温度和盐度同缢蛏稚贝存活及生长的关系

本文阐述在室内控制的温度和盐度条件下，采用单因子和结合的方法，研究温度和盐度同缢蛏稚贝存活及生长的关系。缢蛏稚贝的适盐范围为4．50‰至28．30‰，最适盐度为12．40‰至16．30‰。在25℃时，它对低盐(1.80‰以下)有较强的忍耐性，对高盐度(33．50‰至40．00‰)也有一定的忍耐性。缢蛏稚贝的适温范围为10℃至35℃。但最适温度随盐度的不同而异，若在最适盐度的生境中，它的最适水温为27℃至30℃；如果稚贝在最适盐度以外的适盐范围内，经方差分析表明，它的最适温度是22℃。稚贝对低温(5℃至2℃)有很强的忍耐性，致死温度上限是40℃。缢蛏稚贝对盐度的敏感性，比它对温度的敏感性来得强。在22℃以下的温度组中和最适盐度范围内，盐度与温度的相关性不太明显；而在27℃以上的较高温度和适盐范围的上下极限时，其相关性显著，它们相应的适盐或适温范围明显地变窄。     

四种中草药多糖对梭鱼苗诱食效果的研究

<正>0前言梭鱼(Barracuda,Pike),又名红眼鱼、肉棍子,属于鲻形目的鲻科。其适盐、适温范围广,从35‰的高盐度海水到5‰的淡水均能存活,温度范围为0~35℃,最适生长温度为18~28℃[1]。梭鱼不仅能在海水和咸淡水中养殖,还可在淡水     

温度和盐度对花鲈胚胎及前期仔鱼发育影响的初步报告

花鲈（Ｌａｔｅｏｌａｂｒａｘ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）胚胎发育的适宜温度为１０～２２℃，１０℃组中的畸形率偏高，因此最适宜温度为１３～２２℃。短时期的７℃低温对胚胎发育没有影响；前期仔鱼的适温范围与胚胎的适温范围基本一致。胚胎发育的适宜 盐度为１９‰～２８‰，以２２‰～２５‰为最佳；仔鱼对盐度的要求与胚胎期近似。以低盐度和高盐 度相比较，４日龄以后，低盐度似有利于仔鱼存活。     

低盐度对刺参存活及摄食的影响

将海水分为5个盐度,每个盐度设一组重复,分别为14‰(0A、0B)、16‰(1A、1B)、18‰(2A、2B)、20‰(3A、3B)、22‰(4A、4B),观察不同的盐度对刺参存活及摄食的影响。结果表明,0组未摄食、21d死亡50%,31d全部死亡;1组17d后停止摄食,119d死亡50%,156d死亡90%;2组29d后停止摄食,105d开始死亡,125d死亡50%,156d死亡60%;3组基本未停食,后期偶尔间歇停食,121d开始死亡,156d死亡25%;4组基本未停食,后期偶尔间歇停食,没有死亡。     

温度与盐度和缢蛏幼体生存、生长及发育的关系

本文以长期生活在较高盐度(26—28‰)海域的亲蛏所繁衍的幼体为材料,探索温度和盐度单因子及双因子结合与幼体生存生长、发育的相互关系。浮游幼虫期适盐范围为8.4—32.4‰,最适盐度为12.4‰,稚贝适盐范围为8.4—28.4‰,最佳盐度为12.4‰。温度对幼体的影响,是受盐度高低所支配。在盐度为28.4‰生境中培育,浮游幼虫期适温范围为17—25℃,最适温度为21℃,稚贝适温范围为13—25℃,最适温度为17℃,幼体对25℃以上的较高温度的忍耐力较差。若在最适盐度(12.4‰)中培育,浮游幼虫期最适水温为25℃,稚贝最适水温为21℃。幼虫对较高盐度的忍耐力比对较低盐度的忍耐力来得强。     

盐度对日本囊对虾生长性能影响

在盐度7~42范围内设置8个盐度梯度,每个梯度3个重复。研究盐度对日本囊对虾成虾的生长、存活与饵料系数的影响,结果表明,日本囊对虾生长、存活率、增长率与饵料系数均有统计学意义差异(P0.05),盐度27的生长最快,显著大于盐度组7(P0.05);存活率变化范围为(18.79%±1.94%)~(91.71%±3.68%),盐度27存活率最高,高盐度或低盐度的存活率均低于中间盐度,但高盐度的存活率要比低盐度高;生长性状的增长率变化范围(2.47%±0.25%)~(84.42%±5.22%),增长率最快为盐度22~32;饵料系数最低为盐度27。日本囊对虾成虾最适生长盐度范围为22~32,该盐度范围内对虾生长速率快、存活率较高、饵料系数低;日本囊对虾成虾的最适盐度范围较窄,并且高盐度下的日本囊对虾存活率更高。     

盐度对杂交东方鲀存活和摄食的影响

采用盐度骤变和渐变的方法,研究了盐度0、5‰、10‰、15‰、20‰、25‰、30‰、35‰、40‰、45‰、50‰、55‰、60‰共13个梯度对菊黄东方鲀(♀)×红鳍东方鲀(♂)杂交F1代存活和摄食的影响。研究表明,盐度从30‰骤变到15‰～50‰时,杂交F1存活率最高,显著高于盐度0、5‰、10‰、55‰和60‰梯度的存活率(P<0.05),其中盐度10‰的梯度中杂交F1代存活率约为33.3%,而盐度0、5‰、55‰和60‰梯度的存活率均低于1%;盐度5‰～50‰为杂交F1可摄食盐度,其中20‰～35‰是最佳摄食盐度。盐度渐变时,盐度5‰～50‰梯度中杂交F1代存活率最高,显著高于盐度0、55‰和60‰梯度的存活率(P<0.05),其中盐度0的梯度中杂交F1代存活率最低,约为12%;盐度0～60‰为杂交F1可摄食盐度,其中盐度20‰、25‰、30‰、35‰和40‰时,杂交F1摄食率无显著差异,在盐度30‰时摄食量和摄食率均达到最大。表明,菊黄东方鲀(♀)×红鳍东方鲀(♂)杂交F1代是广盐性鱼类,对盐度适应能力较强,而且适应盐度渐变的能力强于盐度骤变。     

养殖盐度对凡纳滨对虾抗氧化酶及免疫相关酶活力的影响

为比较不同养殖盐度下凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)抗氧化活力及非特异性免疫状态,将平均体长为(10.6±1.7)cm的对虾分为高盐度组(20‰)和低盐度组(5‰),饲养2周后,测定肝胰腺和血清中的抗氧化酶及免疫相关酶活力。结果显示,凡纳滨对虾在低盐度下肝胰腺中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均显著低于高盐度组,丙二醛(MDA)含量高于高盐度组;在低盐度下,血清中GPx活力、T-AOC显著低于高盐度组,MDA含量高于高盐度组;低盐度下,对虾肝胰腺谷丙转氨酶(GOT)和谷草转氨酶(GPT)活力显著下降,而血清GOT和GPT活力显著升高;低盐度下,血清和肝胰腺中的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力均显著低于高盐度组。结果表明,低盐度条件下凡纳滨对虾血清和肝胰腺的抗氧化活力和免疫酶活力均受到抑制,脂质过氧化程度升高,肝胰腺受到一定程度的损伤。     

低盐度对泥东风螺(Babylonia lutosa)稚螺生长与存活的影响

采用盐度渐变和突变2种方法试验低盐度对平均体重3.7 mg、平均壳高(2.24±0.24)mm的泥东风螺稚螺生长与存活的影响。结果表明:盐度28时,稚螺的生长速度最快,盐度降到24时,对稚螺的影响并不明显,摄食基本正常,但活力略有降低;变态7 d的泥东风螺稚螺能够适应高于21的低盐环境,存活基本正常,有比较高的成活率,但对其摄食和生长有一定的影响;当盐度突变至18时,泥东风螺稚螺仍能存活,突变至15时,则不能存活;而盐度渐变至15时,稚螺仍可存活;盐度逐渐降低只可扩大泥东风螺稚螺的存活盐度范围,但其对最适生长盐度范围影响有限。     

低盐度养殖大菱鲆技术要点

<正>大菱鲆(Scophthalmas maximus)商品名为多宝鱼,其适盐范围在12‰⁴0‰之间,然而近几年由于地下井盐水的过度开采,井盐水盐度降低,部分靠河口的大菱鲆养殖场井盐水的盐度只有8‰40‰之间,然而近几年由于地下井盐水的过度开采,井盐水盐度降低,部分靠河口的大菱鲆养殖场井盐水的盐度只有8‰¹0‰,这超出了大菱鲆养殖的适盐范围,养殖户开始利用8‰10‰,这超出了大菱鲆养殖的适盐范围,养殖户开始利用8‰¹0‰的低盐度井盐水养殖大菱鲆,由于经验欠缺,低盐度井盐水养殖的大菱     

四种海胆杂交的可行性及子代的早期发育

报道了中国北部沿海马粪海胆、海刺猬、光棘球海胆三种主要海胆与引自日本的中间球海胆四种海胆之间的不同组合的杂交试验及其子代浮游幼体及幼海胆的早期生长发育.结果表明,采用生殖调控可使不同海胆达到同步繁殖,在8～24℃下各种海胆杂交组合的受精率与亲本亲缘关系有关,同时受到双亲繁殖适宜温度的影响,受精率介于0～69.6%之间,均低于自交组.以马粪海胆和海刺猬为亲本的正反交、以马粪海胆和中间球海胆为亲本的正反交以及马粪海胆()×光棘球海胆()各组杂交胚胎均可发育至四腕幼虫,但畸形率较高,浮游时间比自交组延长3～10d,在其中的3个杂交组得到了幼海胆,经过14个月的室内培育,杂交组成活率低于自交组,壳直径达2.59～2.88cin.     

Formulated Feed Supports Weight Gain and Survivorship in Juvenile Sea Urchins Lytechinus variegatus

In adult sea urchins, formulated feeds can support both weight gain and gonad production; however, studies demonstrating the effects of formulated feeds on juvenile sea urchin growth are limited. In this study, juvenile sea urchins (test diameter: 3.20–7.33 mm, N = 12 per treatment) were reared individually in artificial seawater and fed with one of four experimental feeds: (1) mixed‐taxa algal biofilm (MTAB), (2) freeze‐dried MTAB, (3) a commercial, small‐mammal feed (Friskies^® cat treats), or (4) a semipurified feed formulated for sea urchins. The MTAB and sea urchin feed supported weight gain and survival throughout the study; however, those individuals fed with the sea urchin feed exhibited a short lag period at the onset of feeding. This short lag period may be, in part, because of an initial lack of attraction of the urchins to the formulated feed. Furthermore, we hypothesize that gut physiology or gut flora must acclimatize to a new diet (all sea urchins were reared initially on the MTAB diet). The freeze‐dried MTAB and mammal feed did not support substantial weight gain. This study suggests that sea urchin juveniles as small as 3–4 mm can utilize formulated feeds for growth.     

Effects of Hyperoxic Conditions on Growth Performance in Juvenile and Adult Green Sea Urchin,Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

The effects of hyperoxic conditions on survival, gonad growth, feed intake, and food conversion of adult and somatic growth and survival of juvenile green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, were examined. Juvenile and adult sea urchins with initial diameters of 11.5 and 75 mm, respectively, were reared in water with constant oxygen saturations of 100 (control), 115 and 130% for 42 d (juvenile) and 51 d (adult sea urchin) at 8 C and 33‰ salinity. During the experiment the gonad indices of the adults tripled from 7.3% (±1.5) to 21.4% (±4.3), 19.4% (±4.7), and 22.0% (±4.4) for the groups kept at 100, 115, and 130% oxygen saturation, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the differences in gonadal size among the groups were not significant. Neither were there any significant differences in food intake or food conversion ratio among the groups. Only one animal died during the experiment. The juvenile sea urchin kept at 100, 115, and 130% oxygen saturation doubled their test diameter from initially 11.5 mm (±1.5) to 19.9 mm (±1.4), 21.4 mm (±2.1) and 20.6 mm (1.0), respectively, but there were no significant differences in growth among these groups. There was no mortality during the experiments in these groups. Overall, the findings suggest that juvenile and adult S. droebachiensis are unable to utilize hypersaturation of oxygen to increase somatic or gonad growth, but can be reared at hyperoxygenated water for prolonged periods of time without harmful effects.     

Effect of low temperature rearing, using deep-sea water, on gonadal maturation of the short-spined sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus intermedius, in Rausu, Hokkaido

It has long been hoped that sea urchins could be served to visitors to seafood restaurants, hotels, and summer festivals in Rausu, located in the world natural heritage site ??Shiretoko,?? during the summer tourist season. However, to date this has not been feasible because of the sea urchin spawning season (July?CSeptember), during which the quality of the gonads, the edible part of the sea urchin, decreases due to maturation. In this study, we examined the possibility of suppressing gonadal maturation and maintaining high-quality sea urchin gonads by low-temperature rearing using deep-sea water. Unripe sea urchins captured before the spawning season were reared under two temperature conditions from June to September. In those groups reared at ambient temperatures (2.8?C19.6?°C), gametogenesis in both sexes progressed rapidly with increased temperature, and almost all sea urchins reached full maturity by late July. In contrast, in groups reared at low temperatures (2.1?C5.1?°C), gametogenesis progressed slowly and >60?% of the sea urchins did not reach maturity even by early September. The feeding experiment also revealed that feeding with live Saccharina diabolica could increase the gonadal volume efficiently under low-temperature rearing conditions. These results demonstrate that low-temperature rearing, supplemented with feeding, is effective in suppressing gametogenesis to allow for the harvesting of high-quality sea urchins during the summer tourist season.     

The effect of fresh seaweed and a formulated diet supplemented with seaweed on the growth and gonad quality of the collector sea urchin,Tripneustes gratilla,under farm conditions

This gonad enhancement study investigates the effect of different fresh and formulated feeds and feeding regimes on the growth and gonad quality of wild‐collected adult sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla, under farm conditions for over 18 weeks. In the first 12 weeks (phase 1), urchins were fed fresh Ulva rigida (U); a 50:50 mixture of fresh U. rigida and Gracilaria gracilis (UG); fresh G. gracilis (G) and a formulated diet 20U (containing 20% U. rigida), and in the final 6 weeks (phase 2) of the study, diet was changed to a formulated feed (20U diet). By the end of phase 1, urchins fed the 20U diet produced gonads (50.72 ± 5.4 g) that were significantly heavier (p < .001) than the gonads of urchins fed the fresh seaweed diets (U, UG & G). By the end of phase 2, gonad weight of urchins in treatment groups UG‐20U and G‐20U were similar to those fed the 20U‐20U diet. Gonad colour of urchins in the G‐20U treatment became significantly lighter (ANOVA, p = .029) and poorer quality, compared with urchins in the U‐20U group. This gonad enhancement study, conducted on wild‐collected adult T. gratilla, has shown that a formulated feed (20U diet) can enhance gonad growth and produce commercially acceptable gonads. This farm‐based study supports previous findings from aquarium‐based studies by our group and indicates that short‐term sea urchin gonad enhancement can be carried out under farm conditions in South Africa.     

Effect of Lipid Source and Concentration on Somatic Growth of Juvenile Green Sea Urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

Supplying juvenile sea urchins with an abundant supply of resources and essential nutrients for growth will facilitate somatic growth and, hence, improve the success of the sea urchin aquaculture industry. Lipids are essential in physical processes such as membrane production and are a concentrated source of energy. This study, using prepared diets, tested the effects of lipid sources containing different major fatty acids (i.e., n‐3 and/or n‐6) (Part 1) and lipid concentration (i.e., 1, 3, 7, and 10%) (Part 2) on the somatic (i.e., test or shell) growth of two size cohorts (7.0‐ and 15.3‐mm average initial test diameter [TD]) of juvenile green sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. The growth of the sea urchins fed prepared diets was compared to the growth of sea urchins fed a kelp reference diet, Laminaria longicruris. After both feeding trials, the kelp‐fed sea urchins had superior test growth and were more similar in physical appearance to wild sea urchins (i.e., test color, spine length, and gonad color). The sea urchins fed the prepared diets had pale test color, short, stubby spines, and large, pale‐colored gonads compared to wild sea urchins. The smaller cohort of sea urchins grew at a faster rate, but growth patterns for both cohorts were similar. The juveniles fed the prepared diets (in both feeding trials) had high initial growth rates that decreased after approximately 100 d compared to the kelp‐fed juveniles. Differences in test growth were not shown to be affected by sea urchin size (i.e., similar results for both cohorts) or by differences in dietary lipid sources (i.e., the presence of n‐3 and/or n‐6 fatty acids). However, the sea urchins fed diets with lower lipid concentration (≤3%) had larger average TDs than those fed diets with higher lipid concentrations (≥7%). Differences in test growth and physical appearance among those fed the prepared diets and kelp may have been because of nutritional deficiencies in the prepared diets.     

Salinity increases total body prolactin and gill and skin prolactin receptor expression in the Chinese edible frog,Hoplobatrachus rugulosus,tadpole

Water salinity has effects on growth and metamorphosis of anuran species, including Hoplobatrachus rugulosus. Previously, we reported that cultured H. rugulosus tadpoles at low salinities (2–4‰) were of bigger size and grew faster than those in fresh water (FW). However, at a higher salinity level of 6‰, their sizes were reduced and the metamorphosis was delayed. It was therefore hypothesized that high salinity‐induced osmotic stress affected secretion of prolactin (PRL), which acts as osmoregulatory hormone and a regulator of metamorphosis in amphibians. In this study, transferring tadpoles into 4‰ and 6‰ brackish water increased the PRL levels by ~1.2‐ and ~twofold, respectively, as compared to FW group. These osmotic challenges also increased the total body fluid osmolality and levels of Na⁺, Cl^? and Ca²⁺. The contents of triiodothyronine (T₃) were significantly reduced in 4‰ and 6‰ groups, but not 2‰ group. Three sizes (49, 29 and 23 kDa) of H. rugulosus PRL receptors (PRLRs) were detected, and their protein expression was found in the skin, gill, tail fin, brain, intestine, heart, liver and kidney. The expression of PRLR‐49k protein was significantly higher in both skin and gills in 2–4‰ groups, whereas that of PRLR‐29k and PRLR‐23k were higher in gills and lower in skin of the 6‰ group than FW group. In conclusion, salinity challenge, particularly 4‰ and 6‰, increased the levels of PRL, while decreasing the T₃ levels, which could explain why salinity markedly modulated growth, metamorphosis and survival of tadpoles.     

Effects of protein and carbohydrate levels on survival,consumption and gonad index in adult sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson 1857) from Baja California,Mexico

A greater understanding of dietary protein and carbohydrate levels with regard to gonad production in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus would increase our nutritional knowledge of this sea urchin and guide the development of formulated diets for such aquaculture target species. A total of 255 purple sea urchins were captured from Ensenada Bay, Mexico, and maintained in 200‐L tanks for 9 weeks. Formulated diets that contained 30%, 26%, 23%, 20% and 17% of protein and 42%, 46%, 50%, 54% and 58% carbohydrates were offered ad libitum. Survival was affected by diets; urchins that were fed high‐protein–low‐carbohydrate diet experienced decreased survival. No significant differences were found in gonad index, but gonad production efficiency was lower in urchins that were fed a medium‐low‐protein–medium‐high‐carbohydrate diet. Urchins that were fed high carbohydrate levels utilized protein more efficiently and showed better digestibility of the diet and protein. These data suggest that all of our diets support gonad growth, but in terms of consumption, a diet that contains protein levels of 17% and 23% with carbohydrate levels of 50% and 58% are beneficial for S. purpuratus.     

低盐和高盐环境下刺参选育品系生长与摄食性能研究

为评价刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)耐盐品系选育效果,以G4、G5代刺参耐盐选育品系为研究对象,研究了其在低盐度和高盐度环境下的生长、摄食和消化生理的变化。结果显示,30 d实验期间,G4代和G5代2种规格选育刺参在不同盐度环境中的生长情况相似,在低盐环境中的末体重随着实验盐度的降低而下降,在高盐环境中的末体重均随着实验盐度升高而下降;G4代盐度35实验组的特定生长率(SGR)为(0.82±0.06)%/d,摄食率(FR)为(3.54±0.26)%,均与盐度31对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),G5代实验组刺参呈现相似规律。在盐度为18~31时,G4和G5代的不同规格选育刺参蛋白酶活力随着设置盐度的降低而下降,最低值为G5代盐度18小规格刺参实验组的1.55 U/mg prot;在盐度31~39范围内,各实验组刺参蛋白酶活力随着设置盐度的升高呈降低趋势,但盐度35、37实验组的蛋白酶活力与盐度31对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);G4和G5代的不同规格选育刺参淀粉酶活力随着设置盐度的变化总体无太大差异;在盐度18~31范围内,G4和G5代选育刺参脂肪酶活力随着设置盐度的降低而下降,其中,盐度18和盐度22实验组脂肪酶活力显著低于盐度31对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,选育刺参在适应生长、摄食及激活消化酶活力的盐度值范围与普通刺参具有显著差异;G4和G5代选育刺参选育性状稳定性较强,历代定向选育对刺参群体抗逆性状的遗传改良起到了积极作用。     

饵料对中间球海胆品质的影响

饵料种类对中间球海胆的品质有显著影响。长期摄食鲜海带或裙带菜的海胆生殖腺呈橘红色和橘黄色,摄食孔石莼为浅橘红色和橘黄色,摄食人工配合饲料为土黄色和乳白色。长期摄食鲜海藻类的海胆生殖腺味道甜美,口感上佳;而摄食人工配合饲料的则有苦涩味。饵料种类及其交替方式决定了海胆生殖腺色泽和口感的转变速度,其中鲜海藻类间转换速度基本一致,均需60d可完成;而人工配合饲料则需80d方能完成。中间球海胆消化道的颜色更易受饵料种类的影响,其转换速度与饵料种类和交替方式无关,20d即有明显表现,40d可完成。