硫酸铜对刺参的急性毒性试验

采用静水法研究了硫酸铜对刺参幼参的急性毒性，结果表明：硫酸铜对平均体重9．2g刺参的96小时LC50为0．77mg／L，安全浓度为0．077mg／L（1）．2CuSO4计），明显低于硫酸铜在海水养殖中的常规用量（0．5～1．0mg／L），因此在刺参养殖中应严格控制硫酸铜的使用。     

海水池塘虾蟹贝健康养殖的生态研究

本研究对采用虾蟹贝健康养殖模式的海水池塘理化因子及生物因子进行调查，实验结果如下：海水池塘水温在（17．5±1．7）～（31．1±3．6）℃之间，比重在（1．022±0．001）～（1．024±0．001）之间，pH在（8．0±0．2）～（8．3±0．1）之间，透明度为52±7．9cm，溶解氧为6．76±0．18mg／L，无机氮为0．59±0．61mg／L，活性磷酸盐为0．019±0．013mg／L，底质硫化物为59．2±43．4mg／kg。池塘藻类种类数为23±5种，单位水体数量为（1．08±1．16）×10^5个／L，藻类优势种8种，其种群丰富度不高但保持相对稳定。日本对虾、远海梭子蟹和菲律宾蛤仔等养殖生物生长迅速且健康无疾病，其月均生长曲线表明该养殖模式是一种成熟、高效的健康养殖方式，可以进一步技术集成及示范推广。     

叶尔羌高原鳅耗氧率和窒息点的初步研究

试验采用流水呼吸室法和静水呼吸室法测定了叶尔羌高原鳅的耗氧率和窒息点。结果表明，叶尔羌高原鳅耗氧率具有昼夜节律性，白天（7：00-21：00）平均耗氧率为0．1389mg／（g·h），夜间（22：00-6：00）平均耗氧率为0．1799mg／（g·h）。其耗氧率和窒息点随体重的增加而降低，均体重为7．66g，耗氧率为0．1560mg／（g·h），窒息点为1．2105mg／L；均体重为20．30g，耗氧率为0．1201mg／（g·h），窒息点为1．1314mg／L；均体重为47．60g，耗氧率为0．0925mg／（g·h），窒息点为1．0937mg／L。其耗氧率和窒息点随水温的升高而增大，水温20℃，耗氧率为0．1260mg／（g·h），窒息点为1．1805mg／L；水温25℃，耗氧率为0．1603mg／（g·h），窒息点为1．3109mg／L；水温29℃，耗氧率为0．2231mg／（g·h），窒息点为1．5816mg／L。研究结果为养殖生产中合理放养、水质管理、饵料投喂和活鱼运输提供了依据。     

气/水混合溶解机在封闭式循环养殖系统中的应用试验

在封闭式循环养殖系统中，采用气／水混合溶解机调节虹鳟养殖水中的溶氧量。设置4种溶氧量，分别为7．05、8．82、11．84、15．80mg／L，其中8．82mg／L为对照组，充空气；试验30d，对虹鳟幼鱼（体长13．0—18．5em）的生长率、能量收支及机体的营养组成进行研究。试验结果表明，7．05mg／L的低溶氧组鱼在生长率和饲料转化效率方面均明显低于对照组（P〈0．05），而11．84mg／L和15．80mg／L的高氧组鱼食物转化效率高，生长率明显提高。由摄食能的分配结果可见，随着溶解氧的升高，虹鳟幼鱼的摄食能用于生长和代谢的比例提高。表明在封闭式循环养殖系统中高溶解氧对虹鳟幼鱼生长具有良好的促进作用。     

柘林湾网箱养殖海域溶解氧分布及其影响因素

根据１９９８年７月在南海东北部柘林湾的调查数据，探讨网箱养殖海域溶解氧的分布及其与其他环境因子间的关系，结果显示夏季海水溶解氧浓度为３.03-7.86mg/L( 平均５．３０）,退潮时（平均５.71)高于涨潮时（平均４.65)涨潮时网箱区内贫氧（ ＜０．mg/L).多元逐步回归分析表明，对溶解氧浓度有重要影响的水质因子为pH和水温，其次为盐度，ＣＯＤ和营养盐，它们的变化与ＤＯ的变化有较好的相关性，区域比较表明，海水溶解氧浓度与观测僧置到网箱区的距离呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０２），与底质硫物，ＰＯ４－Ｐ含量呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）,溶解氧浓度偏低与养殖环境的污染有直接关系。     

无公害水产养殖基本概念、要求及关键控制技术（二）

第二篇罗非鱼无公害养殖基本的关键控制技术 一、利用生物增氧结合增氧机满足罗非鱼对溶解氧的需求 1、溶氧对罗非鱼的影响 罗非鱼对水中缺氧具有较强的敏感性：通常水中溶氧下降至2mg／L，鱼类则开始出现浮头现象，但它对低氧的适应能力强，其窒息点为0．07～0．28mg／L；当DO〈I．6mg／1时，罗非鱼摄取食量减少，饲料系数比在2．2mg／1时约高一倍。因此，池塘中的溶解氧对罗非鱼非常重要，不能因为罗非鱼不浮头死亡就不开增氧机，开增氧机不光是救命，更重要的是能提高饲料利用率，促进鱼类生长。     

热带芽孢杆菌的筛选及对人工废水效果研究

自海南热带海水养殖系统的底泥中筛选得到1株对人工废水净化效果明显的菌株L S‐1305,通过对菌落形态、16S rDNA、生理生化试验,鉴定该菌株为弯曲芽孢杆菌。研究了弯曲芽孢杆菌LS‐1305在人工废水中的生长特性及对凡纳滨对虾的安全性试验,并将密度为（2．5±0．3）×105 cf u／m L的弯曲芽孢杆菌L S‐1305活菌接种至化学需氧量、氨氮、亚硝酸盐初始质量浓度分别为（721．5±1．8） mg／L、（67．33±0．58） mg／L、68．56±2．08） mg／L的人工废水中,不间断充无菌空气培养48 h。最终建立了该菌株在人工废水中随时间的生长关系。试验结果表明,该菌株对凡纳滨对虾安全,该菌株对人工废水的化学需氧量、氨氮、亚硝酸盐的去除率分别为91．61％、86．21％、87．22％。弯曲芽孢杆菌L S‐1305具有显著改良海水养殖水体的潜在应用前景,为今后开发适合海南地区海水养殖环境的热带芽孢杆菌微生物制剂奠定了重要的基础。     

福尔马林防治鮸鱼Miichthys miiuy（Basilewsley）刺激隐核虫（Cryptocaryon irritans）的研究

本文采用在淡水和海水中加入不同浓度的福尔马林，进行鮸鱼刺激隐核虫防治的研究。结果发现，福尔马林质量浓度为221．3mg／L的海水中，鮸鱼12h内无死亡，海水福尔马林对鮸鱼12h，24h，48h，72h，96h时的半致死浓度分别为475．6，413．8，248．1，212．7，200．7mg／L，安全浓度为56．08mtg／L；淡水浸泡鮸鱼的半致死时间为126min；淡水处理刺激隐核虫的半致死时间为26min，海水福尔马林中，处理2h和12h的半致死浓度为62．5，23．3mg/L。全池泼洒20～80mg／L福尔马林可防治刺激隐核虫，淡水浸泡30min后泼洒25mg／L福尔马林效果更佳。研究结果表明，海水和淡水福尔马林对刺激隐核虫的致死浓度处于鮸鱼安全范围之内，淡水浸泡30min后泼洒25mg／L福尔马林可有效防治刺激隐核虫。     

南美白对虾工厂化养殖

为了进一步探索南美白对虾的养殖模式，上海中鱼科技研究所北海水产试验基地于2000年在北海市建造了总面积2000m2的水泥池，采用配套新技术进行南美白对虾工厂化高密度养殖，获得了成功。现将主要养殖状况及措施简报如下：一、水池设置：养殖水池为10m×10m的正方形圆角水泥池，共20个，池深1．2～1．4m硬底，中间排水污，总面积2000m2。二、采用过滤海水和地下淡水为水源直接供入养殖池，保持水深1．0m，pH值为8．0以上，比重为1．010～1．015。三、选用涡流式气泵，通过管道和散气石于池底供气增氧，保持水体溶解氧高于4．5mg／L。四…     

投喂冰鱼下杂鱼和配合饲料对大口黑鲈养殖水质的影响

为了研究投喂冰鲜下杂鱼与配合饲料对大口黑鲈养殖水质的影响，在室内水泥池进行了一个月的饲养试验。对水体中的COD、PO4^-P、TP、TN、NH3^--N、NH，-N、NO2^--N等指标进行了测定。结果表明，投喂两种饲料各指标均有不同程度的增加，但养殖一个月后冰鲜组比饲料组要高许多；杂鱼组COD、PO4^--P、TP、TN、NH3^--N、NH3-N、NO2^--N分别为25．3mg／L、2．4mg／L、2．28mg／L、3．44mg／L、3．44mg／L、2．91mg／L、0．52mg／L、0．075mg／L，而配合饲料组分别为10．2mg／L、0．58mg／L、0．855mg／L、2．17mg／L、0．29mg／L、0．048mg／L、0．03mg／L。特别是PO4^--P、TP，冰鲜组分别为饲料组的4．2倍和2．7倍。这说明投喂人工饲料可以减轻有机污染程度。特别是在控制PO4^--P、TP的增加方面效果显著。试验结果对于控制水体的富营养化具有重要的指导意义。     

单级生物接触氧化法去除海水养殖废水中的无机氮

利用在填料上人工接种微生物组成的浸没式生物接触氧化单级处理系统对养殖废水进行净化,效果良好。在试验水体体积与处理系统体积之比约为100∶1的情况下,对氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮起始质量浓度分别为4.0 mg/L、1.76 mg/L、800 mg/L,COD质量浓度为16.33 mg/L的养殖废水进行处理,发现处理系统中进行着强烈的硝化和反硝化作用:处理30 h,氨氮质量浓度下降并一直保持在0.1 mg/L;亚硝酸盐氮浓度48 h内,前6 h从1.76 mg/L短暂上升到2.24 mg/L,然后持续下降,最低到0.22 mg/L;对硝酸盐氮的反硝化作用能力也很强,经48 h处理,硝酸盐氮质量浓度从800 mg/L下降到180 mg/L。根据对处理过程中的水质测定,浸没式生物接触氧化单级处理试验系统具有较强的生物脱氮能力。     

一种实用型工厂化养殖水处理技术报告

采用人工湿地与功能性滤料相结合的方式对工厂化养殖污水进行处理,测试结果显示处理后水质各项指标都达到甚至高于国家规定的养殖用水的指标要求,养殖水NH4+-N由最高3.0 mg/L降到0.2 mg/L,NO2--N由最高4.0 mg/L降到0.2 mg/L。测试结果说明该项水处理技术是一个投资少、能耗低、水质改良效果理想的实用技术。     

不同溶解氧水平下厚壳贻贝的贝壳开放行为和呼吸代谢

为了探讨溶解氧浓度变化对厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)摄食和代谢的影响, 分析贝壳开放行为和呼吸代谢的相关关系, 观察测定了 8 mg/L、6 mg/L、4 mg/L、2 mg/L 和 1 mg/L 溶解氧水平下厚壳贻贝贝壳开放程度、滤水率、耗氧率和排氨率, 并计算了氧氮比值。结果显示, 溶解氧浓度在 4 mg/L 及以上水平时, 厚壳贻贝的贝壳持较大程度开放, 而当溶解氧浓度降至 2 mg/L 及以下后, 贝壳逐渐关闭; 溶解氧浓度降至 4 mg/L 后, 贻贝滤水率显著下降; 溶解氧浓度在 2~8 mg/L 间, 贻贝耗氧率无显著变化, 降至 1 mg/L 后, 耗氧率显著下降; 排氨率与滤水率和耗氧率呈相反趋势, 溶解氧浓度降至 2 mg/L 后, 贻贝排氨率显著上升; 降至 4 mg/L 后, 氧氮比值显著下降; 贝壳开放程度与滤水率、耗氧率之间呈正相关关系。研究表明, 厚壳贻贝可以适应一定范围内溶解氧浓度的波动, 保持机体代谢水平相对稳定; 当环境溶解氧降至 1 mg/L 以下, 机体无法再维持正常的代谢, 厚壳贻贝部分关闭贝壳, 以降低能量消耗, 应对低氧胁迫。本研究可为厚壳贻贝低氧适应机制研究和养殖提供参考。     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Comparing biofloc,clear-water,and hybrid nursery systems (Part I): Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production,water quality,and stable isotope dynamics

Indoor, intensive, nursery-based recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) can provide high-quality juvenile shrimp for indoor or pond-based production systems in a biosecure manner. However, it is unclear what type of RAS is most appropriate for indoor shrimp nurseries. This study compared three types of RAS nurseries: biofloc (BF), clear-water (CW), and hybrid (HY). Each treatment included four, randomly assigned 160 L (0.35-m²) tanks that were stocked with 3000 post-larvae shrimp m⁻³. The post-larvae (PL10) shrimp had an initial average weight of 7 ± 0.0 mg and were grown for 48 days. The BF tanks included external settling chambers as the only filtration mechanism. The CW tanks had settling chambers, foam fractionators, and external biofilters to fully clarify the water and process nitrogenous waste. Hybrid tanks included settling chambers, and external biofilters to maintain some suspended solids along with external biofiltration. Overall, the CW treatment had significantly higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH levels than the BF and HY systems. The HY treatment had significantly higher DO than the BF treatment. Nitrite concentration was significantly higher in the HY treatment than the CW treatment. Turbidity in the BF treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments. On the final sample date, the BF treatment had significantly higher nitrite and nitrate concentrations than the other treatments. Differences between treatments in terms of shrimp survival, mean harvest weight, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio were not significant. The final weight of the shrimp at 48 days for the BF, CW, and HY were 670 mg, 640 mg, and 590 mg respectively. A stable isotope mixing model indicated that, in the BF treatment, 13% of the C and 34% of the N in harvested shrimp tissue may have originated from biofloc material, signifying some nutrient recycling. The nitrification process was more effective with the inclusion of an external biofilter. All three system types appear suitable for RAS shrimp nursery production although consideration should be given to water quality consistency and filtration costs.     

弧形筛在工厂化水产养殖系统中的应用及其净化效果

通过对养殖池排出污水经过弧形筛前后几个重要水质指标(溶解氧、pH、盐度、氨氮、亚硝酸氮、硝酸氮、化学需氧量、生化需氧量、悬浮物)的变化,评价了弧形筛对废水中固体废物的净化作用.结果表明,弧形筛有效去除了废水中的固体颗粒,筛除率高达90%,起到了很好的阻截固体污染物的作用,同时增加了水体的含氧量,提高了pH值,降低了化学需氧量(COD),为后续的水处理减轻了负荷.     

不同氨氮和溶解氧条件下循环海水养殖系统生物滤池对氨氮、化学耗氧量及颗粒悬浮物的处理效果

为了建立优化的循环海水养殖系统,采用水质国标检测方法分析了珊瑚石生物滤池在不同氨氮和溶解氧(DO)负荷实验条件下对养殖废水中氨氮、化学耗氧量(COD)及颗粒悬浮物(SS)的处理效果。结果显示,进水氨氮浓度对出水氨氮(正相关)、COD(正相关)均有极显著的影响(P0.01),对SS处理效果影响不显著。当进水氨氮浓度为0.45~0.65 mg/L时,滤池对水体处理效果最优(氨氮平均清除率为82.1%±3.3%;COD平均清除率为7.1%±1.5%;SS平均清除率为5.8%±1.6%)。DO浓度对水体氨氮(负相关)和COD(负相关)处理效果的影响显著(P0.05),对SS处理效果影响不显著。DO浓度为5.0~7.0 mg/L时,水体处理效果最优(氨氮平均清除率为78.7%±3.5%;COD平均清除率为23.0%±5.3%;SS平均清除率为7.1%±2.0%)。因此,本实验环境下的循环海水养殖系统珊瑚石生物滤池在氨氮浓度为0.45~0.65 mg/L,DO浓度为5.0~7.0 mg/L时,对水体中的氨氮、COD、SS的综合处理效果最优。     

一种大水体太阳能自动增氧装置的研发与试验

研发一种大水体太阳能自动增氧装置，为大水体的缺氧、水体污染提供一种解决方法。太阳能自动增氧装置由太阳能光伏发电系统、检测与智能增氧系统、自动化驱动系统组成。光伏发电系统充分利用太阳能资源，解决了电能消耗问题；检测与智能增氧系统实现了增氧过程中氧溶解浓度检测和智能感应运行；自动化驱动系统通过智能感应信号和电子差速控制系统实现增氧机原地转向、转弯和直行3种运动模式的移动，增加了增氧面积。使用太阳能自动增氧装置增氧试验表明，80 min内1 m水深处溶氧量增加0.79 mg/L，2 m水深处溶氧量增加0.78 mg/L，3m水深处溶氧量增加0.77 mg/L，4 m水深处溶氧量增加0.78 mg/L；改善水质试验表明能有有效提高水体溶氧，降低氮磷含量；养殖试验表明，增加鲤产量35.3%、鲢鳙产量31.2%。     

耕水机在罗非鱼精养池塘的应用效果分析

选择两组罗非鱼(Tilapia)精养池塘作为研究对象,通过设置实验塘和对照塘的方法,研究耕水机的使用对精养池塘水质变化情况和养殖效果的影响.结果表明:与对照池塘相比,实验池塘的水质稳定,池水化学耗氧量的平均值降低了1.56 mg/L,总悬浮物的平均含量下降了24.3028 mg/L,总氨氮的平均浓度下降了0.2418 ...     

A Novel Zero Discharge Intensive Seawater Recirculating System for the Culture of Marine Fish

Results are presented of a zero‐discharge marine recirculating system used for the culture of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata. Operation of the system without any discharge of water and sludge was enabled by recirculation of effluent water through two separate treatment loops, an aerobic trickling filter and a predominantly anoxic sedimentation basin, followed by a fluidized bed reactor. The fish basin was stocked for the first 6 mo with red tilapia Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus at an initial density of 16 kg/m³. During this period salinity was raised from 0 to 20 parts per thousand. Then, gilthead seabream, stocked at an initial density of 21 kg/m³, replaced tilapia at day 167 and were cultured for an additional 225 d. Non steady‐state inorganic nitrogen transformations occurred as a result of these salinity changes. After day 210, the system operated at all times with those water quality parameters considered critical for successful operation of mariculture systems, within acceptable limits. Thus ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate concentrations did not exceed 1.0‐mg total ammonia‐N/ L, 0.5‐mg NO₂:‐N/L and 50‐mg NO₃‐N/L, respectively. Sulfide levels in the fish basin were below detection limits and oxygen > 6 mg/L after the oxygen generator was added at day 315. Ammonia, produced in the fish basin and to a lesser extent in the sedimentation basin, was converted to nitrate in the aerobic trickling filter. Nitrate removal took place in the sedimentation basin and to a lesser extent in the fluidized bed reactor. Sludge, remaining in the sedimentation basin at the end of the experimental period, accounted for 9.2% of the total feed dry matter addition to the system. The system was disease‐free for the entire year and fish at harvest were of good quality. Water consumption for production of 1 kg of tilapia was 93 L and 214 L for production of 1 kg of gilthead seabream. Additional growth performance data of gilthead seabream cultured in a similar but larger system are presented. During 164 d of operation of the latter system, maximum stocking densities reached 50 kgl M³ and fish biomass production was 27.7 kg/m³. Relatively poor fish survival and growth resulted from occasional technical failures of this pilot system.