鱼类的葡萄糖感知与糖代谢调节研究进展

为加深对鱼类糖的感知与代谢调控的认识,本文综述了鱼类的葡萄糖感知与摄食调控、糖代谢调控等领域的研究进展。鱼类的下丘脑不仅是中枢葡萄糖感受器所处的主要部位,同时也是食欲调节中枢。leptin、ghrelin、CCK、NPY等内分泌因子均能调控鱼类对糖的感知与摄食。另一方面,鱼类糖代谢受到胰岛素、GLP-1、ghrelin、CCK、NPY、SS等内分泌因子和糖、脂、蛋白质等营养素的双重调节。尽管鱼类对糖的利用能力低于陆生动物,但鱼体内亦存在较完善的糖的感知、摄食与代谢调节机制。因此,将来的重点工作应在于研究鱼类中枢神经系统整合营养和内分泌等信号的机制,研究草食性鱼类、杂食性鱼类在糖耐受力及糖异生调控机制上与肉食性鱼类存在的差异。     

六种必需氨基酸对翘嘴鳜摄食调控的影响

为探究6种必需氨基酸通过脑室注射短期内对翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)摄食调控的影响,采用荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)检测翘嘴鳜脑中食欲基因的表达,并用蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blotting)检测雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路下游蛋白S6的磷酸化水平。结果显示,组氨酸和精氨酸均使翘嘴鳜的摄食量增加,但它们调控摄食的机制不同,精氨酸可能不是通过鳜脑mTOR信号通路来调控摄食的,组氨酸却能激活鳜脑mTOR信号通路来上调胃饥饿素基因Ghrelin的表达,进而促进摄食;蛋氨酸和赖氨酸激活了鳜脑mTOR信号通路,进而引起食欲基因的广泛表达,但并没有使其摄食量发生变化。因此,组氨酸可能具有调节食物摄入的作用,与鳜脑mTOR信号通路、食欲控制基因具有相关性,而其他5种必需氨基酸通过脑室注射调控翘嘴鳜摄食的机制还需进一步研究。     

鱼类消化道内分泌细胞概述及研究方法

消化道内分泌细胞能产生多种具有调节胃肠功能的胃肠激素。该类激素除了能促进胃肠对营养物质的消化与吸收外,还能控制摄食行为、调控消化道运动以及细胞营养作用,甚至能够影响其他一些内分泌腺的活动。了解肠道内分泌细胞的基本概况有助于深入地研究鱼类的消化生理,组织化学、免疫细胞化学和电子显微镜等技术是研究消化道内分泌细胞鉴别、定位以及形态学的重要方法,利用这些技术能够揭示鱼类消化道内分泌细胞的生物功能及作用机理,对研究鱼类摄食、消化和吸收等生理机制有重要意义。因此,本文综述了近年来国内外鱼类消化道内分泌细胞的研究进展及主要研究手段,旨在为鱼类消化生理学、内分泌学和营养学提供参考资料。     

鱼类神经肽Y基因及其食欲调控机理研究

下丘脑的神经肽Y(Neuropeptide Y，NPY)是1982年首次从猪脑中分离出来的一种含36个氨基酸的单链多肽，属胰多肽家族。NPY是促进脊椎动物采食量的一个最强有力的诱导因子，所研究过的脊椎动物各物种的NPY存在高度同源性。与哺乳动物相似，鱼类NPY的结合区域也主要位于食欲调节区域。NPY在鱼类摄食活动中也被证实发挥了重要的食欲促进作用。3种鱼类NPY受体在斑马鱼中被成功克隆，为鱼类NPY受体功能及其作用机理研究奠定了基础。     

鱼类诱食剂研究进展

1引言 水产诱食剂就是能将鱼类吸引至饵料周围和引起鱼类食欲并促进其完成吞食饵料过程的物质。这种物质包括鱼类摄饵引诱物质和摄饵刺激物质。诱食剂在改善饲料的诱食性、适口性和饲料转化率等方面都起到重要的作用，一方面诱食剂可以通过特殊气味掩盖饲料中的不良气味，刺激鱼虾的感觉器官，以达到促进鱼虾摄食、加快鱼虾生长的目的；另一方面，通过诱食剂诱导鱼虾摄食，缩短了摄食时间，可以减少水体中的残饵和饲料的溶失，在提高饲料利用率的同时，也减少了饲料对水体的污染。     

鱼类胰岛素、胰岛素受体和胰岛素受体底物的生物学特性及其对营养物质代谢的调控研究进展

为了深入解析胰岛素调控鱼类营养物质代谢的机制,本文综述了鱼类胰岛素信号系统的3个重要成员（胰岛素、胰岛素受体以及胰岛素受体底物）的结构特征和表达规律,以及胰岛素对营养物质（糖类、脂肪和蛋白质）代谢调控方面的研究进展。目前,在鱼类,虽然胰岛素信号传递系统的研究已取得了一定的进展,但仍有需要重点加强的研究：①鱼类不同亚型胰岛素、胰岛素受体和胰岛素受体底物基因的功能研究,解析鱼类胰岛素信号传递系统的调控机制;②加强胰岛素对鱼类营养物质代谢调控机制的研究,揭示不同食性鱼类胰岛素信号传递系统调控功能的异同;③深入开展鱼类胰岛素信号传导通路和调控机制的研究,全面解析胰岛素调控鱼类营养物质代谢的分子机制。     

鱼类胰岛素、胰岛素受体和胰岛素受体底物的生物学特性及其对营养物质代谢的调控

为了深入解析胰岛素调控鱼类营养物质代谢的机制,本文综述了鱼类胰岛素信号系统的3个重要成员(胰岛素、胰岛素受体以及胰岛素受体底物)的结构特征和表达规律,以及胰岛素对营养物质(糖类、脂肪和蛋白质)代谢调控方面的研究进展。目前,在鱼类,虽然胰岛素信号传递系统的研究已取得了一定的进展,但仍有需要重点加强的研究:(1)鱼类不同亚型胰岛素、胰岛素受体和胰岛素受体底物基因的功能研究,解析鱼类胰岛素信号传递系统的调控机制;(2)加强胰岛素对鱼类营养物质代谢调控机制的研究,揭示不同食性鱼类胰岛素信号传递系统调控功能的异同;(3)深入开展鱼类胰岛素信号传导通路和调控机制的研究,全面解析胰岛素调控鱼类营养物质代谢的分子机制。     

甜菜碱、复合氨基酸对鲫鱼的诱食活性研究

随着鱼类养殖业的发展，鱼用配合饲料被广泛应用。在饲料中添加诱食物质，改善鱼对饲料的嗜好性，刺激鱼的嗅觉、味觉、视觉、触角等感觉器官，引发食欲，促进鱼类连续采食，增加采食量，从而提高饲料利用率，促进鱼类生长，提高幼鱼的成活率，对更科学更合理地进行鱼类养殖，提高养殖效益，具有重要的实际意义。近年来，日本学者从促进水产养殖动物的食欲和提高饵料中植物蛋白质的利用率出发，开展了对促进水产动物摄食的引诱物质的试验研究，但国内对此则刚刚起步，宋天复[1989〗曾发现2％的丙氨酸、缬氨酸对金鱼的摄食无明显作用，但将氨…     

团头鲂营养需求与健康研究进展

团头鲂是我国主要的大宗淡水养殖品种之一,其养殖规模在近10年不断扩大。团头鲂的营养物质需求主要以生长和营养缺乏症为评价指标。而营养物质对鱼类健康,如免疫反应和抗病力等影响的研究尚不充分。一般认为,饲料中营养物质搭配合理、品质优良有利于维持鱼类生理健康,并能保护养殖水环境。此外,一些营养物质如维生素,在鱼类的免疫机制中发挥重要作用。未来水产饲料应具有促进水产动物生长和维持健康的双重作用,通过营养调控预防鱼类疾病是保证水产养殖可持续发展的重要策略之一。本研究综述了团头鲂对蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素和矿物质营养需求的研究进展,以及饲料营养元素对团头鲂免疫力及抗病力影响的最新报道,以期为团头鲂高效配合饲料的开发提供科学参考。     

鱼类消化道内分泌细胞概述及研究方法

消化道内分泌细胞能产生多种具有调节胃肠功能的胃肠激素。该类激素除了能促进胃肠对营养物质的消化与吸收外,还能控制摄食行为、调控消化道运动以及细胞营养作用,甚至能够影响其他一些内分泌腺的活动。了解肠道内分泌细胞的基本概况有助于深入地研究鱼类的消化生理,组织化学、免疫细胞化学和电子显微镜等技术是研究消化道内分泌细胞鉴别、定位...     

Apelin and apj in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): Molecular characterization,tissue expression and responses to periprandial changes and fasting–refeeding

Apelin and its receptor apj have a variety of biological functions and are involved in appetite and energy regulation. However, the comparative studies of apelin/apj system in fish are still absent. In this study, the open reading frames of apelin and apja and apjb were obtained. Apelin and apj mRNAs were widely distributed in all tissues detected, with the highest level in the brain, followed by the spleen, kidney and foregut. The mRNA expression of apelin and apjs increased rapidly at mealtime and significantly decreased after 30 min of feeding. In addition, there were obvious circadian rhythms (higher at nighttime and lower at daytime) in the expression of apelin and apja and apjb. Furthermore, fasting elevated the mRNA levels of apelin and apjs in the hypothalamus, foregut and hepatopancreas. When the 8‐day fasted fish were refed, apelin and apjs mRNA expression significantly decreased. However, there were differences in the response to fasting and refeeding between apja and apjb. The roles of apelin and its receptor apjs in fish are poorly understood. Herein, we employed molecular and physiological studies to characterize their structures, distribution and mRNA expression responses to periprandial changes and fasting–refeeding in Cyprinus carpio L. for the first time.     

黄条鰤 npy基因克隆及其对饥饿再投喂的应答特性

为探究神经肽Y (neuropeptide Y, NPY)在黄条鰤 (Seriola aureovittata)摄食调控中的作用及机制,本研究采用同源克隆的方法获得了黄条鰤 npy基因的开放阅读框(ORF)序列,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析了npy基因的组织分布以及其对饥饿再投喂的应答特性。黄条鰤 npy基因ORF序列长度为300 bp,编码99个氨基酸的前体蛋白,其中包括28个氨基酸的信号肽、36个氨基酸的成熟肽。氨基酸序列同源性比对发现,黄条鰤 npy编码的氨基酸序列与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)等其他硬骨鱼高度保守(>90%);系统进化树分析表明,黄条鰤 npy与高体鰤 (Seriola dumerili)的关系最近。npy mRNA在所检测的12种组织中均有表达,其中,在脑组织表达量最高,在垂体和胃中表达量次之。在饥饿再投喂实验中,饥饿刺激了npy mRNA的表达,特别是饥饿21 d时,实验组垂体npy mRNA表达量显著高于对照组,再投喂7 d后恢复到对照组水平。上述结果表明,npy可能参与了黄条鰤的摄食调控,在饥饿代谢补偿机制中发挥了重要作用。     

Appetite,metabolism and growth regulation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) exposed to hypoxia at elevated seawater temperature

High temperature combined with low dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most challenging environmental conditions farmed fish experience; thus, understanding their impact on growth regulation is of relevance to cultured and wild populations. This study examines appetite‐ and growth‐regulating mechanisms in Atlantic salmon postsmolt exposed to either high (HO) or low oxygen (LO) at a suboptimally high temperature (17°C). Additionally, the effects of high (HE) and low (LE) dietary energy (DE) were examined. After a month of treatment, analyses of hormones, regulating appetite (ghrelin) and growth (growth hormone receptor ghr1 and insulin‐like growth factor IGF‐1), and free amino acids (FAA) were measured pre‐ and postprandially at ?4, ?2, 0, 2, 4 and 6 h. No preprandial ghrelin peaks were detected despite a significant reduction in feed intake and growth under hypoxia compared to normoxia. LO treatment also had an overall negative effect on survival compared to HO, while nutrient retention efficiency, FCR and plasma FAA concentrations were unaffected (P > 0.05). Feeding HE diet resulted in increased growth (+17%) and improved FCR (?14%) and energy retention efficiency (+26%) independent of DO. Plasma FAA concentrations were unaffected by LO treatment and DE (P > 0.05). Growth regulatory gene expressions possibly reflect an overall lower growth at a high temperature overriding the impacts of DO and DE. This study also indicates that optimal adaptation time to environmental conditions and feeding regime is crucial for establishing a regular hormonal appetite signalling that reflects real feeding anticipation in salmon.     

Weight gain and lipid deposition in Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar,during compensatory growth: evidence for lipostatic regulation?

Feed-restricted fish gain less body mass and storage reserves than well-fed fish, and reduced rates of gain often trigger compensatory responses, characterized by increased appetite (hyperphagia) and growth rate. The results of previous investigations have introduced a hypothesis in which adipose tissue (fat stores) had a regulatory role in governing appetite. An extension of this suggests that hyperphagia may relate to the severity of the feed restriction, and that the compensatory responses will cease once fat reserves are restored relative to body size. This was tested in two trials in which feed-restricted or -deprived postsmolt Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar , became hyperphagic after transfer to excess feeding. At the end of the first trial, previously feed-restricted fish had fully compensated for their lost weight gain compared to continuously fed control fish, but had a leaner body composition (i.e. reduced energy stores) and were still showing signs of compensatory growth. In the second trial, feed deprivation drained body lipids and caused a stronger hyperphagic response than restrictive feeding, although it took longer to develop. Feed intake became coincident when fish had a similar body composition for size, but this occurred at different times. Hence, the fish that had been deprived of feed were smaller than the restricted fish at the end of the trial. The results of the present study demonstrate a link between the magnitude of lipid stores, feed intake and weight gain, and provide some evidence for lipostatic appetite regulation in fish.     

Evidence that <Emphasis Type="Italic">ghrelin</Emphasis> may be associated with the food intake of gibel carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius auratus gibelio</Emphasis>)

Ghrelin, a non-amidated peptide hormone, is a potent anorectic neuropeptide implicated in feeding regulation in mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates. However, the involvement of ghrelin in the feeding behavior of teleosts has not been well understood. To better understand the role of ghrelin in the regulation of appetite in fish, in this study, we cloned the cDNAs encoding ghrelin and investigated their mRNA distributions in gibel carp tissues. We also assessed the effects of different nutritional status on ghrelin mRNA abundance. Ghrelin mRNAs were ubiquitously expressed in ten tissues (intestine, liver, brain, mesonephron, head kidney, spleen, skin, heart, muscle, gill and pituitary gland), and relatively high expression levels were detected in the gut. Postprandial studies analysis revealed a significant postprandial decrease in ghrelin mRNA expression in the gut (1 and 3 h after the regular feeding time). In addition, ghrelin mRNA expression in the gut significantly increased at day 7 after fasting and declined sharply after refeeding, which suggested that ghrelin might be involved in the regulation of appetite in gibel carp. Overall, our result provides basis for further investigation into the regulation of feeding in gibel carp.     

异齿裂腹鱼CCK基因的cDNA克隆及其摄食功能

旨在研究异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax o’connori)缩胆囊素(cholecystokinin, CCK)基因的摄食功能。本研究克隆得到了异齿裂腹鱼CCK基因的cDNA全长,通过生物信息学分析发现其属于CCK-1亚型。异齿裂腹鱼CCK的cDNA全长为773bp,其中开放阅读框(ORF)为372bp,可以编码123个氨基酸。异齿裂腹鱼CCK由1个信号肽和1个典型的CCK-8肽保守结构域组成,为亲水性蛋白,但没有跨膜结构。运用实时荧光定量PCR(Real-timePCR)检测异齿裂腹鱼CCK基因在组织中的分布情况,以及餐前餐后和禁食复喂对其表达量的影响。结果表明,异齿裂腹鱼CCK在各组织中均有表达,其中在脑中表达量最高,在肠道、心脏、肝、脾、肾、皮肤、鳃、眼和鳔中表达量相对较高,在肌肉中表达量最低。餐后CCK基因的表达量显著升高,禁食使异齿裂腹鱼CCK基因的表达量显著下降,而复喂使CCK基因的表达量显著上升,表明CCK基因既是异齿裂腹鱼的餐后饱感信号因子,又是长期调控摄食因子。本研究为异齿裂腹鱼的人工饲养和品种保护等提供了理论依据。     

Modelling of surface and 3D pellet distribution in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) cages

Feed represents the greatest single cost factor in the production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Focusing on the problem of maximising the available feed for the fish while minimising the feed waste, a mathematical model of the feeding process has been developed. The model covers the feed spreader delivering the feed, water currents, pellet sinking speed and turbulent diffusion, fish appetite as a function of temperature, gut fullness and population structure, and is intended as a tool both for optimising general feeding strategies, and to support the daily handling of the feeding process. The process of horizontal and vertical diffusion of feed pellets in the model has been parametrised and validated through two low level validation experiments. Furthermore, global distribution patterns simulated by the model were verified by comparisons with experimental data from the literature.     

Effect of the squid viscera hydrolysate on growth performance and digestion in the red sea bream <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pagrus major</Emphasis>

The improvement in feed efficiency is one of the most important subjects in fish culture. The development of feed, in terms of good intake, high growth performance, and high feed efficiency is needed. Squid viscera are one of the candidates for alternative material in improving feed efficiency in fish culture. In the present study, we described the dietary effect of the squid viscera hydrolysate (SVH) on the growth performance of the red sea bream. The addition of SVH to feed caused significant increases in feed intake, fork length, and body weight and produced a marked improvement in feed conversion after 4 weeks of feeding. Furthermore, the results of this feeding revealed that low dietary levels of SVH promote growth performance in the red sea bream. We physiologically analyzed digestion and appetite in fish fed diet containing SVH. SVH promoted the activity of hepatic trypsin and lipase, gene expression of stomach pepsin, hepatic lipase, and pyloric caeca trypsin, thereby improving the nutrient availability in red sea bream. Moreover, the mRNA expression of appetite regulating factor, such as brain NPY and stomach ghrelin was significantly improved by dietary SVH. Our current results indicate that dietary SVH as alternative material produced excellent effects on growth performance, which is dependent on the promoting effect on digestion and appetite in red sea bream.     

罗非鱼声控投饵方法

鱼类的摄食活力可以用摄食过程发出的声音直接测量。本研究通过构建声学监测平台,应用带宽1 Hz-470 kHz,在40 kHz以下自由场电压灵敏度级-217 dB(基准值为1 V/μPa)的水声检测设备,采集罗非鱼摄食过程中产生的声信号,分析其摄食活力。研究表明,罗非鱼摄食时发出的声音在0-6 kHz可区分于背景噪声,其声功率与摄食活力呈正相关。声功率移动平均值反应鱼摄食活力趋势,可作为食欲反馈,结合生长模型和投喂模型可以组成投饵策略。