大西洋中部大眼金枪鱼垂直分布与温度、盐度的关系

根据2001年7月4日至10月27日3艘在大西洋中部公海海域作业的中国金枪鱼延绳钓船上随机观测到的大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)的上钩钩号,应用悬链线钩深计算公式,分别计算出各钩号的钩深;根据STD仪测得的温度、盐度的垂直分布以钩深为引数,查出该尾鱼捕获时的温度和盐度数据。根据大眼金枪鱼的取样数据,利用频度统计的方法,推算出各水层、水温、盐度范围的渔获率。渔获率最大的水层、水温、盐度范围为大眼金枪鱼的最适水层、水温和盐度范围;渔获率为前3位的水层、水温、盐度范围为大眼金枪鱼活动较频繁的水层、水温和盐度范围。结果表明：大西洋中部,大眼金枪鱼的最适水层为240．00～269．99m水深、最适水温为12．00～12．99℃、最适盐度为35．00～35．09;大西洋中部渔场大眼金枪鱼活动较频繁的水层为240．00～329．99m水深、水温为10．00～12．99℃、盐度为35．00～35．29。     

印度洋公海温跃层与黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼渔获率的关系

2005年9月15日-12月12日,金枪鱼延绳钓渔船"华远渔18、19号"对印度洋公海进行了金枪鱼渔业调查.利用多功能水质仪(XR-620)、温盐深仪(CTD SBE37SM)和微型温度深度计(TDR-2050)等获取海洋环境数据,得出作业海域的温跃层深度和强度,结合每天作业时记录的渔获数据,分别计算黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼在温跃层内和深水层的渔获率,研究温跃层与黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼渔获率之间的关系.结果表明:(1)2艘船分别有60.9%和60.0%的作业天数中,温跃层内黄鳍金枪鱼渔获率较高,"华远渔18号"船在温跃层内和温跃层以下的平均渔获率分别为18.22尾每千钩和6.04尾每千钩,"华远渔19号"船温跃层内和温跃层以下平均渔获率分别为2.22尾每千钩和1.31尾每千钩.通过t-检验成对双样本均值分析,温跃层以内和温跃层以下黄鳍金枪鱼总平均渔获率有显著性差异(P=0.02<0.05),温跃层以内比温跃层以下的渔获率明显要高;(2)2艘船分别有69.6%和100%的作业天数中,温跃层以下水深大眼金枪鱼渔获率较高,"华远渔18号"温跃层以内和温跃层以下平均渔获率分别为4.18尾每千钩和4.88尾每千钩."华远渔19号"温跃层以内和温跃层以下平均渔获率分别为0.10尾每千钩和2.57尾每千钩.大眼金枪鱼渔获率在温跃层以下水深较高.通过t-检验成对双样本均值分析,温跃层以内和温跃层以下大眼金枪鱼总平均渔获率无显著性差异(P=0.070.05),但对"华远渔19号"船的渔获率数据经t-检验发现大眼金枪鱼在温跃层以内和温跃层以下的渔获率有显著性差异(P=0.00<0.05).     

印度洋中南部水域金枪鱼延绳钓钓钩钩型对钓获对象的选择性

基于2008年9月至2009年4月在印度洋中南部水域金枪鱼延绳钓渔场收集的数据,研究分析和比较了3种钓钩钩型(传统金枪鱼钩、“J”形钩和圆形钩)的渔获效益及对钓捕对象的选择性。结果表明:(1) 从渔获种类上看,大眼金枪鱼和大青鲨金枪鱼钩钓获比例最高,“J”形钩和圆形钩的钓获比例相当;而长鳍金枪鱼则为金枪鱼钩钓获比例最高,其次为“J”形钩和圆形钩。(2) 大眼金枪鱼存活率以金枪鱼钩最高,“J”形钩最低;长鳍金枪鱼则为“J”形钩稍高于圆形钩,金枪鱼钩最低;大青鲨则以圆形钩最高,“J”形钩最低。(3) “J”形钩钓获的长鳍金枪鱼和鲨鱼平均叉长较金枪鱼钩和圆形钩稍大;而金枪鱼钩钓获的大眼金枪鱼平均叉长较圆形钩和“J”形钩稍大。(4) 3种钩型钓获的长鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼和大青鲨叉长分布均不存在显著性差异。     

大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓性能评估初步研究

利用2009～2010年我国大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓调查数据,对金枪鱼延绳钓钓具性能进行评估。结果表明:金枪鱼延绳钓具有较好的种类选择性,大眼金枪鱼渔获量和尾数分别占总渔获量的73.67%和76.00%;大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)、黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)和剑鱼(Xiphias gladius)未达到性成熟的渔获尾数比例分别为13.00%、25.97%和48.93%;1～6号钓钩,大眼金枪鱼上钩率随钓钩深度增加呈递增趋势,6～8号钓钩上钩率呈递减趋势,6号钓钩上钩率最大为9.46尾/千钩;3号至8号钓钩上钩率均大于7尾/千钩,表明1号和2号钓钩利用率偏低;根据钓钩理论深度,推测大眼金枪鱼主要分布水层为220m～350m。通过调节缩短率和浮子绳长度对钓具进行优化,使得钓钩分布水层与大眼金枪鱼分布水层更为接近,提高钓钩利用率。     

印度洋大眼金枪鱼延绳钓适宜渔获环境的初步研究

数值分析得出大眼金枪鱼的渔获适宜环境参数值范围：温度14～17℃，盐度34．5～35．4．溶解氧浓度1．5～4．5mg／L，温跃层深度80～160m，营养盐氮、磷、硅浓度分别大于12-μg／L，09μg／L，14μg／L。聚类分析表明，钓获率与营养盐关系最为密切。另外，通过因子分析，深化了对钓获率和渔获环境因子两者间关系的理解。     

南海金枪鱼延绳钓作业参数优化

为了探索南海金枪鱼延绳钓合适作业参数,根据2010年6月至2013年2月8个航次的南海金枪鱼延绳钓探捕调查数据,估算了大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼在不同水层的渔获率,以浮子绳长度hf、两浮子间钩数n和短缩率k这3个作业参数的调整为研究对象,采用最小二乘法度量不同水层上钓钩分布频率与金枪鱼渔获分布频率的匹配程度。当两者之间的频差平方和达到最小值时,即认为找到延绳钓最合适作业结构。结果显示:hf=34 m、n=25、k=0.68°对捕捞大眼金枪鱼最合适;hf=10 m、n=14、k=0.71°对捕捞黄鳍金枪鱼最合适;两种兼顾时,hf=8 m、n=27、k=0.69°更合适。     

吉尔伯特群岛海域延绳钓渔场大眼金枪鱼的环境偏好

为了掌握基里巴斯吉尔伯特群岛附近海域大眼金枪鱼的环境偏好,2009年9月至12月,金枪鱼延绳钓船"深联成719"在该海域进行了调查。利用仪器获取海洋环境数据,结合每天渔获数据,应用逐步回归方法,建立钓钩深度预测模型,计算大眼金枪鱼在各水层、温度、盐度、叶绿素、含氧量、水平海流和垂直海流范围内的渔获率,渔获率最大的各环境因子范围为大眼金枪鱼偏好的环境。结果表明:(1)大眼金枪鱼偏好的水层、水温、盐度、叶绿素、含氧量、水平海流和垂直海流范围分别为200.0~240.0 m、14.0~15.0℃、35.00~35.10、0.24~0.26μg/L、3.0~4.0 mg/L、0.00~0.20 m/s和0.03~0.04 m/s;(2)一般情况下,接近成熟的大眼金枪鱼偏好的水温为14.0~17.0℃;(3)大眼金枪鱼的适盐性较广;(4)溶解氧高于门限值(0.8 mg/L)时,大眼金枪鱼的分布由其它环境因子决定。     

金枪鱼延绳钓环形钩和圆形钩钓获率比较

根据"华远渔18号"和"华远渔19号"两艘冰鲜金枪鱼延绳钓渔船2005年9月15日~12月12日在印度洋热带公海水域(0°47′~10°16′N,61°40′~70°40′E)作业期间收集的数据,以每千钩钓获尾数和平均净重,对环型钩与圆型钩对大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的选择性、钓获率差异等进行了比较研究。结果表明:不同钓具漂移速度下环型钩与圆型钩各自对大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的选择性无显著差异;不同钓具漂移速度下环型钩与圆型钩之间对大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的钓获率无显著差异;环型钩与圆型钩之间对大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼渔获物净重无显著差异。     

罩网兼作金枪鱼延绳钓的钓钩深度与渔获水层分析

2015年3-4月及2017年1月在南海外海进行了两次罩网渔船兼作金枪鱼延绳钓的捕捞试验,基于试验数据分析延绳钓钓钩深度及渔获水层分布,以期优化改进试验钓具,有效提高南海金枪鱼延绳钓捕捞效益。研究发现:1)经济渔获以剑鱼(Xiphias gladius)与黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)为主,剑鱼的单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE,kg·千钩-1)为所有渔获中最高; 2)钓钩深度(D)与钩位(n)、风速(SW)、风流合压角(γ)成正相关,与漂移速度(SD)、投绳船速(SV)呈负相关,回归方程为:D=10. 259n-37. 247SD-29. 878SV+6. 940SW+23. 493γ+35. 633; 3)模型的预测结果与实测数据间无显著性差异,相对权重表明各影响因子中钩位具有最大的相对重要性; 4)试验中拟合钩深分布范围为35. 08～110. 80 m,剑鱼上钩率与CPUE最高的水层为60～80 m,黄鳍金枪鱼上钩率与CPUE最高的水层为80～100 m; 5) 60～80 m水层主要经济渔获CPUE最大且钓钩数目最多,认为钓钩水层分布较合理。     

北太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓钓钩垂直分布及浸泡时间对渔获物的影响

根据中国金枪鱼延绳钓渔业观察员于2018年9-12月在北太平洋公海(150°W-164°W,30°N-37°N)采集的金枪鱼延绳钓渔获数据,分析了钓钩的垂直分布及浸泡时间与渔获物之间的关系。结果表明,11种主要渔获物钓获深度差异很大,鲣(Katsuwonus pelamis)的平均钓获深度最浅,大青鲨(Prionace glauca)最深;除大青鲨和帆蜥鱼(Alepisaurus ferox)外,其他兼捕鱼类的钓钩深度分布与大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus,目标鱼种)之间差异显著;随着浸泡时间的增加,总渔获率呈先增加后下降的趋势,10~14 h内渔获率较高,且在第10小时达到峰值[1.44尾·(千钩·h)-1];浸泡时间在10~16 h内大眼金枪鱼的渔获率较高,且在第11小时达到峰值[0.45尾·(千钩·h)-1]。研究结果可为渔业生产和CPUE的标椎化提供参考,为制定有效减少兼捕鱼种的管理措施提供科学依据。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.