研究结果可为大口黑鲈饲料中蛋白源的开发和低鱼粉饲料的配制提供依据。     

Using Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal as replacement for fish meal in the diet of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides,Hamilton)

The potential of Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal (FSBM) as a partial alternative component of fish meal (FM) in fed diets of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) was evaluated in this study. An FM‐based diet and seven diets containing 10%, 20% and 30% and 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of FM replaced by soybean meal (SBM) and FSBM, respectively, were fed to grouper for 84 days to evaluate possible substitution levels of FM by tracking growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and morphological changes in the liver and distal intestine. No significant differences in survival and muscle composition of grouper were found between controls and treatments. Growth performance and feed efficiency of fish fed diets with FM replaced by FSBM up to 30% were not significantly different from controls, whereas significantly decreased growth performance and feed efficiency occurred with diets containing >20% of SBM. Based on the feed efficiency, the maximum substituted levels of FM by SBM and FSBM in grouper diets were 18.36% and 29.32%, respectively, based on broken‐line analyses. Histopathological changes in the liver and distal intestine, and significantly lower activity levels of digestive enzymes, including pepsin in the stomach and trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase in the distal intestine, were found in fish fed a diet containing 30% of FM replaced by SBM. However, these parameters were improved by the substitution of FSBM. It is therefore believed that FSBM has great potential to be used as a protein source in grouper diets in partial replacement of FM.     

Partial Replacement of Fish Meal by Fermented Soybean Meal in Diets for Black Sea Bream,Acanthopagrus schlegelii,Juveniles

The effect of fish meal (FM) substitution with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in the diets of the carnivorous marine fish, black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii, was investigated. An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted with black sea bream (11.82 ± 0.32 g; mean initial weight) in indoor flow‐through fiberglass tanks (25 fish per tank). Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated, in which FM was replaced by FSBM at 0% (control diet), 10% (FSBM10), 20% (FSBM20), 30% (FSBM30), 40% (FSBM40), or 50% (FSBM50), respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish twice daily to apparent satiation. The results showed that there was no difference in survival of black sea bream during the feeding trial. Fish fed the FSBM10 or FSBM20 diet showed comparable growth performance compared with fish fed the control diet (P > 0.05), whereas more than 30% replacement of FM adversely affected weight gain and specific growth rate (P < 0.05). Feed intake was significantly lower for fish fed the FSBM50 diet compared with fish fed the control diet. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) tended to increase with increasing dietary FSBM with the poorest FCR observed for fish fed the FSBM50 diet. Protein efficiency ratio and protein productive values showed similar patterns. Apparent digestibility of nutrients significantly decreased with increasing dietary FSBM level. With the exception of protein content, no significant differences in whole body and dorsal muscle composition were observed in fish fed the various diets. Fish fed the FSBM50 diet had significantly lower intraperitoneal ratio than fish fed the control or FSBM10 diet. Hepatosomatic index and condition factor were unaffected by dietary treatments. This study showed that up to 20% of dietary FM protein could be replaced by FSBM protein in the diets of juvenile black sea bream.     

Feeding fermented soybean meal diet supplemented with taurine to yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata affects growth performance and lipid digestion

Feeding experiment was conducted to determine whether fermentation and taurine supplementation of soybean meal (SBM) fed to yellowtail improve growth performance and lipid digestion. Six diets were formulated and designated as SBM, SBM supplemented with taurine (SBM + T), SBM fermented by Bacillus spp. (FSBM1), SBM fermented by Lactobacillus spp. (FSBM2), FSBM2 supplemented with taurine (FSBM2 + T), and fish meal (FM). Yellowtail fingerlings with an initial body weight of 42 g were stocked in 200‐L tanks. The fish were fed, each diet was fed twice daily in two separate tanks for 8 weeks. Results showed that lipid digestibility of the SBM diet was significantly lower than that of the FM diet, but SBM diet lipid digestibility was improved by taurine supplementation and fermentation. Lipase activity in anterior intestinal digesta, lipid contents in liver and muscle, and bile acid concentrations in gallbladder and anterior intestinal digesta were significantly lower in fish fed SBM diet than in fish fed FM diet; these parameters were not significantly different between fish fed SBM + T, FSBM2, FSBM2 + T diets and FM diet. Although taurine supplementation or fermentation improved lipid digestibility compared with FM diet, growth parameters were only improved in the fish fed FSBM2 + T diet, indicating that apart from a lack of taurine, SBM contains other factors responsible for inferior growth of yellowtail. These factors can be partially eliminated by Lactobacillus spp. fermentation.     

Evaluation of fermented soybean meal in the practical diets for juvenile Chinese sucker,Myxocyprinus asiaticus

The study was designed to investigate the influence of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on the growth and feed utilization of juvenile Chinese sucker, Myxocyprinus asiaticus. Seven isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated with 0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, 55% or 65% replacement of fish meal with FSBM on a protein basis. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish with an initial weight 4.59 ± 0.2 g for 8 weeks. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly lower when FSBM inclusion was 391 g kg^?1 or greater, replacing more than 45% fish meal protein. A significant negative relationship was observed between growth response and the level of fish meal protein replacement with FSBM. Methionine and Lysine content decreased as FSBM inclusion levels increased, consequently compromising growth performance. Feed intake (FI) were unaffected by dietary FSBM levels. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish fed D‐0, D‐15, D‐25 and D‐35 diets was significantly lower than those fed other diets. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) was highest at the lowest FSBM inclusion level. Experimental diets D‐0, D‐15, D‐25 and D‐35 had apparent dry matter digestibility ranging from 71.2% to 72.6% and apparent protein digestibility (ADPs) from 89.1% to 90.1%, while the diets with higher FSBM inclusion (D‐45 to D‐65) had a significantly lower apparent dry matter digestibility range (69.7–70.3%) and ADPs range (88.5–88.9%). It is concluded that FSBM is an acceptable alternative plant protein source that can replace up to 35% of fish meal protein in diets without significant adverse effects on growth, survival, FCR, PER and body composition.     

An evaluation of replacing fish meal with fermented soybean meal in the diets of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): Growth,nutrition utilization and intestinal histology

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on growth performance, nutrition utilization and intestinal histology of largemouth bass. The basal diet contained 350 g/kg FM (control), and then, FM was replaced with SBM or FSBM of 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% respectively. The results showed that the specific growth rate of fish fed FSBM‐60, SBM‐45 and SBM‐60 diets significantly decreased, and the feed conversion ratio of SBM‐30, SBM‐45, SBM‐60, FSBM‐45 and FSBM‐60 groups increased when compared to the control group (p < .05). The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and crude protein of SBM‐45, SBM‐60 and FSBM‐60 groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < .05), and the substitution of FM with SBM and FSBM (45% and 60%) significantly reduced the protein retention (p < .05). Serum total protein contents of SBM‐60 and FSBM‐60 groups and serum cholesterol contents of SBM‐45, SBM‐60 and FSBM‐60 groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < .05). The SBM‐30 and SBM‐60 groups showed significantly higher alanine aminotransferase activity than the control group (p < .05). The intestinal histology analysis resulted that the villus length of the SBM‐60 group and the villus width of the SBM‐45, SBM‐60 and FSBM‐60 groups decreased when compared to the control (p < .05). In conclusion, FSBM could replace 30% FM in diet of largemouth bass containing 350 g/kg FM, while the substitution level of FM with SBM was only 15%.     

Increase in the plant protein ratio in the diet of white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone), using Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal as a replacement

This study aimed to improve the nutritional value and utilization of soybean meal (SBM) used as feed ingredient for shrimp by an approach of solid‐state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis E20. The protein content and B. subtilis E20 proliferation significantly increased, as the initial moisture increased from 30% to 50% during fermentation. Compared with SBM, the protein content of FSBM increased by 19% after fermentation, accompanied by an increase of 18.75% in the total hydrolyzed amino acids. The free amino acid profile and content in FSBM also obviously increased by 374.9% compared with SBM. The FSBM is a good substitute for fish meal (FM) in a diet with 37% protein and 7% lipid content. The maximal replacement levels of FM in shrimp diet with SBM and FSBM were 37.42% and 61.67%, respectively, based on the feed efficiency estimated by a broken‐line analysis. The B. subtilis E20‐FSBM can be a potential protein source used as a replacement for FM in shrimp diet.     

饲料级鸡肉粉对黄鳝生长、消化酶及血清生化指标的影响

将初始体质量(26.67±0.05) g的健康黄鳝饲养在1.5 m×2.0 m×1.5 m的网箱中,网箱内水花生覆盖水面90%以上,投喂用饲料级鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的5组等氮等脂饲料:鱼粉组(对照组)、15%替代组、30%替代组、45%替代组和60%替代组,研究以饲料级鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对黄鳝生长、肠道消化酶活力以及血清生化指标的影响。8周的养殖试验结果表明,随着替代水平的增加,黄鳝质量增加率呈下降趋势( P <0.05),当鸡肉粉替代比例超过30%时,血清补体3与补体4含量显著升高( P <0.05)。高比例替代组的饲料系数、全鱼粗脂肪和甘油三酯含量显著高于鱼粉组( P <0.05) ,30%替代组和45%替代组的低密度脂蛋白显著升高( P <0.05)。除45%替代组外,各替代组肠道脂肪酶活力均显著下降( P <0.05)。各替代组白蛋白含量均低于鱼粉组但差异不显著( P >0.05)。15%替代组、30%替代组的谷丙转氨酶活性和60%替代组的谷草转氨酶活性均显著高于鱼粉组( P <0.05)。综上所述,本试验条件下,饲料级鸡肉粉可替代饲料中30%的鱼粉而不影响黄鳝的生长和生理功能。     

Effects of replacing fish meal with soybean meal and peanut meal on growth,feed utilization and haemolymph indexes for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) and peanut meal (PM) on growth, feed utilization, body composition and haemolymph indexes of juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone. Five diets were formulated: a control diet (FM30) containing 30% fish meal and four other diets (FM20, FM15, FM10 and FM5) in which protein from fish meal was substituted by protein from SBM and PM. The dietary amino acids of diets FM20, FM15, FM10 and FM5 were equal to those of the diet FM30 by adding crystalline amino acids (lysine and methionine). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps (initial weight = 0.48 g), each three times daily. The results indicated that shrimp fed the diets FM15, FM10 and FM5 had poor growth performance and feed utilization compared with shrimp fed the control diet. No difference was observed in feed intake, survival and body composition among dietary treatments. The plasma total cholesterol level of shrimp and the digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy contained in the diets decreased significantly with increasing PM and SBM inclusion levels. Results of this study suggested that fish meal can be reduced from 300 to 200 g kg^?1 when replaced by a mixture of SBM and PM.     

Haemoglobin powder as a dietary fish meal replacer in juvenile Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica (Temminck et Schlegel)

Two consecutive 6-week feeding trials were conducted to determine the amount of haemoglobin powder (BM) that could replace fish meal (FM) in juvenile Japanese eel Anguilla japonica (Temminck et Schlegel) diets. Fish were fed 50% crude protein diets in which each of ten isonitrogenous diets was formulated to contain white fish meal and/or blood meal as the dietary protein source to replace FM by BM as follows: Diet 1 (control), 0% BM; diet 2,12.5% BM; diet 3,25% BM; diet 4, 50% BM; diet 5, 75% BM; diet6,100%BM;diet7,25%BM + 3 Essential Amino Acids (EAA); diet 8, 50% BM + 3 EAA; diet 9, 75% BM + 3 EAA; diet 10, 100 BM + 3 EAA. In the first 6-week period, the results were not consistent with the treatments, and poor adaptation of the fish to the experimental diets and conditions was observed. In the second 6-week period, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value offish fed diets 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9 were not significantly different from those of fish fed the control diet (P > 0.05). However, feed conversion ratios offish fed diets 6 and 10 were lower than that offish fed the control diet (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that FM can be replaced by BM up to 50% without supplementation of three EAA, and up to 75% with three EAA supplementation in juvenile Japanese eel diets.     

Growth, uptake and retention of nitrogen and phosphorus, and absorption of other minerals in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar fed diets with fish meal and soy–protein concentrate as the main sources of protein

An experiment with 0.2‐kg Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar in saltwater was conducted to determine if the fish could grow normally, and maintain normal nitrogen (N) and mineral balance when fed a diet with the majority of the protein (75%) derived from soy‐protein concentrate (SPC). The two diets contained 50% SPC and 15% fish meal (FM) or 60% FM as the sources of protein. No calcium phosphate was added to the diets in order to assess the availability of P from the ingredients. A second aim was to investigate if whole‐body concentrations of essential elements and growth were related in individual salmon. Growth (SGR=0.88–0.89) was similar in salmon fed the two diets, and the fish nearly doubled their body weights during the 84 days of feeding. Feed conversion was more efficient for the FM diet (0.81 kg intake kg^?1 gain) than for the SPC diet (0.89 kg kg^?1). The intake of N was similar, faecal loss of N was lower, while the metabolic N excretion was greater in the fish fed the FM than the SPC diet. This resulted in a total excretion of 35.4 g N kg^?1 gain for the salmon fed the FM diet and 35.5 g N for the fish fed the SPC diet. Both the intake, faecal and metabolic excretion of P were higher in the fish fed the FM diet than the SPC diet, resulting in a total excretion of 10.5 g P kg^?1 gain for the FM diet and 7.2 g P for the SPC diet. Whole‐body concentrations of Ca, Mg, P and Zn were lower in the fish fed the SPC diet, while the Ca–P ratio was decreased, both when compared with the fish at the start of the experiment, and the fish fed the FM diet. The differences in elemental composition were ascribed to a combination of reduced availability of elements due to phytic acid and lower concentration of elements in the SPC than in the FM. No reduction in growth of individual fish, which could be ascribed to reduced availability of essential elements, was seen.