大银鱼耳石日轮与生长的研究↑（*）

１９９５年对内蒙莫力庙水库的大银鱼耳石日轮与生长进行了研究。大银鱼人工受精卵孵出仔鱼、剖出其听囊内一时圆形矢耳石，其制片在光镜下观察，耳石形态经历了由圆形、椭圆形到梨形的变化过程。耳石长半径与鱼体长呈线性相关，其关系式为Ｙ＝４．７９８ｘ－２０．８８７（ｒ＝０．９６５０，Ｐ＜０．０１）。孵出后第二天耳石上出现第一个日轮，正常条件下，每天形成一轮。孵化后天数可用耳石日轮数加１表示，其表达式为Ｄ＝Ｎ＋１，耳石上的日轮数变幅为２６７－３４５。日轮间距有规律性变化，依据日龄和相关体长、体重资料进行了大银鱼生长特性研究。     

东海条石鲷仔鱼耳石日轮与生长的关系

2009年4月15日-5月5日在浙江省舟山水产研究所条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)人工繁殖期间,逐日选择胚胎和仔鱼样本,连续解剖观察发育后期胚胎和前期仔鱼,光镜观察仔鱼矢耳石和微耳石的形态、日轮数,测定其直径,研究条石鲷的耳石日轮和生长。结果表明,受精后约26h,条石鲷胚胎听囊内出现1对矢耳石和1对微耳石;仔鱼孵出第2天形成第1个轮纹,之后每天形成1轮,孵化后天数(N)和矢耳石日轮数(D)的关系为N=D+1;在第8天左右,矢耳石上出现第2条明显的标记轮,为初次摄食轮。仔鱼耳石长径(rs,μm)与鱼体体长(L,mm)呈线性相关,其关系式为rs=18.146L-44.436;矢耳石长径rs与微耳石长径rl之间存在线性相关,其关系式为rs=0.6125rl+1.9882。根据结果确认,矢耳石轮纹可作为条石鲷仔鱼日龄的判别依据。     

鲐鱼幼鱼耳石日轮的初步观察与研究

对长江口海区鲐鱼幼鱼耳石标本的扫描电镜观察发现，鲐鱼耳石上存在着宽度为数微米到十几微米的细微轮纹，通过对其中３尾鲐鱼的耳石不同放大倍数图像的拍摄，再根据照片对耳石上轮纹和耳石轮纹辐射半径的测量、计数和计算，得出３尾鲐鱼耳石轮纹的平均宽度分别为９．５２、８．５２和８．５７微米，耳石轮纹辐射半径分别为１２６２．２、１１６４．８和１１８７．５微米，由此计算得出的耳石轮纹数分别为１３３、１３７和１３９轮。     

大黄鱼养殖群体和野生群体形态、鳞片及耳石特征比较

为研究大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)养殖群体与野生群体的鉴别特征,比较分析了大黄鱼养殖群体和野生群体的形态性状、鳞片与矢耳石轮纹特征差异。形态性状比较结果表明,养殖群体的肥满度(Fatness)、体高(BH)/体长(BL)、体厚(BT)/体长(BL)和尾柄高(CPH)/尾长(TL)比值显著大于野生群体(P0.01),野生群体躯干长(TL)/体长(BL)比值大于养殖群体(P0.05),养殖群体在体型上出现偏短、粗现象。养殖群体与野生群体在鳞片轮纹特征上无显著差异,部分个体鳞片上观察到有年轮和副轮分布。野生群体耳石轮纹较为致密,明暗带间隔不均,耳石中心核及周围区域为深黄色,年龄组成复杂,有0~2个年轮;养殖群体耳石轮纹较稀疏,明暗带间隔均匀,耳石中心核及周围区域较透明,观察到有1个年轮。这些差异间接反映了两个群体在生活环境条件、食物饵料供给方面的差异,可作为大黄鱼群体鉴定与资源管理的重要依据。     

三峡水库太湖新银鱼耳石日轮与生长的研究

对采自重庆长江江津江段的太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis)耳石日轮与生长进行了研究。太湖新银鱼矢耳石形状近圆形,体长(Y)与耳石长半径(X)之间呈线性相关,其关系式为Y=0.1099X+16.986,R2=0.7626。耳石日轮环纹清晰,以中心核为起点圆形规则排列,其上具有明显的过渡轮纹。太湖新银鱼体长(Y)与日轮(X)呈线性关系,其关系式为Y=0.2631X+23.924,R2=0.8057;体重(Y)与日轮(X)呈指数关系,其关系式为Y=0.0446e0.0244X,R2=0.8104。太湖新银鱼体重(Y)与体长(X)间呈显著的幂函数关系Y=0.000001X3.3529,R2=0.9163。     

渤海当年生小黄鱼矢耳石微结构特征

以渤海海域采集的小黄鱼(Larimichthy polyactis)幼鱼为研究对象，分析其矢耳石的微结构特征。结果显示，小黄鱼矢耳石中心核呈圆形，平均直径为(24.35±0.72) μm，核内耳石原基为深黑色的圆形结构，平均直径为(12.07±0.58) μm，第1日轮距中心核的距离为(14.11±1.08) μm。初次摄食标记轮出现在第4条日轮处，标记轮暗带颜色加深、清晰可辨，该标记轮距中心核的距离为(20.67±2.28) μm。小黄鱼矢耳石前20条日轮，轮纹由圆环状逐渐变为椭圆，沿最长轴方向的轮纹宽度变化范围为6.51~14.37 μm，且随着日龄的增加而逐渐变宽；20~40条日轮间轮纹宽度呈显著升高，40~85日龄轮纹宽度变化相对平稳，第56~60条轮纹处出现轮纹，平均宽度最大值为41.59 μm。在小黄鱼矢耳石日轮沉积过程中，伴随着亚日轮结构的形成，亚日轮清晰度差，轮纹宽度较窄且波动较大，在显微镜下对视野轻微调焦时会暂时性“消失”。本研究对小黄鱼的矢耳石特征结构进行了分析，以期为野生小黄鱼及其他鱼种的日轮判断提供参考。     

叉尾斗鱼仔鱼耳石形态发育与日轮形成特征

对实验室人工繁殖的叉尾斗鱼(Macropodus opercularis)仔鱼耳石形态发育与日轮进行了观察研究.结果显示,叉尾斗鱼微耳石和矢耳石在胚胎时已出现.微耳石在仔鱼刚孵化时为圆盘状,随仔鱼发育转变为近椭圆形,孵出后19 d转变为中部圆凸两端较尖的菱形;矢耳石在仔鱼刚孵出时为圆盘状,随仔鱼发育转变为椭圆形,孵出后19 d转变为一端略尖的桃形;星耳石在仔鱼孵出后第19天才出现,呈中部略凹的椭圆形.叉尾斗鱼仔鱼耳石长径(包括微耳石和矢耳石)与鱼体全长(TL,mm)呈线性相关.仔鱼耳石上第一个轮纹在孵出后第2天形成,其后每日形成1个新轮纹,生长轮数目与仔鱼日龄(D)呈线性相关,且线性方程斜率接近于1.结论认为,叉尾斗鱼仔鱼星耳石出现时间晚,矢耳石形态在后期出现较大变化,而微耳石在胚胎时即形成,形态稳定;日轮可读性较好,故更适合做日轮研究的材料.本研究旨在为叉尾斗鱼自然种群年龄结构调查及其资源保护提供基础数据.     

基于耳石和角质颚微结构的中国枪乌贼年龄与生长比较

中国枪乌贼(Uroteuthis chinensis)是我国近海头足类渔业的重要物种,为研究中国枪乌贼的耳石和角质颚在其年龄鉴定中的应用,根据2016年4月南海北部陆架区采集的中国枪乌贼样本,对其耳石和上角质颚的微结构进行观察,并建立基于角质颚和耳石的日龄与胴长的关系。结果显示,胴长与角质颚和耳石的日龄呈线性关系;耳石和角质颚生长纹相似,由明暗相间的环纹组成,但耳石的生长纹较上角质颚生长纹清晰,在耳石和角质颚上均发现有日轮和亚日轮,且都有标记轮,但耳石标记轮比角质颚标记轮多样。耳石轮纹和角质颚轮纹与胴长都呈线性相关关系。研究对比两者表明,角质颚微结构上生长纹会出现叠加沉积导致其轮纹数不完整,而且中国枪乌贼个体小,生长纹叠加多,更加难以观察,因此,耳石更适合作为中国枪乌贼的年龄鉴定的材料。     

中华倒刺鲃仔、稚鱼的耳石微结构与日轮形成特征

以中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)亲鱼为材料,在实验室养殖条件下以人工孵化的丰年虫(Eubranchipus vernalis)为仔、稚鱼饵料,通过已知日龄法观察其耳石的微结构,分析其日轮形成特征。结果表明,仔、稚鱼的微耳石和矢耳石一般由1个中心核和1个耳石原基组成,少数存在多个中心核或原基现象,星耳石中心核和原基区分不明显。微耳石和矢耳石中心核直径分别为(37.73±5.34)μm和(39.78±7.11)μm,耳石原基直径分别为(16.29±3.46)μm和(17.09±3.88)μm。矢耳石和星耳石轮纹清晰度、规律性、周期性和完整性不及微耳石;微耳石第1条日轮在仔鱼出膜后第2天形成,以后每天沉积1轮。30日龄稚鱼微耳石轮纹数(N)与日龄(T)的关系符合直线模型,相关关系式为:N=1.0016T-0.8753(R2=0.9961,P<0.01,n=197),线性方程斜率与1无显著性差异(P>0.05)。在微耳石和矢耳石样本中共观察到孵化标记轮和转移标记轮2种,其中孵化标记轮的出现率分别为78.68%和83.33%,转移标记轮的出现率分别为29.95%和48.98%。60尾33日龄稚鱼微耳石的生长轮宽度变化范围0.522~2.244μm,平均为(1.087±0.231)μm。     

大宁河红尾副鳅年龄与生长的研究

利用耳石、脊椎骨对2006年10月至2007年11月采自大宁河的129尾红尾副鳅(Paracobitis variegates)的年轮特征进行研究,并对生长情况进行分析。结果显示:低龄脊椎骨钙质沉积不明显,轮纹观察不清楚,耳石轮纹较清楚。红尾副鳅群体由2~6龄共5个龄组组成,体重体长关系为W=1.95×10-4L2.309,耳石直径与体长的关系为L=263.24R+9.03,生长方程为Lt=222.708[1-e-0.092(t+2.162)];Wt=51.399[1-e-0.092(t+2.162)]2.309。结果表明:红尾副鳅体重生长拐点年龄为6.97龄,7龄前后为合理的捕捞时期。     

Effects of dissolved carbon dioxide on energy metabolism and stress responses in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Elevated carbon dioxide concentrations reduce feed intake and growth in several fish species and induce stress responses. In this study, the effects of moderately elevated CO₂ levels on performance, energy partitioning, swimming activity and stress response in European seabass were assessed. European seabass (140.0 g) were reared under two levels of CO₂ (1.6 and 7.0 mg L^?1) and two feeding levels (FLs) (maintenance and satiation) for 60 days, and fish swimming speed was recorded. At the end of the experiment, fish were subjected to an acute stress test. Blood cortisol, glucose and lactate were analysed. Energy and nitrogen balances were quantified based on measurements of body composition and digestibility coefficients. Moderately elevated chronic CO₂ level did neither affect energy requirements for maintenance nor the utilization of digestible energy for growth. However, swimming activity data suggests that FL dependent alterations in energy partitioning took place. Blood cortisol values after the acute stress were affected by additional CO₂ exposure and this effect was also dependent on FL. The elevated CO₂ exposure of 7.0 mg L^?1 appears to act as a chronic stressor as adaptive responses took place, however, this CO₂ exposure seems to be still within the allostatic load of the fish.     

新疆渭干河流域鱼类资源现状

2019年5月、8月和11月,在上、中、下游共设5个采样点,采用单层刺网(网目1、2、3 cm,网长20、30、40 m)和地笼网(开口40 cm×40 cm,长8 m)调查新疆天山南麓中段塔里木河流域九大水系之一的渭干河(N 41°06′～42°42′,E 80°40′～84°10′)的鱼类资源状况.调查共采集鱼类1...     

Phenotypical and genotypical characterization of Shewanella putrefaciens strains isolated from diseased freshwater fish

Between 2007 and 2012, a variety of disease outbreaks most often characterized by skin disorders were observed among different species of freshwater fish in Poland. In most cases, the clinical signs included focally necrotized gills, necrotic skin lesions or ulcers. Internally, haemorrhages, oedematous kidney and abnormal spleen enlargement were generally noted. The disorders were accompanied by increased mortality. Most of the problems concerned cultured common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Fish have been examined from a number of these farms, and additionally, the wild and ornamental fish with similar clinical signs of diseases were also tested. Bacteria were isolated consistently from lesions and internal organs. They had characteristic orange-pigmented colonies which grew in pure culture or constituted 55–95% of total bacterial flora. One hundred and eighteen isolates were collected and biochemically identified as Shewanella putrefaciens group, and this was confirmed by sequencing. Challenge tests confirmed the pathogenicity of these bacteria. This is the first report characterizing and describing S. putrefaciens as a pathogen of different species of freshwater fish in Europe.     

Fish Processing By-Products as a Potential Source of Gelatin: A Review

ABSTRACT

The current practice of fish processing generates large amounts of by-products, which can account for up to three-quarters of the total fish weight. Despite the presence of several valuable components in the fish processing discards, the latter are usually dumped into landfills or at sea, having potentially harmful environmental effects or end up as low commercial value products (e.g., white fish meal). Still, fish processing by-products can be considered as an alternative raw material for the preparation of high-protein ingredients, especially for the production of food grade gelatin due to the presence of large amounts of collagen in fish skins, scales, and bones. Although fish gelatin is an alternative to the commercially available mammalian gelatins, its production on a large commercial scale has been hampered, mainly, due to the inferior quality characteristics compared to its mammalian counterparts. This review article summarizes and highlights the potential utilization of by-products generated during fish processing for gelatin extraction. Furthermore, several technical challenges and directions of ongoing research are discussed.     

环境丰容技术在鱼类增养殖中的应用研究进展

近年来,在野生渔业资源持续衰退、水产 养殖规模不断扩大、人们对鱼类福利关注度不断提升等的背景下,环境丰容作为一种全新的技术手段在水产领域受到广泛关注,被认为在野化放流鱼类行为、增加养殖鱼类产量、提升圈养鱼类福利等诸多方面均具有较大的应用潜力。环境丰容是指在增养殖生产中,采用适当方式向圈养或自然水体引入新的环境刺激,提高其异质性和复杂性,从而实现提升鱼类产量、提高鱼类福利、控制鱼类行为、改善鱼类生理目标的环境优化方式。总体来看,国际上围绕环境丰容技术的相关研究结果层出不穷,理论体系不断完善,但国内水产领域的相关研究尚处于起步阶段。本文在简要介绍环境丰容概念和分类基础上,聚焦目前最受关注的物理丰容方式,评述了物理丰容对鱼类打斗行为、生理应激、代谢生长等重要性状和放流后的适应性行为、个体适合度等增殖性状的影响,重点分析了引发研究结果差异的可能原因及其潜在神经可塑性机理,最后探讨了本领域以往研究的不足及今后的研究方向,旨在为我国开展该方面研究提供借鉴,为增养殖苗种高效健康培育与放流鱼类野化训练提供参考。     

Regulating fish movements in the Single European Market: the scope for more restrictive measures under national law

Abstract  Substantial alterations to the legal controls over fish movements have been necessary to implement the Single European Market which came into force on 1 January 1993. This seeks to liberalize trade in fish and fish products whilst avoiding ecological damage, the spread of disease and the commercial damage this may cause. The new regime governing fish movements into and within the European Union under Directive 91/67/EEC, as implemented in England and Wales, is described. Remaining national provisions based on ecological concerns (principally, section 30 of the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act 1975) are examined. Derogations from the principle of freedom of trade within the European Union on environmental protection grounds are assessed, and the interaction between legal restrictions based on pathological and ecological grounds is discussed.     

Changes in Red Hake (Urophycis chuss) Muscle Induced by Different Freezing Strategies

The effect of single and double freezing at ?20°C on fresh and aged red hake with two different holding times of the thawed fillets between the first and second freezing treatments was determined. In addition, twice-frozen fresh red hake was treated with two antioxidation systems to assess their effectiveness in reducing lipid oxidation. Fresh, untreated red hake at 0 time was used for comparison. Significant dimethylamine (DMA) production occurred with all frozen samples, and the differences were not marked after 7-month storage. With a storage time of 3 months, however, there were differences between the treatments in both the fresh and aged samples with the once-frozen sample producing the least DMA, the twice-frozen sample with the 24-h holding time between freezings the most, and the twice-frozen sample with a 6-h holding time between freezings giving intermediate values. All samples showed a greater than 50% loss in protein solubility as determined by lithium chloride extraction after 3 months of storage, and the protein solubility declined further when samples were tested at 7 months. Samples with the best (once-frozen fresh) and worst (twice-frozen with 24-h holding time between freezings of 5-day aged muscle) treatments had the highest thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) values. Both antioxidant treatments were effective in reducing TBARS development.     

Bacteriocins and their applications for the treatment of bacterial diseases in aquaculture: a review

Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food producing sectors in the world. The increase in the world population requires faster growth in aquaculture for better food availability and to overcome malnutrition. But this worldwide growth of aquaculture is overwhelmed by catastrophic fish diseases and spoilage during cultivation and preservation problems caused by pathogenic bacteria. Various remedies are available for food preservation and also from the bacterial diseases in the fish production. Due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and adverse effects, an alternative to antibiotic is the need of the hour. The proteins such as bacteriocins, i.e. ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and possess antagonistic against closely related and other bacteria. These proteins are produced by most lineages of bacteria which are playing key roles in recognition and possess a cognate immunity system for self‐protection as well as host protection from infections. These proteins are potent immunomodulators with broad spectrum inhibition properties which are further used as novel therapeutic agents. In this review, we have tried to summarize the bacteriocins on the basis of their classifications, structural and functional attributes, mode of actions, bacteriocins isolated from fish and gut microbiota and presence of beneficiary bacteria in the fish gut. Further, this study highlighted where further research is a prerequisite to increase our basic understanding and search for novel bacteriocins to elucidate the proteins/peptides having antimicrobial properties for disease control in aquaculture as an alternative to antibiotics.     

Evaluation of external fish injury caused by hydropower plants based on a novel field‐based protocol

Knowledge on the extent and mechanisms of fish damage caused by hydropower facilities is important for their ecological improvement. Herein, a novel field‐based fish injury assessment protocol is proposed that includes vitality and four general health criteria, as well as nine lethal and sub‐lethal injury types across 18 body parts. The protocol was validated using 3,087 specimens from four species of hatchery‐reared fish, as well as 2,262 specimens from 32 species of wild fish. The protocol allowed a detailed and systematic evaluation of different fish injury types in the field. Injuries related to handling and to contact with different parts of the hydropower structure could be distinguished applying multivariate statistics. This approach allows quantification and comparison of fish injuries across sites, and can help to identify the technologies and operational procedures that minimise damage to fish. It may also be useful to assess fish health in other contexts including aquaculture.