性早熟中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺与性腺的酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性

采用磷酸苯二钠法在520nm波长测定了未成熟、早熟和正常成熟中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺与性腺中的酸性磷酸酶（ACP）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）。结果表明：（1）各组蟹肝胰腺ACP和ALP活性都显著高于性腺；（2）早熟蟹肝胰腺中ACP活性都显著高于未成熟蟹而低于正常成熟蟹，在各发育阶段没有性别差异，但是，早熟雌蟹和正常成熟雌蟹卵巢中ACP活性都较早熟雄蟹和正常雄蟹精巢低，早熟与正常成熟个体没有差异；（3）早熟雌蟹肝胰腺ALP活性显著高于未成熟和正常成熟雌蟹，而与三组雄蟹处于同一水平，但是，早熟和正常成熟雌雄蟹的性腺中ALP活性没有显著差异。由此得出结论：（1）性腺发育所需营养物质的动员或合成主要与肝胰腺ACP有关；（2）性早熟的发生与肝胰腺中ACP和ALP活性的显著升高有关。     

蟹类生长发育相关激素研究进展

本文概述了与蟹生长发育相关的内分泌腺(X-窦腺复合体、蜕皮腺、大颚腺、性腺)及其研究进展(生理作用和调控模式)。这些腺体分泌的激素相互协调相互促进或拮抗,调控代谢、生长发育、蜕皮和生殖等重要生理活动。蟹类蜕皮腺呈扁球状,是一种无管腺,由上皮细胞组成,对卵巢成熟具有协助作用,其分泌的蜕皮激素通过调节体内蛋白等完成蜕皮过程。X-窦腺复合体在蟹生长发育过成中起着重要的调控作用,其分泌的甲壳类高血糖素族属于神经素。大颚腺肉眼下呈现细条状或椭圆实体,其分泌的甲基法尼酯激素MF可调控性腺发育成熟,MF在蛋白质代谢、生殖、蜕皮和变态过程中起着不可代替的作用。蟹类卵巢成熟和卵黄发生过程都是在蜕皮间期进行和完成,性腺激素失衡可导致河蟹早熟,给养殖业带来巨大损失。通过对蟹类腺体及其激素结构、功能和调控模式进行深入研究,有望为蟹类养殖提供丰富的理论基础,促进蟹类养殖业的健康发展。     

克氏原螯虾大颚器合成甲基法尼酯的研究

利用放射化学方法测定了克氏原螯虾大颚器中甲基法尼酯合成速率。结果发现，同一尾克氏原螯虾的左、右侧大颚器中甲基法尼酯的合成速率无明显差异(P＞0.05)；雄螯虾甲基法尼酯的合成速率比雌螯虾大(P＜0.05)；处于精巢发育期的雄螯虾甲基法尼酯合成速率明显大于发育前期的雄螯虾(P＜0.05)；在雌螯虾卵巢发育周期中，甲基法尼酯的合成速率依次为次级卵黄发生期＞初级卵黄发生期＞成熟期＞卵黄发生前期＞恢复期，表明大颚器合成甲基法尼酯与促进卵黄发生密切相关。     

中华绒螯蟹2龄早熟和晚熟品系选育第4代(G4) 在成蟹阶段养殖性能的比较

为评估选育第4代(G4)的中华绒螯蟹在成蟹阶段的养殖性能和性腺发育情况,以G4中华绒螯蟹2龄早熟和2龄晚熟品系为试验对象,以未经选育的养殖群体作对照,比较了这3个群体的扣蟹在成蟹养殖阶段生长、性腺发育及最终养殖效果的差异。试验结果显示:(1)2个选育品系在成蟹养殖阶段的平均体质量始终高于对照组,其中在9月份和11月份,2龄晚熟雌、雄个体的平均体质量均显著高于对照组(P0.05);(2)2龄早熟雌、雄个体的生殖蜕壳时间均早于其他2组,此外,2龄晚熟雌、雄个体分别在7月25日和8月15日的生殖蜕壳率显著低于另外2组(P0.05);(3)就性腺发育而言,2龄早熟品系在性腺发育期间的性腺指数(GSI)始终较高,而2龄晚熟品系的GSI始终较低,其中在9月25日2龄早熟雌蟹的GSI显著高于另外2组(P0.05);(4)2个选育品系成蟹的最终平均体质量和单位面积产量均显著高于对照组,且晚熟雌蟹的成活率显著高于对照组(P0.05);(5)就规格分布而言,晚熟雄蟹体质量在145.00～169.99 g所占的比例显著低于对照组,而在195.00 g以上的比例显著高于其他2组(P0.05);晚熟雌蟹体质量在80.00～99.99 g所占的比例显著低于对照组,而在140.00 g以上的比例显著高于另外2组(P0.05)。结果表明,遗传选育可以有效控制中华绒螯蟹的性腺发育速度及最终体质量。这一结果为2龄早熟和2龄晚熟新品种的申报提供了数据支撑。     

早熟和正常中华绒螯蟹精子形态、顶体酶活力和抗氧化能力的比较研究

Eriocheir sinensis）进行了比较，结果表明，早熟雄性蟹生精小管的细胞构成明显不同。早熟雄性蟹精巢生精小管主要管型为精母细胞型，而正常雄蟹管型以精原细胞加精母细胞型为主；早熟雄蟹性腺发育速度明显快于正常雄蟹；正常雄蟹的生精小管和精荚横截面积分别为（0     

全程投喂配合饲料条件下池养中华绒螯蟹的生长性能及其性腺发育

于2012年5月至2013年11月,对池养中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)全程投喂配合饲料,观测扣蟹和成蟹阶段的生长规律、成活率、早熟率、性腺发育速度、产量、规格分布和饲料系数等。结果表明:(1)扣蟹阶段雌雄生长差异不显著(P0.05),增重率(WG)和特定增长率(SGR)为先上升后下降,整个扣蟹培育阶段的平均SGR为1.9%/d左右;平均成活率和早熟率分别为10.0%和4.9%,雌体的早熟率显著高于雄体(P0.05);一龄早熟蟹和正常扣蟹的平均体重分别为19.8 g和7.5 g左右,一龄早熟蟹和正常扣蟹的平均产量分别为229 kg/hm~2和2433 kg/hm~2;扣蟹培育阶段饲料投喂主要发生在7—10月,占全部饲料用量的80%以上,饲料投喂量与扣蟹体重及池塘水温具有一定的关系,扣蟹阶段饲料系数(FCR)为2.15。(2)成蟹养殖过程中,自6月份起雄体体重大于雌体,整个养殖阶段雄体的SGR显著高于雌体(P0.05);雌雄成蟹最终平均体重分别为126.1 g和181.1 g,雌、雄及总体成活率分别为61.30%、53.47%和58.4%,产量分别为412.20 kg/hm~2、536.10 kg/hm~2和950 kg/hm~2;成蟹养殖的饲料消耗主要发生在7—10月,其中育肥前期(9—11月)的饲料用量占50%左右,整个成蟹养殖阶段的FCR为2.63。(3)池养成蟹的生殖蜕壳主要发生在8—9月,雌体比雄体早20 d左右;雌体的性腺发育主要发生在生殖蜕壳后的9—10月,雄体的性腺发育时间跨度较长,生殖蜕壳前性腺指数已达0.8%左右;雌雄成蟹性腺发育期间肝胰腺指数均呈下降趋势。综上,全程投喂配合饲料能保证池养中华绒螯蟹的正常生长发育,可大规模推广应用于中华绒螯蟹养殖产业。     

鲤鱼血清中促性腺激素、17β雌二醇含量的周年变化

应用放射免疫测定法,对雌、雄鲤血清中促性腺激素(GTH)和17β-雌二醇(17β-E_2)的含量进行周年测定。GTH的常年分泌量,雌鲤平均为8.94±5.94ng/ml(12月份含量最低,峰值在1月份);雄鲤常年平均为8.72±5.20ng/ml(10月份含量最低,峰值在11月份)。17β-E_2的含量,雌鲤1-4月份较高,平均为2019.48±754.49pg/ml(全年峰值在2月份)。产卵季节后,卵巢开始退化,17β-E_2含量下降。5—8月平均为454.58pg/ml,产卵前后差异性显著。这表明性腺的发育和成熟与血清中17β-E_2含量变化的密切相关性以及雌二醇对GTH分泌的反馈抑制作用。     

如何控制北方一龄蟹的性腺早熟

笔者在多年的养殖实践中发现,在养殖的一龄蟹种中有不少个体出现性腺早熟。未成熟蟹种不论雌雄个体,腹部都狭长,呈钟形或略成三角形,雄蟹腹部交接器为软管状,掌节绒毛、步足前节和腕节上的刚毛均短而稀疏,打开头胸甲可见桔黄色肝脏,头胸甲背部颜色为黄色,或黄里夹杂着少量淡绿色,背部蟹纹不明显,背部较平坦。而性腺成熟河蟹雌蟹腹部变圆,并且周围密生绒毛,雄蟹腹部交接器已经骨质化,坚硬成管状,掌节绒毛稠密,并且较长.颜色也较深,步足前节和腕节上的刚毛粗长、稠密、坚硬,打开头胸甲肉眼可见雌性肝区上面有两条紫色长条卵巢,卵粒清楚,雄性肝区有两条白色块状精巢,背部颜色较深,为绿色甚至为黑绿色,蟹纹明显,背部凹凸不平。河蟹性腺成熟后,蟹体脱壳困难,90％以上因蜕壳不遂死亡,严重影响了养殖者的经济效益,有的养殖户甚至因此而亏损。     

养殖银鲳性腺发育规律和性类固醇激素变化

为掌握养殖银鲳的性腺发育规律及其与性类固醇激素水平的关系,本研究采用组织切片技术和酶联免疫吸附法(Elisa),观察养殖条件下银鲳的精巢与卵巢发育特征和血清中性类固醇激素的周年变化,并分析性腺成熟指数(GSI)、肝重指数(HSI)和肥满度(CF)与性腺发育的关系。结果显示,养殖银鲳雌鱼1龄即可发育成熟,成熟卵巢呈一对""形的囊状结构。11月份有近一半个体发育至III期,33.3%已发育至IV期,12月—翌年1月越冬期间约2/3退化至II期,3月又迅速发育至IV期,4月份达到V期并产卵,5月份产卵结束卵巢进入恢复期IV期。银鲳精巢属小叶型,III期精巢出现小叶腔,IV期精巢出现精子,精巢发育速率快于卵巢,即"雄性早熟",7月龄约20%个体可达到性成熟,越冬时退化至III期,3月重新发育,精子分批成熟排精。雌鱼GSI值为0.19%~12.89%,HSI为0.97%~2.30%,CF为2.30~3.08 g/cm~3,雄鱼的GSI为0.08%~2.62%,HSI值为0.73%~1.83%,CF为2.11~2.80 g/cm~3,GSI值在V期时达到最大,HSI和CF值则于IV期达到峰值。雌鱼血清中雌二醇(E2)周年表达水平为23.27~59.13 pg/m L,雄鱼为15.90~36.20 pg/m L,雌鱼的睾酮(T)为14.57~68.67 nmol/L,雄鱼的T为18.62~66.49 nmol/L,E2水平与HSI值呈现显著正相关关系,T表达水平与GSI值呈现显著正相关关系。研究表明,银鲳血清中性类固醇激素含量与精巢和卵巢的发育密切相关,可作为了解养殖银鲳性腺发育的重要指标。     

[05]早熟和正常中华绒螯蟹精子形态、顶体酶活力和抗氧化能力的比较研究

与正常雄性中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)进行了比较,结果表明,早熟雄性蟹生精小管的细胞构成明显不同.早熟雄性蟹精巢生精小管主要管型为精母细胞型,而正常雄蟹管型以精原细胞加精母细胞型为主;早熟雄蟹性腺发育速度明显快于正常雄蟹;正常雄蟹的牛精小管和精荚横截面积分别为(0.041±0.007)mm2和(0.080±0.010)mm2,而早熟雄蟹则分别下降为(0.026±0.005)mm2和(0.044±0.005)mm2,两组间存在极显著差异(P<0.01);其次,早熟雄蟹与正常雄蟹各期精细胞大小差异较大,表现为正常蟹精原细胞、精母细胞和精子均大于早熟蟹;早熟蟹的精子成活率仅为(73.6±3.5)%,而正常蟹则为(84.7±2.1)%;两组蟹精子顶体酶活力差异显著(P<0.05),早熟蟹精于顶体酶活力仅为(62.8±5.50)μIU/106,约是正常蟹的70%,正常蟹高达(79.6±9.80)μIU/106;早熟蟹精巢内超氧化物歧化酶、总抗氧化能力数值均显著低于正常蟹(P<0.05),而两组蟹精巢内丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著差异(P>0.05).虽然早熟蟹性腺发育速度快于正常蟹,但其各期精子形态、精子密度与成活率、顶体酶活力和抗氧化能力等指标均远不及正常蟹.     

Chemical constituents in the abdominal muscle of cultured mud crab Scylla serrata in relation to seasonal variation and maturation

ABSTRACT:     Seasonal changes in levels of chemical constituents in the abdominal muscle of male and female mud crab Scylla serrata were investigated. The gonadosomatic index in the female crab was higher in October and August, of which the muscle yield, glycogen, and total amount of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-related compounds (ARC) in the October sample were the highest throughout the year, but the total amount of free amino acids (FAA) was the lowest. The total FAA and individual FAA such as glycine, alanine, and arginine increased in the August and November female samples, while that in the male specimens was higher in January, March, and August. The total ARC in both crabs was lower in the samples collected from winter than in other seasons whereas glycinebetaine was higher in winter and early spring. Glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, arginine, glycinebetaine, and adenosine monophosphate might be responsible for the taste of mud crab. Their level together was relatively higher in the August and January male samples, and in the August and November female specimens. However, the correlation between the taste component content and degree of gonad maturation was low.     

Nutritional qualities of normal and precocious adult male Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis)

The nutritional values of edible gonad, hepatopancreas and muscle tissues from normal and precocious adult male Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) were investigated herein. The results showed that the average weight and meat yield (MY) of normal crabs were significantly higher than those of precocious crabs, while the hepatopancreas indexes (HSI) and gonadosomatic indexes (GSI) had no significant differences. Precocious and normal crabs had greater protein and lipid contents, respectively, and the differences were mainly reflected in gonads and hepatopancreas. While assessing the amino acid profiles, both precocious and normal crabs could be high‐quality protein sources, particularly the precocious crabs which showed higher levels of essential amino acids. In fatty acid profiling experiments, precocious crabs revealed higher EPA, ∑n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and ∑n‐3/∑n‐6 ratios than normal crabs; however, DHA and ∑n‐6 PUFA contents were considerably lower. Additionally, contents of nutritious minerals K and Ca in precocious crabs were significantly higher than those in normal crabs, while Zn and Fe were significantly lower. In short, our data indicated that precocious Chinese mitten crabs are also a nutritious food, and even in some respects their nutritional value is higher than normal crabs.     

湖泊和池塘养殖环境对中华绒螯蟹组织中乳酸和活性氧含量的影响

比较了湖泊和池塘养殖环境对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)组织中乳酸和活性氧含量的影响。结果显示:性腺、肝脏和肌肉组织中的乳酸含量,阳澄湖、太湖养殖蟹显著低于同水系池塘养殖蟹、特级蟹显著低于个体小的等外品蟹、雄蟹低于雌蟹、性腺和肝脏低于肌肉。9—11月份,湖养蟹组织中的乳酸含量较塘养蟹更早、更加快速地降低。肌肉组织中活性氧(ROS)含量测定显示,特级蟹稳定地低于等外品雌蟹,雄蟹低于相同养殖环境中同规格雌蟹。结果表明,乳酸和ROS含量或机体抗氧化能力的指标对于阳澄湖大闸蟹的品质和呈味特色是一个值得关注和深入研究的指标。     

Quality improvement by feeding wild-caught edible crab (Cancer pagurus L.): a pilot study

High season for the Norwegian Brown crab fishery (Cancer pagurus L.) is from August to October when meat yield (MY) is high, especially for female crabs. However, the quality of hard‐shelled crabs may vary between and within regions also, at this time of the year. A pilot study was conducted to examine whether feeding could increase MY in wild‐caught medium‐quality females caught during four periods from July to November. Feed intake was compared for crabs fed at different temperatures (3, 5, 8, 10 and 12°C). The crabs were fed three times a week in periods from 15 to 20 days. Feed intake increased with temperatures. Quality, as assessed by MY, was higher for all fed groups compared with reference groups. A clear pattern in quality improvement was seen according to season. Hepatosomatic index increased more than the gonadosomatic in July, slightly more in August, while gonadosomatic development was higher in September. In October, some spawning occurred. The result indicates that feeding had a positive effect, which seemed to increase with increasing temperature. We suggest that the temperature should be at least 12°C in order to achieve an optimal gain in MY when the feeding period is 3 weeks.     

中华绒螯蟹血淋巴和肝胰腺的总蛋白含量与性早熟的关系

中华绒螯蟹扣蟹性腺发育与肝胰腺和血淋巴的蛋白质浓度相关.性早熟前后,雌雄扣蟹肝胰腺总蛋白浓度分别由(121.17±44.50)mg@g-1和(89.43±21.86)mg@g-1下降至(81.08±5.84)mg@g-1和(70.58±9.90)mg@g-1,雌性扣蟹的肝胰腺占体重的比值也由8.18%降至3.90%.血淋巴总蛋白浓度正常发育的雌性扣蟹为(99.55±12.06)mg@mL-1,明显高于性早熟雌性扣蟹的(72.26±17.87)mg@mL-1;而雄性扣蟹性早熟前后的血淋巴总蛋白浓度无显著差异.肝胰腺总蛋白浓度二秋龄雌蟹高于性早熟雌性扣蟹,但它们之间的血淋巴总蛋白浓度没有显著差异.二秋龄雄蟹的血淋巴和肝胰腺总蛋白浓度与性早熟雄性扣蟹相当,差异不显著.     

正常与性早熟中华绒螯蟹的Y-器官转录组分析

性早熟是中华绒螯蟹养殖过程中普遍存在的一个问题。为发掘中华绒螯蟹性早熟相关的重要功能基因,实验采用Illumina Hiseq 2000高通量测序技术获得了正常与性早熟雌蟹的Y-器官转录组数据,并进行比较分析。结果显示,测序分别获得44 619 538和43 052 958个clean reads,比对发现2655个差异表达基因,Gene Ontology(GO)功能分类分析将文库中的差异表达基因归类到3大功能(生物过程、细胞组分和分子功能)的42个类别中。KEGG富集分析将文库中的差异表达基因富集到134条特定的KEGG代谢途径,其中4条是显著性富集,包括酮体合成和降解、丁酸甲酯代谢、神经营养因子信号通路和碱基切除修复通路。通过RNA-seq技术获得了丰富的中华绒螯蟹Y-器官转录组信息,为中华绒螯蟹新基因克隆、性早熟成因与预防和Y-器官的研究提供有价值的数据。     

In vitro methyl farnesoate secretion by mandibular organs isolated from different molt and reproductive stages of the crab Oziotelphusa senex senex

ABSTRACT:   Considerable evidences indicate that mandibular organ (MO) of crustaceans secrete terpenoid hormone (methyl farnesoate [MF]), which regulates molting and reproduction. In the freshwater south Indian rice field crab Oziotelphusa senex senex , MO isolated during premolt and vitellogenesis, secreted greater amounts of MF, which indicates that the regulation of the crustacean molt and reproduction is complex and also involves MF, besides steroid (ecdysteroid) and peptide (sinus gland peptide) hormones.