日本盘鲍与皱纹盘鲍杂交育种技术研究

１９９８年于山东省蓬莱市用１０只日本盘鲍与３００只皱纹盘鲍,在２２０ｍ＾２的育苗水体中培育出平均壳长１４．７ｍｍ的杂交鲍苗１４３．８万只,６５００只／ｍ＾２,;在５８０ｍ＾２的育苗水体中培育出平均壳长１１．９ｍｍ的皱纹盘鲍自交鲍苗１７７．９万只,３１００只／ｍ＾２。杂交鲍苗的壳和存活率明显大于我国的皱纹盘鲍自交鲍苗。     

鲍杂交育种技术开发研究

选用皱纹盘鲍(♀)与日本盘鲍(♂)进行杂交育种,培育生长快、色泽鲜艳、活力强、抗逆性强杂交鲍苗.从2003年4月20日进行苗种培育,当年11月份鲍苗壳长20mm以上的超过50%,表现出明显的生长优势.     

亲本数目对鲍养殖群体AFLP标记位点及其遗传结构的影响

为了探讨不同的交配亲本数对鲍养殖群体遗传结构的影响,实验中对两个皱纹盘鲍自交群体SS(亲本数少)和LS(亲本数多)及两个皱纹盘鲍(♀)×日本盘鲍(♂)的杂交群体SH(亲本数少)和LH(亲本数多)进行了位点频率和遗传结构的AFLP标记分析。研究表明,自交组中亲本数少的SS群体的总位点数少于LS群体,后者的一些低频位点在前者中丢失,同时群体的位点频率发生漂移,SS的低频位点数目减少而高频位点略有增加。另外统计了各群体的相似指数和杂合度,发现SS群体的相似指数低于LS,而杂合度高于LS群体。在杂交组两群体(SH,LH)中位点数目频率、相似指数和杂合度变化趋势与两自交群体相似。两组结果均表明群体的亲本数减少会引起一些低频位点丢失及位点频率发生漂移,同时亲本数过少会导致群体的杂合度暂时升高。     

皱纹盘鲍和盘鲍南方养殖群体遗传变异的微卫星分析

利用4对微卫星引物分析了皱纹盘鲍Haliotis discus hannai和盘鲍H.discus discus在福建和广东养殖群体的遗传多样性。结果表明,4个养殖群体平均等位基因数为3.750~5.500,平均有效等位基因数为2.941~3.885,平均期望杂合度为0.641~0.698,平均观察杂合度为0.456~0.620,平均多态信息含量PIC值为0.558~0.645,其中惠来盘鲍群体遗传多样性最高,东山盘鲍遗传多样性最低。AMOVA分析表明,群体间的遗传变异仅为总遗传变异的4.78%,但群体间遗传分化显著(FSC=0.048,P<0.001)。群体间NEI氏遗传距离为0.084~0.186,UPGMA聚类分析表明,东山盘鲍与惠来盘鲍群体间亲缘关系最近,并与惠来皱纹盘鲍聚为一类,东山皱纹盘鲍与其它群体间亲缘关系较远。皱纹盘鲍和盘鲍南方养殖群体遗传多样性较高,有利于遗传选育,但与野生群体相比等位基因有所丧失。     

日本大鲍与皱纹盘鲍杂交的研究

利用从日本引进的大鲍，与我国产皱纹盘鲍进行了杂交育苗试验，在540m^2鲍育苗池中，1999年6月常温采苗至当年11月份，培育出平均壳长17.9mm的皱纹盘鲍雌与日本大鲍雄的杂交鲍苗180余万粒，单位面积出苗量为3300余粒／m^2。这些杂交鲍苗，经过1年多的室内饲育，至2000年11月平均个体壳长达37mm，最大个体壳长达45mm，显示出了良好的生产性状和一定的杂种优势。     

日本盘鲍与皱纹盘鲍杂交育种技术研究

通过日本盘鲍和本地皱纹盘鲍的杂交育种，使杂种鲍苗1cm以上的成活率高达45．76％，越冬后成活率达到98％，培育出性状稳定、生长快、抗病力强的杂交鲍。报告了杂交育种的试验过程和有关技术。     

皱纹盘鲍苗种南方越冬的试验

将在大连地区繁育的平均壳长2.2cm的皱纹盘鲍苗种运至福建省莆田市海域进行海上越冬,使用底面积为350mm×550mm、层间距150mm的7层专用养鲍笼,养殖密度25～80枚/层,饵料为盐渍海带、鲜紫菜、鲜海带苗。经5个月饲育,鲍苗平均壳长增长1.94cm,成活率达94.5%,效果明显优于北方沿海的室内越冬及海上越冬。     

闽南黑鲍苗种培育技术

黑鲍(原系皱纹盘鲍和日本盘鲍的杂交后代)壳形略似皱纹盘鲍,但体螺层高低明显,壳孔4~5个与外面相通,是我国鲍鱼中个体较大种类。现将黑鲍人工苗种培育技术介绍如下。一、亲贝的选择10月中旬,水温20~24℃,挑选海区吊养或陆上养殖的鲍鱼,壳长6厘米以上,活力强无损伤,性腺外观极为     

皱纹盘鲍与盘鲍杂交效果分析

从杂种优势的角度对皱纹盘鲍♀与盘鲍♂杂交子一代的经济性状进行分析。结果表明,4月龄杂交鲍子一代(F1)活体重比皱纹盘鲍增加36.87%,软体部干重增加33.21%,总干重增加29.20%,其它性状也显著优于皱纹盘鲍。杂交鲍F1的壳长、壳宽、活体重、软体部干重和总干重等主要性状的变异系数为12.94%~44.51%,其中软体部干重的变异系数最大,壳长的变异系数最小;且杂交鲍各性状的变异系数均大于皱纹盘鲍。杂交鲍子一代的变异有助于定向选择,提高杂交育种的效果。     

RAPD技术在鲍育种中遗传关系分析与应用

本研究通过对盘鲍、皱纹盘鲍、两者的杂交子一代（F1）及本地多年养殖的杂交鲍的DNA进行RAPD分析，探讨鲍种质演变遗传学现象。结果表明杂种子一代与两亲本的遗传差异并不对等，更偏向皱纹盘鲍：本地鲍的多态位比例最低，表明本地杂交鲍在遗传上发生了种质变化。     

杂色鲍与盘鲍种间杂交受精率的影响因素

研究卵子排放后的时间、精子排放后的时间、授精精子浓度、胰蛋白酶、钙离子、pH和水温等因子对杂色鲍(Haiotisdiversicolor,以下简称S)与盘鲍(H.discus discu,以下简称J)种间杂交受精率的影响。结果表明,卵子排放后的时间和授精精子浓度是影响杂交受精率两个最重要的因素。与自繁组合相比,正反杂交受精率均较低且下降速度快得多。水温21.5℃时,两亲本自繁对照组中,卵子排放1 h对受精率均无显著影响。而SJ杂交,卵子排放时间2 min时,受精率为55.9%±8.1%,4.7 min时受精率已下降了50%;JS杂交,卵子排放时间为4 min时,受精率为31.5%±9.7%,10 min时受精率下降至4 min时的29.1%。相比之下,精子排放时间对杂交受精率的影响小得多,3 h内对正反交杂交受精率没有显著影响。杂交适宜精子浓度约为母本自繁的100倍,其中SJ杂交适宜授精精子浓度为6.0×106~2.4×107mL-1,JS杂交适宜授精精子浓度为3.8×107~7.5×107mL-1。水温对于杂交受精率也有影响,短时间内将水温控制在26~29℃可以得到较高受精率。其他实验因素,如添加胰蛋白酶、Ca2+或改变授精体系pH对杂交受精率均无正向作用。     

Perception of light intensity by Haliotis discus discus based on locomotor activity patterns

ABSTRACT:   An apparatus to measure the locomotor activity of aquatic benthic organisms at variable low light levels was developed and the diurnal behavioral pattern of the abalone Haliotis discus discus was measured at various low light intensities. During the experiment, abalone were exposed to 12 h light–dark cycles of complete darkness, 0 µmol/m²/s throughout the 12 h dark cycle and, during periods I (days 1–8) and III (days 19–26), the 12 h light cycles were set at 10 µmol/m²/s. During period II (days 10–17), abalone were exposed to a light level during the 12 h light cycles of 1 × 10⁻⁵, 1 × 10⁻⁶, 1 × 10⁻⁷ or 1 × 10⁻⁸ µmol/m²/s and the changes in locomotor activity assessed. At daytime levels of 1 × 10⁻⁵ µmol/m²/s, typical behavioral patterns were observed of high locomotory activity during the night-time cycle. However, at lower light intensities, the distinction between day and night activity patterns became less clear and, at intensities lower than 1 × 10⁻⁷ µmol/m²/s, the difference between activity during the light and dark cycles became negligible. Based on this, we conclude that the threshold of light level perception in relation to locomotor activity is approximately 1 × 10⁻⁷ µmol/m²/s. The significance of these results in relation to the entrainment of behavior in abalone is discussed.     

不同生长期皱纹盘鲍对水温适应能力的比较

将皱纹盘鲍依壳长分为4个组群，分别为4月龄组、1龄组、2龄组和3龄以上组。比较研究环境水温对皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis discus hannai Ino）生长的影响以及不同发育阶段个体间的生长差异，结果表明，温度对皱纹盘鲍的生长影响显著，不同发育期的皱纹盘鲍对水温变化的适应能力不同。成鲍期生长适宜水温为10～22℃，水温高于26℃或者低于0℃出现死亡；壳长10～25mm的1龄鲍生长适宜水温为15～22℃，当水温升至26℃或者降至4℃时摄食量剧减，生长停滞；低于4℃则出现死亡；壳长3～6mm的4月龄鲍15℃以上开始生长，22℃生长最快。幼鲍阶段对水温变化的适应能力比成鲍弱，个体越小适应能力越弱。温度变化幅度加大时，鲍对水温的适应能力减弱。     

Using micro particle diets to replace diatoms for feeding postlarval abalone Haliotis discus discus (Reeve.)

Feeding artificial micro diets instead of diatoms may allow a more constant and controlled form of nutrition, and thus results in lower mortality rate and increased growth. A 4-week trial was conducted to determine the growth and survival of postlarval Haliotis discus discus (Reeve.) postlarvae fed three experimental micro particle diets, and naturally occurring diatoms. A completely randomized design was adopted with each diet being replicated three times. All diets varied in terms of particle size and gross composition. Survival rate was significantly lower ( P  < 0.05) in the diatom diet (19.5 ± 2.1%) when compared with the K-1 diet (38.8 ± 8.9%), the K-2 diet (43.7 ± 5.6%) and the MD-Q diet (44.2 ± 14.8%). The size of postlarvae fed the four diets was not significantly different ( P  > 0.05). There was also little difference in the daily growth rate. Based on the results of this work for the preliminary implementation of artificial food as a replacement diet for diatoms, it seems that postlarval H . discus discus readily consumes artificial micro particle diets and has a superior survival rate when compared to that of diatoms.     

Karyotype analysis of interspecific hybrids between Haliotis rufescens and Haliotis discus HANNAI

Evidence of hybridization in Haliotis has been mainly supported by hatchery experiences and collection of wild hybrid abalones among several species from natural populations worldwide. However, despite the importance to understand the role of the hybridization process through Haliotidae evolution, and also its impact on the abalone aquaculture, genetic studies in hybrid abalones have been poorly developed. Herein, cytogenetic approach allows studying the genetic conformation in hybrid organisms at the chromosome level. This paper reports a quantitative karyotype analysis in Haliotis rufescens, Haliotis discus hannai and their interspecific hybrid. Thus, to characterize chromosome pairs and establish cytogenetic comparisons, chromosome banding with distamycin‐A/4,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole fluorochromes and morphologic measurements were performed. The results showed that the hybrids are successfully viable and their karyotypes evidenced a conservative chromosome number of 2n=36. The karyo‐idiogram showed a high correspondence in chromosome pair morphology among the hybrids and their parental species, except for a single heteromorphic pair that corresponds to the chromosome 16 from H. rufescens andH. d. hannai respectively. The implications of the abalone hybrid viability derived from its chromosome composition are discussed.     

不同方式加工海带投喂盘鲍幼鲍生长速度比较

将初始壳长1.890.20cm的盘鲍幼鲍随机分配到3个试验组,每组50只,每个试验组各设4个平行组。第1组:投喂盐渍海带;第2组:投喂煮沸海带;第3组(对照组):投喂晒干海带。试验用鲍在同一口水泥池中饲养50d,投喂足量饵料。投喂盐渍海带盘鲍幼鲍的日均壳长增长(P<0.001)及平体重增长率(P<0.05)均明显高于对照组,但投喂煮沸海带盘鲍幼鲍的日均壳长增(P>0.05)及平均体重增长率(P>0.05)与对照组无明显差异。     

皱纹盘鲍与日本西氏鲍杂交育苗技术的初步研究

利用从日本引进的西氏鲍,与我国北方产皱纹盘鲍进行了杂交育苗试验,使杂交鲍苗越冬后成活率提高,生长快,抗病力强,显示出了良好的生产性状和一定的杂交优势。