饵料生物营养强化剂及效用

水产育苗用饵料生物的微藻、轮虫、卤虫、枝角类等,经营养强化后,能提高水产种苗的健壮程度。本文就自动控制培养装置、冷冻浓缩微藻液,以及油液类、虫卵类、微囊粉末类及饵料生物代用品微粒饲料等营养强化剂及效用,进行分述。     

光合细菌在水产养殖上的应用性研究成果

本文就光合细菌在水产养殖业上的应用,说明了光合细菌在优化水质、改善养殖环境、作为动物性生物饵料的饵料、增加水产动物幼体的增重率和成活率、作为饲料添加剂和预防疾病等方面对水产养殖业的巨大影响和其自身的潜力.     

应用生物技术防治水产养殖生物病害

本文主要介绍海洋生物技术在水产养殖生物病害防治中的研究与应用进展,内容包括应用海洋生物技术修复养殖生态环境;以单克隆抗体、核酸探针、PCR等海洋生物技术来诊断养殖生物的疾病;通过防止病毒的垂直与水平传播、免疫预防、转基因技术及破译病毒基因密码与开发基因工程药物等防治水产养殖生物疾病的海洋生物技术。     

微藻和动物性生物饵料在水产养殖中的应用研究

正生物饵料是指经过人工筛选和优化培育,以活体作为水产养殖动物幼体食用的专门饵料。与配合饲料相比,生物饵料具有种类多、增殖速度快、营养全价、适口性好,能增强养殖对象抗病能力等特点。随着对微藻培养及其在养殖动物育苗中认识的深入,人们发现为保证水产动物幼体发育成功,还需要有动物生物饵料参与。目前国内外常用微藻生物饵料包括小球藻、扁藻、角毛藻     

光合细菌在水产动物苗种培育中的应用

综合国内外有关资料，介绍光合细菌的生物学特征以及在水产动物苗种培育过程中的作用，包括净化水质，改善育苗池的微生态环境；作为饵料及饵料添加剂强化幼体营养；调节幼体体内微生态平衡、抑制病原、防治疾病、提高育苗存活率的作用，并展望其应用前景。     

微藻高密度培养与冷冻保藏的研究进展

微藻作为水产养殖动物的活饵料,在水产养殖育苗中一直有着重要的地位和广泛的应用.传统的饵料藻培养方法存在着生物量低、藻液保藏困难等问题,以至阻碍了其商业化发展.综述了近年来在水产饵料藻高密度培养及冷冻保藏技术领域的研究进展,以期促进国内水产生物饵料产业化的发展.     

硒在水产动物中的营养作用与毒性研究进展

<正>在水产养殖上,目前对硒的研究还很少。国外学者研究发现,硒在水产动物体内的功能与其他陆生动物大致是一样的,可以加强体内过氧化防御系统的效能,能提高免疫功能,降低死亡率。一、硒在水产动物中的营养作用1.硒对水产动物生长性能的影响陆正和等研究了硒强化饵料对暗纹东方鲀鱼苗的影响,发现用硒强化的饵料饲养的河豚仔鱼,成活率明显提高26%,且畸形率降低。魏文志等在异育银鲫饲料中     

载体饵料生物在水产养殖中的应用

<正> 所谓“载体饵料生物”是指利用饵料生物做载体,让其摄取特定的营养物质或药物后,再用它们来饲喂其它的经济动物,从而达到促进动物生长发育和防病治病的目的。日本早在廿世纪60年代就已开展了这方面的研究,目前全世界许多国家或地区积极开展了载体饵料生物的研究与开发,其产品已在水产动物养殖中广泛使用。 水产动物养殖的饵料种类很多,但并非都能做为载体饵料生物。有一些饵料生物对所投喂的特定物质或药物不喜欢摄食,就无法替     

卤虫的营养强化及其在水产养殖上的应用

卤虫作为水产养殖业饵料的营养价值,可以通过用富含必需脂肪酸,特别是（Ｎ＿３）高不饱和脂肪酸（ＨＵＦＡ）的强化得到加强。本文介绍了英国、日本、法国、比利时等国的卤虫营养强化技术及强化饵料,并对营养强化卤虫在水产养殖上的具体应用进行了综述。     

鱼类脂肪肝的成因及防治对策

近年来,水产养殖集约化工艺逐步深化,随之产生的由环境条件等因素引起的非寄生性鱼病的病情日趋严重,尤其是由于饵料营养失衡,强化投饵、饵料中含有有毒物质、乱用药和滥用药,造成鱼类肝、肾、脾损害及其综合症肆虐,并继发传染性疾病,临床症状复杂、诊治困难。     

INTERNATIONAL STUDY ON Artemia:1 XXI. INVESTIGATIONS INTO WHY SOME STRAINS OF Artemia ARE BETTER FOOD SOURCES THAN OTHERS. FURTHER NUTRITIONAL WORK WITH LARVAE OF THE MUD CRAB,Rhithropanopeus harrisii

In a series of studies conducted by members of the International Study on Artemia, differences in nutritional quality were documented between geographical strains of the brine shrimp Artemia. Concomitant with, and possibly related to nutritional effectiveness are differences in biometric traits and biochemical composition. Since these initial experiments could only hint at causal relationships, a series of experiments were carried out to further our understanding of cause and effect. In one experiment we tried to ascertain whether the factors responsible for poor survival in larvae fed some brine shrimp strains are cumulative throughout larval development or whether there are critical periods when larvae are more sensitive. Our results indicate that the factors contributing to poor growth and survival are cumulative. In a second experiment, we contaminated Brazil Artemia with diel-drin, chlordane and combinations of the two and fed them to mud crab (Rhithropanopeus harrisii) larvae. The levels of contamination were chosen to approximate those suspected of contributing to the poor food value of some brine shrimp strains. In this experiment, however, diel-drin and chlordane contamination appeared to have no effect on growth and survival of R. harrisii larvae. In a third experiment, we fed Utah strain Artemia on Isochrysis galbana for 24 hours and then fed these brine shrimp to mud crab zoeae. Previous work had shown that this regime made Utah Artemia more suitable as a food source for a prawn. However, in our experiments, it did not improve survival of R. harrisii.     

Effects of nutritional enhancement of live food organisms on growth and survival of barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), larvae

Abstract Larval and juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), were reared intensively on test diets comprising nutritionally supplemented and unsupplemented rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis Muller, and brine shrimp, Artemia salina L. Both growth and survival of barramundi larvae fed on nutritionally supplemented brine shrimp were superior to those of larvae fed on untreated brine shrimp. Barramundi larvae fed diets incorporating untreated brine shrimp exhibited a mortality syndrome which commenced from 20 to 30 days after hatching and resulted in almost total mortality within the next 10 days. Analyses of the proximate, fatty acid and amino acid composition of the live food organisms used in the test diets, and reference samples comprising barramundi egg yolk and extensively reared juvenile barramundi, suggest that this mortality syndrome was primarily associated with the fatty acid composition of the food organisms, particularly the relative amount of 20:5n-3 in the brine shrimp fed to the larvae. These results, and the work of other authors, indicate that there are two mortality syndromes which affect intensively cultured L. calcarifer larvae.     

Effects of various levels of dietary protein on survival,molting frequency and growth of juvenile blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus)

An 18-week study was conducted to examine growth characteristics of the juvenile blue crab (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun) fed various levels of dietary protein. Hatchery raised individuals (157) of identical age (160 days) from the same gravid female were assigned to one of four dietary treatments: adult brine shrimp (Artemia salina Leach) and artificial pelleted diets containing crude protein levels of 23, 37, and 49%.Growth rate, measured as a function of mean weight and mean carapace width, indicated that brine shrimp-fed crabs were larger (P < 0.05) than crabs fed artificial pelleted diets. Also, blue crabs fed either 37 or 49% crude protein were larger than crabs fed the 23% crude protein diet. Molting frequency was greater in the brine shrimp-fed crabs than in those fed the artificial diets. No differences in growth were detected when comparing males vs. females fed the artificial diets. However, females demonstrated greater growth than males within the brine shrimp treatment. Protein concentration of freeze-dried whole blue crab carcasses was greater in brine shrimp-fed crabs than in crabs fed the artificial pelleted diets (P < 0.05).     

Ration of 20:3 (n-9) to 20:5 (n-3) in Phospholipids as an Indicators of Dietary Essential Fatty Acid Sufficiency in Striped Bass,Morone saxarilis,and Palmetto Bass,M. saxatilis x M. chrysops

The effects of feeding different sources of brine shrimp nauplii with different fatty acid compositions on growth, survival, and fatty acid composition of striped bass, Morone saxarilis and palmetto bass (M. saxatilis x M. chrysops) were determined. The sources of brine shrimp were Chinese (CH), with a high percentage of 20:5(n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and Colombian (COL), San Francisco Bay (SFB), and Great Salt Lake (GSL), with low percentages of EPA but high percentages of 18:3(n-3), linoienic acid. None of the brine shrimp sources contained a measurable amount of 22:6(n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). After enrichment with menhaden oil to increase the content of EPA and DHA, the GSL brine shrimp nauplii were also fed to hybrid striped bass.Growth and survival of fish larvae fed brine shrimp nauplii with high percentages of EPA and DHA (CH and GSLE) were higher (P < 0.05) than those of fish fed brine shrimp with a low percentage of EPA (COL, SFB, and GSL). The ratio of 20:3(n-9) eicosatrienoic acid (ETA), to DHA in polar lipids (phospholipids) of fish, traditionally used as an indicator of essential fatty acid (EFA) sufficiency of the diet, was not a reliable indicator of essential fatty acid sufficiency of diets for larval striped bass and hybrid striped bass. However, the ratio of ETA to EPA appears to be an appropriate indicator. An ETA-to-EPA ratio in phospholipids of less than 0.10 is consistent with an EFA sufficient diet.     

Concentration and Composition of Astaxanthin in Black Tiger Prawn Penaeus monodon Postlarvae Fed Artemia sp. Nauplii or Mauxia Shrimsp Acetes intermedius

Minced Taiwan mauxia shrimp Acetes intermedius , an alternative to brine shrimp Artemia sp. nauplii, has long been used as a principal or supplemental feed in prawn hatcheries in Southeast Asia and India. In this study, black tiger prawn Penaeus monodon postlarvae were fed with frozen brine shrimp nauplii (diet B) or minced Taiwan mauxia shrimp (diet M) for 4 wk to compare their astaxanthin concentration and composition, survival, and growth. Diet B contained two and a half times more total carotenoid (TC) than diet M, with canthaxanthin as a major (79%) carotenoid, but without astaxanthin, a predominant carotenoid in crustaceans. Of its TC in diet M, 55% was β-carotene and 17% astaxanthin. B-prawn (postlarvae fed with diet B) had a similar growth rate as M-prawn and twice the survival rate as M-prawn. The concentrations of total astaxanthin (TA), free astaxanthin (FA), astaxanthin monoester (MA), and astaxanthin di-ester (DA) in B-prawn were all higher than those in M-prawn. Except for FA, no reduction of TA, MA, or DA concentration during the feeding interval was found in B-prawn. However, concentrations of TA, FA, MA, and DA in M-prawn all decreased. TC content of the experimental diets had a greater influence on resulting prawn astaxanthin concentration and composition than carotenoid compositions of the diets.     

自然养殖水体投喂CpG ODN和表面展示VP28的解脂耶罗维亚酵母对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)抗WSSV的免疫保护作用

用添加CpG寡聚核苷酸(CpG ODN)和表面展示VP28的解脂耶罗维亚酵母(VP28-yl)的饵料投喂凡纳滨对虾,进行田间中试实验。投喂30 d后进行WSSV感染实验,评估其对凡纳滨对虾的免疫保护作用。投喂实验结束后,CpG ODN投喂组对虾的相对增重率达到(65.8±7.8)% (P<0.05),这暗示CpG ODN可能具有促生长作用。WSSV攻毒后,CpG ODN和VP28-yl投喂组对虾中WSSV拷贝数与对照组相比均显著降低(P<0.05),相对免疫保护率分别可达到26.7%和36.7%。在投喂结束和WSSV刺激后,CpG ODN组对虾中的呼吸爆发水平均显著升高(P<0.05)。而在VP28-yl投喂组,WSSV引起的细胞凋亡则显著受到抑制(P<0.05)。此外,WSSV刺激后,STAT基因在CpG ODN组和VP28-yl组对虾中的表达水平均显著上调(P<0.05),分别在第5天和第3天达到最大值,而对照组中则显著下调。研究结果表明,CpG ODN和VP28-yl增强了凡纳滨对虾抗病毒免疫力,对养殖对虾病毒性疫病的防控具有显著作用,可以作为免疫增强剂添加在饵料中,具有在养殖生产中推广使用的前景。     

卤虫卵化学成分的分离与分析

本试验对卤虫卵的化学成分进行分离和分析。卤虫卵的含油量为7．1％，油中不皂化物的含量为4．9％，主要为胆甾醇。脂肪酸中含有较大量的油酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、花生四烯酸和二十碳五烯酸。卤虫卵含蛋白质为20．9％，还含有多种氨基酸。     

Bioencapsulation of Therapeutic Quantities of the Antibacterial Romet-30 in Nauplii of the Brine Shrimp Artemia and in the Nematode Panagrellus redivivus

Nauplii of the brine shrimp, Artemia , and cultures of the soil nematode, Panagrellus redivivus , were fed a suspension of the water-insoluble antibacterial Romet-30 (sulfadimethoxine plus ormetoprim) to determine if they could be used as a mechanism for delivery of the drug to larval penaeid shrimp.
Romet-30 was added to groups of brine shrimp nauplii and nematodes in 1 L beakers to achieve a concentration of 3 mg of drug per ml of seawater. After a 4 h uptake period, predetermined numbers of organisms were assayed for antibiotic content using the micro-plate diffusion method and a Romet-30 sensitive strain of Vibrio alginolyticus as the indicator. The resulting zones of inhibition were compared to that of a standard Kirby-Bauer sensitivity disc containing 25 μg of the drug that was placed on each plate as standard control. Negative controls consisted of equal numbers of nauplii and nematodes that were not exposed to the antibiotic. Artemia nauplii and nematodes accumulated approximately 0.1 μg of the drug per nauplius and approximately 0.25 μg per nematode. They exhibited no signs of toxicity from exposure to the drug and contained the antibiotic in sufficient quantity to provide a theoretical therapeutic dose of the drug when fed to penaeid larvae.
In subsequent tests, normal and diseased larval Penaeus stylirostris readily accepted Romet-30 enriched Artemia . Diseased larvae fed the drug in this manner exhibited a statistically greater overall survival and a greater survival to the post-larval stage by Student's t -test at the 5% significance level.     

用丰年虫卵壳制备甲壳素和壳聚糖

介绍了用丰年虫卵壳制备甲壳素及壳聚糖的方法及过程,通过傅立叶变换红外光谱仪的检测并与美国标准谱图库检索出的用蟹壳制备的壳聚糖光谱图对照,证实丰年虫卵壳制备的壳聚糖。     

Evaluation of Live Feeds for Larval and Postlarval Mahimahi Coryphaena hippurus

Live hatchery feeds were assayed for fatty acids (FA), amino acids (AA), and their ability to support growth and survival of larval and postlarval mahimahi Coryphaena hippurus at two different hatchery stages. Euterpina acuritrons copepods (C), mahimahi yolk-sac larvae (YSL), Artemia parthenogenica brine shrimp nauplii (BSn), A. parthenogenica juveniles (BSj), and Brachionus plicatilis rotifers (R) were assayed, using several enrichment media. There was little difference in AAs among feeds.
Levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were about 10 times higher in YSL than in their feeds. This explains previous findings where first stage larval survival (0–9 days) was not affected by feed HUFA levels. Second stage survival was significantly higher when larvae were fed copepods. Enrichment with 100 ppm SuperSelco greatly improved the survival of larvae that were fed brine shrimp. The even higher omega-3 fatty acids found in copepods appear to be important for survival of larvae under more stressful conditions.
Brine shrimp juveniles enriched with SuperSelco are a good food for postlarval mahimahi. Yolksac larvae of mahimahi are an even better food, promoting faster growth at less cost, for large scale mahimahi aquaculturists. Different batches of yolksac mahimahi larvae varied by a factor of 10 in their concentration of DHA, but always had the highest level of DHA as much as 40% of total fatty acids (FAs). These "high HUFA" batches of YSL also had the highest levels of EPA and total fatty acids. The data suggest that climate and broodstock age may have considerable influence on larval nutrition.